GPRS and EDGE Basics

Course Objectives:
 Understand GPRS/EDGE conception

 Understand GPRS/EDGE system architecture

 State GPRS/EDGE radio frame structure and channels

 Understand GPRS/EDGE key technologies

Contents

1 GPRS Technology.......................................................................................................................................1

1.1 GPRS Definition...............................................................................................................................1

1.2 GPRS Features..................................................................................................................................1

1.3 GPRS Specifications.........................................................................................................................2

1.4 GPRS Network Structure..................................................................................................................3

1.5 GPRS Protocol Platform...................................................................................................................5

1.5.1 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform..................................................................................5

1.5.2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platform........................................................................................7

2 GPRS Network Architecture...................................................................................................................13

2.1 Logical Structure.............................................................................................................................13

2.1.1 Main Network Entities.........................................................................................................14

2.1.2 Main Network Interfaces......................................................................................................17

3 GPRS Frame Structure and Radio Channels........................................................................................20

3.1 Radio Frame Structure.....................................................................................................................20

3.2 Physical Channel.............................................................................................................................20

3.3 Logical Channel..............................................................................................................................21

3.3.1 Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCHs):.....................................................................21

3.3.2 Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH):.....................................................................22

3.3.3 Packet transport channel:......................................................................................................22

3.3.4 Packet dedicated control channel:........................................................................................22

3.4 Channel Combination......................................................................................................................22

3.5 Mapping between Logical Channels and Physical Channels..........................................................23

i
 3.5.1 Uplink Channel Mapping:....................................................................................................23

3.5.2 Downlink Channel Mapping:...............................................................................................25

4 GPRS Key Technologies...........................................................................................................................29

4.1 QoS Implementation........................................................................................................................29

4.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer...............................................................................................29

4.2.1 Radio Block Structure..........................................................................................................30

4.2.2 Channel Coding....................................................................................................................32

4.2.3 Flow Control........................................................................................................................35

4.2.4 Cell Selection and Reselection.............................................................................................36

5 EDGE Technology....................................................................................................................................40

5.1 Definitions.......................................................................................................................................40

5.2 Features...........................................................................................................................................40

5.3 Specifications..................................................................................................................................41

5.4 Key Technologies............................................................................................................................42

5.4.1 EDGE Modulation Modes....................................................................................................42

5.4.2 EDGE Radio Block Structure...............................................................................................43

5.4.3 Channel Coding....................................................................................................................44

5.4.4 Link Quality Control............................................................................................................46

5.4.5 Dynamic Window Size.........................................................................................................47

ii
1 GPRS Technology

1.1 GPRS Definition

GPRS is a packet data service introduced in GSM Phase2+. GPRS provides
subscribers the end-to-end mobile data services based on packet switching and
transmission technology. GPRS can effectively utilize the radio resources and network
terrestrial resources and is suitable for long-time small-volume burst data services.

1.2 GPRS Features

GPRS has following features:

 Seamless connection with IP network

Internet Protocol (IP) technology is adopted in GPRS core network, and many
transmission technologies are employed in GPRS bottom layer. Thus, it is easy
to implement the seamless connection with the highly developed IP network.

 High rate

With help of multi-slot binding and high-speed coding scheme, GPRS phase I
adopts CS1 and CS2 coding schemes, and provides the access rate up to 115
kbps. GPRS phase II adopts CS3 and CS4 coding schemes, and provides rate up
to 171 kbps.

 Always online and flow charging

GPRS provides the ‘availability for connection and always online performance’,
offering new means for mobile subscribers to access Internet and Intranet
rapidly. Once GPRS terminal is powered on and connected with GPRS network,
it can maintain the online status all the way. Subscriber can receive and send
information at any time without dial-up process required in circuit switching. As
long as GPRS terminal does not transmit data, it will not occupy network and
radio resources. Thus, the mobile subscribers can benefit from flow charging.
That is, mobile subscribers can stay online as long as possible without bothering
the prohibitive bill.

1
  Mature technology

GPRS provides solutions to implement data services in GSM technologies and

current networks. GPRS can save investment and makes quick returns.

1.3 GPRS Specifications

In Europe, it was suggested in 1993 for GPRS to be deployed in GSM network. In
1997, great progress was made in GPRS standardization. In October 1997, ETSI issued
GPRS Phase1 service description. GPRS phase 2 was completed at the end of 1999.
GPRS standard goes through three phases. In order to implement GPRS, 18 new
standards are made and many standards are modified three phases.

Table 1.3-1 lists the three phases of GPRS.

Table 1.3-1 Three Phases of GPRS Standards

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

03.60 System Description
02.60 Service Description 04.60 RLC/MAC Protocol
and Network Structure
03.64 Radio Interface
04.61 PTM-M Service
Description
03.61 Point to Multipoint -
04.62 PTM-G Service
Broadcast Service
03.62 Point to Multipoint-
04.64 LLC 04.65 SNDCP
Group Call
07.60 Subscriber Interworking
08.14 Gb Layer1
08.16 Gb Layer Network Services
08.18 BSSGP and Gb Interface
09.16 Gb Layer2
09.18 Gb Layer3
09.60 Gn & Gp Interface
09.61 Interworking of External Networks

GPRS Services

According to ETSI assumption, GPRS must implement:

 PTP service

 PTP TCP/IP subscriber interworking

2
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

 X.28 protocol from MS to GGSN and X.25 protocol from GGSN to external
PDN

 Gn, Gb, Gr, Gp, Gs, and Gi interfaces

 PTP and roaming security guarantee

 Charging

 Operator-determined Call barring and call termination, and operator call filtering

 PTM radio interface preparation

 Anonymous access

 SMS-MO and SMS-MT support through GPRS

1.4 GPRS Network Structure

GSM introduces two new equipments to support GPRS: Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). BSC is added with Packet
Control Units (PCUs), and concerned BSS software is upgraded.

SGSN provides similar functions as MSC. It performs GPRS channel assignment,

mobility management, encryption, and charging.

GGSN provides various interfaces. It supports interconnection with external Public

Data Networks (PDNs) like Internet and X.25, and other PLMNs.

Fig 1.4-1 shows GPRS network structure.

3
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 1.4-1 GPRS Network Structure

Using SGSN and GGSN, operators can construct a GPRS backbone network on the
basis of current transmission network. By reconstructing the current GSM network,
operators can easily provide both circuit and packet services, and fully utilize radio
resources and network terrestrial resources.

GPRS MSs are divided into three categories:

 Type-A GPRS MS

Type-A GPRS MS can be used in both GSM and GPRS environments. Type-A
GPRS enables the subscribers to receive speech calls and communicate with
called party without interrupting data transmission.

 Type-B GPRS MS

Type-B GPRS MS can be connected with GSM and GPRS system at the same
time, and provide GPRS and GSM circuit-switched services. However, it cannot
provide both GPRS and GSM services at a time.

When a circuit-switched call is originated to the type-B MS in GPRS, the

MSC/VLR sends a Suspend message to the SGSN. Upon receiving the message,
the SGSN disconnects the GPRS connection temporarily. After the circuit-

4
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

switched call is complemented, the MSC/VLR sends a Restore message to the

SGSN. The SGSN resumes the GPRS connection after receiving the message.
Thus, the MS need not to establish GPRS connection repeatedly. Most of the
GPRS MS types in current market are type-B MS.

 Type-C GPRS MS

Type-C MS enables subscribers to use GSM services and GPRS alternatively.

Manual service changeover is required.

1.5 GPRS Protocol Platform

GPRS Protocol Platform is of two types:

1.5.1 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform

Being hierarchical protocol structure, as shown in Fig 1.5-1, GPRS transmission

platform provides subscriber information transmission and related process control (for
example, flow control, error detection, error correction, and error recovery).
Transmission platform is connected with NSS through radio interface in the bottom
layer. This kind of independence is implemented through reserved Gb interface.

Fig 1.5-2 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform

5
GPRS and EDGE Basic

 GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP)

Through GTP, Subscriber data and signaling between GPRS Support Nodes
(GSN) are transmitted in GPRS backbone network. All point-to-point Packet
Data Protocols (PDP) and protocol data units (PDU) are encapsulated using
GTP. As the protocol for the interconnection between GSN nodes in GPRS
network, GTP defines Gn interface. GSM09.60 makes the GTP specifications.

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is used as transmission protocol when a reliable data link (for example,
X.25) is required to transmit GTP PDUs in GPRS backbone network. If a
reliable data link is not required (for example, IP), UDP is used to deliver GTP
PDUs. TCP provides flow control and prevents the loss or destruction of GTP
PDUs. UDP can prevent GTP PDUs from being destructed.

 Internet Protocol (IP)

IP is a GPRS backbone network protocol. IP is used for the route selection of

subscriber data and control signaling. GPRS backbone network was first built on
IPv4 basis. With IPv6 popularity GPRS will adopt IPv6 in near future.

 SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)

SNDCP enables the network-level features to be mapped to the network features

in the bottom layer. It divides and assembles the data to be transmitted, and
determines the TCP/IP address and encryption mode. In SNDC layer, the data
transmitted between MS and SGSN is divided into one or several SNDC data
packet units. SNDC data packet units generated is placed in LLC frame.
GSM04.65 provides SNDCP description.

 Logical Link Control (LLC)

LLC is a radio link protocol based on High-level Data Link Control (HDLC). It
can provide high reliable encrypted logical links. LLC layer enables LLC
address and frame field to be generated from SNDC data units of SNDC layer,
helping a complete LLC frame be generated. LLC can implement point to
multipoint address and retransmission control of data frames. LLC is
independent from radio interface protocol of bottom layer, which enables NSS
minimum reconstruction when other GPRS wireless solutions are introduced.
GSM04.64 provides LLC specifications.

6
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

 Relay

In BSS, relay transfers LLC PDUs between Um interface and Gb interface. In

SGSN, relay transfers PDP PDUs between Gb interface and Gn interface.

 BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)

This layer transfers the information related to routing service quality between
BSS and SGSN. BSSGP does not provide error correction function. GSM08.18
provides BSSGP specifications.

 Network Service (NS)

This layer transfers BSSGP PDUs. NS is based on the frame relay connection
between BSS and SGSN. It provides multi-hop function and transverses the
network having frame relay switching nodes. GSM08.16 provides NS
specifications.

 Radio Link Control (RLC)/Media Access Control (MAC)

This layer provides two functions:

Radio link control: RLC provides a reliable link which is independent from wireless
solution.

Media Access Control: MAC defines and allocates GPRS logical channels for air
interface, enabling these channels to be shared by different MSs. Besides controlling
radio channels used for signaling transfer, MAC maps LLC frames to GSM physical
channels. GSM04.60 provides LLC specifications.

GSM RF

Physical layer of Um interface is RF interface part. Logical link layer provides various
logical channels for air interfaces. The carrier bandwidth of GSM air interface is 200
kHz. A carrier is divided into eight physical channels. If all the eight physical channels
are assigned to transmit GPRS data, original data rate can reach 200 kbps. With the
overhead of forward error correction codes considered, the final data rate can reach 164
kbps.

1.5.2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platform

Signaling platform describes the signaling transmission hierarchical structure. GPRS

signaling protocol platform is divided into protocol control and transmission support

7
GPRS and EDGE Basic

platforms. Signaling platform is of seven kinds according to its application.

 MS-SGSN

GMM/SM refers to GPRS mobility management and session management. MS-

SGSN supports mobility management, such as GPRS service
connection/disconnection, security, routing area update, location update, PDP
environment activation, and PDP environment deactivation.

Fig 1.5-3 shows MS-SGSN signaling platform.

Fig 1.5-3 MS-SGSN

 SGSN-HLR

Here, MAP refers to Mobile Application Part. SGSN-HLR protocol supports the
signaling exchange with HLR.

Fig 1.5-4 shows SGSN-HLR signaling platform.

Fig 1.5-4 SGSN-HLR

8
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

 SGSN-MSC/VLR

BSSAP+ refers to Base Station System Application+, which is a subset of

BSSAP and supports the signaling exchange between SGSN and MSC/VLR.

Fig 1.5-5 shows SGSN-MSC/VLR signaling platform

Fig 1.5-5 SGSN-MSC/VLR

 SGSN-EIR

MAP supports the signaling exchange between SGSN and EIR.

Fig 1.5-6 shows SGSN-EIR signaling platform.

Fig 1.5-6 SGSN-EIR

 SGSN-SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC

Signaling platform shown in Fig 1.5-7 indicates that MAP supports the signaling
exchange between SGSN and SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC.

9
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 1.5-7 SGSN-SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC

 GSN-GSN

GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol) tunnel is used to transfer subscriber data and
signaling information between SGSN and GGSN or between two SGSN in
GPRS backbone. UDP is used to transfer the signaling information between two
GSNs as shown in Fig 1.5-8.

Fig 1.5-8 GSN-GSN

 GGSN-HLR

When signaling path is optional, a GGSN is allowed to exchange signaling

information with HLR. Normally, there are two types of signaling paths:

GGSN-HLR signaling based on MAP

MAP can be used between GGSN and HLR if GGSN has SS7 interface. Fig 1.5-
9 shows MAP supporting HLR signaling exchange.

10
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

Fig 1.5-9 GGSN-HLR Based on MAP

GGSN-HLR signaling based on GTP and MAP

Any GSN with SS7 interface in same PLMN can serve as a GTP-MAP protocol
translator if GGSN has no SS7 interface. Thus, in GPRS backbone network,
signaling information can be transferred between GGSN and GSN with protocol
translation function through tunnel.

Fig 1.5-10 shows the interworking between GTP and MAP, enabling the
signaling exchange between GGSN and HLR.

Fig 1.5-10 GGSN-HLR Based on GTP and MAP

11
2 GPRS Network Architecture

2.1 Logical Structure

The GPRS technology introduces two concepts, packet switching and packet
transfer. This enhances the ability of supporting data service on network level. Fig
2.1-11 illustrates the schemes of a GPRS network. Actually, the GPRS represents
an overlay network deployment to the existing GSM. New function entities such as
serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN),
are introduced. The GPRS uses the existing GSM BSS, but requires upgrading the
hardware and software. The interfaces between the GPRS and GSM entities must
be defined. In addition, the mobile phones must support the GPRS service. The
GPRS can interconnect PSPDN through GGSN by using the interface protocol
X.75 or X.25. The GPRS also supports direct connection with IP network.

Fig 2.1-11 GPRS Network Structure

13
2.1.1 Main Network Entities

2.1.1.1 GPRS MS

· Terminal Equipment

The terminal equipment (TE) is a computer terminal device operated and used
by terminal users. It is used to send and receive packet data of terminal users. A
TE can be an independent desktop computer. It can also be combined with a
mobile terminal (MT) after its function is integrated into a handset mobile
terminal. In some sense, GPRS network serves to establish a path for
transmitting packet data between TE and external data networks.

· Mobile Terminal

The mobile terminal (MT) communicates with TE and with BTS through the air
interface. Also, it can establish a logical links to SGSN. To support the GPRS
service, the MT must be configured with the software supporting GSPS
functions. During the course of data communication, from the perspective of TE,
MT functions as the Modem connecting TE to GPRS. MT and TE can be
integrated into the same physical device.

· Mobile Station

The mobile station (MS) is an entity providing the integrated function of MT

and TE. Physically, it can be one entity or two entities (TE+MT).

MSs supporting GPRS are divided into three classes:

· Class A GPRS MS: It can be connected to GSM network and GPRS network at
the same time. It supports simultaneous operation of activation, listening to the
messages from both systems, and being started, and providing GPRS service and
GSM CS service, including SMS, on both networks. Class A MS subscribers can
initiate and/or receive calling through the two services and automatically switch
between PS and CS.

· Class B GPRS MS: It can be connected to GSM network and GPRS network at
the same time. However, it fails to use GPRS packet service and GSM CS
service simultaneously. That is to say, at a given time, it can use only one of the
two services. Class B MSs can also perform service switching automatically.

· Class C GPRS MS: It can be connected to either GSM network or GPRS

14
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

network at a given time. If it can support both PS and CS, the two services must
be switched manually as they cannot be performed at the same time.

2.1.1.2 Packet Control Unit

The packet control unit (PCU) is a processing unit added to BSS. It mainly performs
the processing of packet services and the management of packet radio channel
resources on the BSS side. Currently, it functions between BSC and SGSN in most
cases.

RLC/MAC layer function:

 DL: PDU at LLC divided into RLC data block

 UL: RLC data block recomposed into PDU at LLC layer

 PDCH UL & DL ARQ protocol

 Allocate UL & DL radio resource

Radio resource management function:

 Channel access control function such as access request and access permission

 Radio channel management function such as power control, congestion control

and broadcasting control messages

2.1.1.3 Service GPRS Support Node

The SGSN is a basic network element in GPRS network. It is newly introduced to the
GSM network to provide GPRS services. It is responsible for transferring input/output
IP packets to the MSs within its SGSN service area. Its role is similar to the BMSC in
GSM circuit network. The SGSN provides the following functions:

 Routing and transfer of packet data packages within its SGSN area, providing
services for all the GPRS users within the area

 Ciphering and authentication

 Session management

 Mobility management

 Logical link management

 Providing interface to GPRS BSS, GGSN, HLR, MSC, SMS-GMSC, and SMS-
IWMSC

15
GPRS and EDGE Basic

 Generating and outputting CDRs, for collecting information about the usage of
radio resources

In addition, the SGSN performs the function of VLR in GSM network. When a user is
in GPRS Attach state, the packet-related user information and location information is
stored in the SGSN .Like the VLR, most user information stored on the SGSN is
obtained from the HLR during location update.

2.1.1.4 Gateway GPRS Support Node

The GGSN is another NE function entity introduced for providing GPRS services on
the GSM network. It provides the routing and encapsulation of packets between the
GPRS network and external data networks. Which GGSN is used as the gateway is
determined by the user’s subscription information and requested access point name
(APN). The GGSN provides the following functions:

 Interface to external IP packet networks (IP and X.25), the GGSN needs to
provide the gateway function for MSs to connect to external networks. From an
external network’s point of view, the GGSN is a router which can address the IP
addresses of all users on the GPRS network to exchange routing information.

 GPRS session management, establishing the communication between MSs and

external networks

 Sending the packet data of mobile subscribers to appropriate SGSN

 Generating and outputting CDRs, for collecting information about the usage of
radio resources

2.1.1.5 Charging Gateway

The CG collects, combines, and pre-processes the CDRs generated on each SGSN and
GGSN. It also provides interface to the billing center. The CG is a new device added to
the GPRS network. The CDRs generated during an Internet access service can be from
several NE entities and each NE device can generate several CDRs. The purpose of
introducing CG is to combine and pre-process the CDRs before sending them to the
charging center, thus reducing the load of the charging center. Also, it is not necessary
for SGSN and GGSN to directly connect to the charging center.

2.1.1.6 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service Server

During a non-transparent access, the user identity must be authenticated. The related

16
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

authentication and authorization information are stored on the remote authentication

dial in service server (RADIUS) server.This function entity is not exclusive to the
GPRS.

2.1.1.7 Domain Name System

Two types of domain name systems (DNSs) are available on the GPRS network. One is
the DNS between GGSN and external networks, mainly for resolving the domain
names of the external networks. Its function is equivalent to a common DNS on the
fixed Internet. The other is the DNS on GPRS backbone network. Its functions are as
follows:

 Resolving the IP address of the GGSN according to the access point name
(APN) determined during PDP context activation.

 Resolving the IP address of the old SGSN according to the old routing area
number during routing area update among SGSNs

This function entity is not exclusive to the GPRS.

2.1.1.8 Border Gateway

The border gateway (BG) is in fact a router. It implements the routing function of
SGSNs and GGSNs on different GPRS networks and security management. This
function entity is not exclusive to the GPRS.

2.1.2 Main Network Interfaces

shows the main interfaces of the GPRS network.

17
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 2.1-12 GPRS Network Interfaces

2.1.2.1 Um Interface

The Um interface is the interface between the GPRS MS and the GPRS network.
Through this interface, MS communicate with GPRS network. It supports the functions
such as packet data transferring, mobility management, session management, and radio
resource management.

2.1.2.2 Gb Interface

The Gb interface is the interface between the SGSN and the BSS (In Huawei GPRS
system, this interface is between SGSN and PCU). Through this interface, the SGSN
communicates with the BSS and MSs and performs the functions such as data transfer,
mobility management and session management. The Gb interface is mandatory for
GPRS networking. The current GPRS standard protocol stipulates that the Gb interface
use frame relay as the bottom layer transmission protocol and SGSN can communicate
with BSS through frame relay network or point-to-point frame relay.

2.1.2.3 Gi Interface

The Gi interface is the interface between the GPRS and an external packet data
network. Through the Gi interface, the GPRS interconnects with various public packet
networks such as Internet and ISDN. Operations implemented on the Gi interface
include protocol encapsulation/decapsulation, address conversion (for example, form

18
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

the IP address of a private network into the IP address of a public network), user access
authentication and authorization.

2.1.2.4 Gn Interface

The Gn interface is the interface between GPRS service supporting nodes, i.e. the
interface between SGSNs and between SGSN and GGSN within the same PLMN. It
implements communications by bearing the GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP) on the
TCP/UDP protocol.

2.1.2.5 Gs Interface

The Gs interface is the interface between the SGSN and the MSC/VLR. It uses the
BSSAP+ protocol borne on SS7. Through the Gs interface, the SGSN cooperates with
the MSC to implement MS mobility management, such as joint Attach/Detach and joint
routing area/location area update. Also, the SGSN needs to receive CS paging
information from the MSC and sends to MSs through the PCU. If the Gs interface is
not provided, paging coordination will fail. This is disadvantageous for improving
system put-through rate and radio resource usage. Also, system signaling load cannot
be reduced due to the failure of joint location area/routing area update.

2.1.2.6 Gr Interface

The Gr interface is the interface between the SGSN and the HLR. It uses the MAP+
protocol borne on SS7. Through the Gr interface, the SGSN obtains MS data from the
HLR. The HLR stores GPRS user data and routing information. When routing area is
updated among SGSNs, the SGSN updates the related location information on the
HLR. When data is changed on the HLR, the HLR informs the SGSN to handle
accordingly.

2.1.2.7 Gd Interface

The Gd interface is the interface between the SGSN and SMS-GMSC and SMS-
IWMSC. Through the Gd interface, the SGSN can receive short messages and
forwards them the MS, SGSN, SMS_GMSC, and SMC_IWMSC. This interface helps
short message centers (SMCs) cooperate in providing short message services (SMSs)
of the GPRS. If the Gd interface is not provided, a class C MS fails to receive and send
short messages when it is attached to the GPRS network. In addition, with the increase
of SMS traffic, the use of the Gd interface can reduce the occupation of the SDCCH
and thus mitigate the impact on CS voice service.

19
GPRS and EDGE Basic

2.1.2.8 Gp Interface

The Gp interface is the interface between GPRS networks. It is used between SGSNs in
different PLMNs. It adopts the same protocol with the Gn interface except that Border
Gateway (BG) and firewall are added. The BG provides the border gateway routing
protocol to implement the communication between GPRS support nodes in different
PLMNs.

2.1.2.9 Gc Interface

The Gc interface is the interface between the GGSN and the HLR. When the network
side actively initiates a service request to a mobile phone, the GGSN requests the HLR
for the SGSN address information of the user through IMSI. This interface is scarcely
used, for the network side seldom actively sends service requests to mobile phones.

If the Gc interface does not exist, its function can be implemented through the SGSN
with SS7-related interfaces within the same PLMN. This enables GGSN and HLR to
interact signaling information through GTP to MAP protocol conversion. .

2.1.2.10 Gf Interface

The Gf interface is the interface between the SGSN and the EIR.

20
3 GPRS Frame Structure and Radio
Channels

3.1 Radio Frame Structure

GPRS introduces 52 TDMA multiframe structure. Logical channels on packet data
channels (PDCHs) mapping is based on 52 TDMA multiframe structure.

Fig 3.1-13 shows 52 TDMA multiframe structure.

Fig 3.1-13 52-Multiframe Structure

PDCH multiframe contains 12 blocks (each block is consists of 4 consecutive TDMA

frames), 2 idle frames, and 2 TDMA frames used for Packet Timing advanced Control
Channel (PTCCH). There are 52 TDMA frames all together.

In GPRS, except packet random access channel (PRACH) and PTCCH/U, basic unit of
other packet logical channels is a block.

In a 52-multiframe, sequence of 12 blocks is B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8,
B5, B11.

3.2 Physical Channel

GPRS inherits GSM’s frequency band use mode and wireless transmission mode.
Frequency band refers to TDMA under FDMA, and Wireless transmission refers to
basic transmission unit on radio path, which is the burst pulse lasting for 15/26 ms
(equivalent to about 156.25 modulation bits).

GPRS system divides a carrier into eight timeslots as in GSM, which constitute eight

21
 basic time division channels. Therefore, a physical channel can be uniquely determined
by a TDMA frame sequence, a timeslot No. (module 8), and a definite hopping
sequence. Because GPRS is designed to coexist with GSM voice transmission, some
physical channels in a GSM cell supporting GPRS may transfer voice, and other
physical channels may transfer GPRS packet data. In addition, some GPRS signaling
flows, such as packet system message broadcasting, packet access and resource
allocation, are conducted on CS channels.

3.3 Logical Channel

All packet logical channels are mapped to a dedicated packet data channel (PDCH).
Packet logical channels can be divided into the categories shown in Table 3.3-2.

Table 3.3-2 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes

Packet Random Access Channel (PRACH, uplink)

Packet common control channel
(PCCCH)
Packet broadcast control channel
(PBCCH, downlink)
Packet transport channel
Packet dedicated control channel
Packet Paging Channel (PPCH, downlink)
Packet Access Grant Channel (PAGCH, downlink)
Packet Notice Channel (PNCH, downlink)
Packet Data Transport Channel (PDTCH: PDTCH/U and
PDTCH/D)
Packet Associated Control Channel (PACCH)
Packet Timing advance Control Uplink Channel (PTCCH/U)
Packet Timing advance Control Downlink Channel (PTCCH/D)

3.3.1 Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCHs):

 PRACH: It delivers packet access burst pulse and extended access burst pulse.
MS sends data or paging response to BSS through PRACH.

 PPCH: It sends paging messages for CS services and GPRS services. CS paging
services is applicable to type-A and type-B MSs. PPCH also uses paging group
and can support DRX

 PAGCH: Before MS sends packets, PAGCH allocates one or several PDTCHs to

MS for packet transmission. If MS is transmitting packets, the resources
allocated can be transferred in PACCH.

22
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

 PNCH: It notifies MS of PTM-M call. DRX mode must be configured to

monitor PNCH.

3.3.2 Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH):

PBCCH broadcasts packet data system messages. Parameters carried in these messages
determine channels mapping on multiframes. If no PBCCH is allocated, BCCH can
transfer these messages. BCCH will give definite indication, showing whether the cell
supports packet data service. If cell supports packet data service, and PBCCH is
assigned, the PBCCH combination configuration information is sent.

3.3.3 Packet transport channel:

PDTCH bears subscriber data in packet switching mode. It is allocated temporarily to

a specific MS or a group of MSs (under the PTM-M mode). Under multi-slot mode,
MS can use several PDTCHs concurrently. Because different logical channels can be
multiplexed on a physical channel, a PDTCH can bear 0 to 21.4 kbps pure data rate
(including RLC header). Different from CS service, all PDTCHs are unidirectional. MS
uses PDTCH/U to send packet data to the network and uses PDTCH/D to receive
packet data from network.

3.3.4 Packet dedicated control channel:

 PACCH: It transmits signaling information, such as acknowledge message and

power control message. In addition, it also carries resources allocation and re-
allocation information, which is used for allocating PDTCH capacity or adding
PACCH in future. MS transmitting packets are able to enter circuit switching
mode through PACCH paging. ACCH is dynamically allocated to physical
channel with PDTCH. It is a bi-directional channel.

 PTCCH/U: It transmits random access burst and estimates time advance of MS

in packet transmission mode.

 PTCCH/D: It amends the time advance of several MSs. A PTCCH/D

corresponds to several PTCCH/Us.

3.4 Channel Combination

Three new logical channel combinations in GPRS are:

23
GPRS and EDGE Basic

 PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

 PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

 PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

Here, PCCCH = PPCH + PRACH + PAGCH + PNCH

Different logical channels may appear on the same PDCH. PDCH is shared by block.
In other words, type of logical channel, to which each block belongs, on a PDCH may
change one by one. Message type ID contained in the head of each block identifies
channel type (except for the PRACH).

3.5 Mapping between Logical Channels and Physical Channels

3.5.1 Uplink Channel Mapping:

 PDTCH/U and PACCH/U mapping:

For each PDCH allocated to MS, MS will be allocated with an Uplink State Flag
(USF). Network uses USF to control the different MSs radio block multiplexing
in uplink PDCH. US control’s the timeslot usage. It is used in dynamic and
extended dynamic medium access modes. Three-bit USF is located in header of
each downlink radio block, and can form eight states for uplink transmission
multiplexing. In PCCCH, one USF value marks the PRACH (USF = idle), and
other values are reserved for seven different MSs (USF = R1/R2 … R7). When
a PDCH is not the PCCCH, the eight USF values are all used to reserve uplinks
for eight different MSs. When an MS without USF is using the uplink, a USF
value can prevent conflict of uplink channels. USF is directed to the next uplink
radio block.

When an MS finds its own USF in header of a BX (Bx = B0B11) downlink

block of a PDCH, MS can use BX+1 (X= 11) or B0 (when X=11) uplink blocks
on this PDCH. If the network permits, MS can also use three consecutive blocks
(four blocks in total).

PACCH/U corresponding to PDTCH/D can be determined by the network in

polling mode.

 PTCCH/U mapping:

24
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

When an MS is allocated a PDTCH from a PDCH, PTCCH/U must also be allocated

from that PDCH. The cycle of PTCCH/U is eight 52-multiframes, including 16
PTCCH/Us (0 to 15). PTCCH/U sub-channel No. of each MS is determined by the
time advance index (TAI) obtained by the MS in resource allocation. See Fig 2.5-1.

Fig 3.5-14 Mapping of PTCCH on Physical Channel

 Uplink PCCCH/PRACH mapping:

As described above, on PDCH with PCCCH, if USF is idle, corresponding

downlink block is PRACH. PRACH can be mapped in a fixed manner. Number

25
GPRS and EDGE Basic

of PRACH blocks fixedly allocated on a PCCCH is determined by the system

broadcast parameter BS_PRACH_BLKS. Its relationship with specific blocks is
determined by the block sequence described above.

3.5.2 Downlink Channel Mapping:

 PDTCH/D and PACCH/D mapping:

MS interprets every downlink block on the allocated PDCH and determines

whether the block is its PDTCH/D and PACCH/D according to TFI.

TBF is a physical connection used by two RR entities to transmit LLC PDU in a

unidirectional manner on packet data radio channel. This parameter is used in
LLC frame transmission sequence of the same timeslot in same cell to replace
MS identification in RLC/MAC layer. It is radio resource assigned to one or
multiple PDCHs. It transmits RLC/MAC blocks carrying one or multiple LLC
PDUs. The TBF is temporary and only kept in data transmission (the TBF is
kept until there is no RLC/MAC block to transmit, or all the RLC/MAC blocks
are received successfully by the receiver under the RLC acknowledgement
mode).

For each TBF, network allocates a TFI. For concurrent TBFs in each direction,
TFI allocated is unique. It is used to replace MS identifier in RLC/MAC layer.
The same TFI can be used in different directions. TFI is assigned in the
resource allocation message before transmission of LLC frame.

RLC/MAC block related to a specific TBF must contain a TFI. For a RLC data
block, the TBF is jointly identified by the TFI and the transmission direction of
the data block. For a RLC/MAC control message, there are transmission
direction and message type in addition to the TFI. If the header of a downlink
control block contains a TFI, the TFI identifies to which MS the control message
is sent; otherwise, all MSs will receive this message. If the TFI in the header is
inconsistent with that in the message, the MS accepts the TFI in the header.

 PBCCH mapping and packet system message transmission:

In a cell, PBCCH is mapped to one PDCH only. Specific location is broadcast

by BCCH. In a 52-multiframe, PBCCH is mapped to BS_PBCCH_BLKS
(where BS_PBCCH_BLKS<4) blocks. Specific blocks are determined by the
block sequence described above.

26
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

In packet idle mode, MS listens to system messages on BCCH and learns

whether the cell supports GPRS and whether PBCCH is configured from SI3,
SI4, SI7 and SI8. If there is a PBCCH, MS leaves BCCH to listen system
messages PSIs 1 – 3 or other PSI on PBCCH. BSC determines time and type
of messages to be sent.

System parameter PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD determines the position where PSI1

is sent. In addition, except PSI 1, other PSIs are divided into two groups. One
group is sent at a high repetition rate, while the other is sent at a low repetition
rate. Parameter PSI_COUNT_HR indicates the number of PSIs sent at a high
repetition rate, and PSI_COUNT_LR indicates the number of PSIs sent at a low
repetition rate.

System sends PSIs according to the following rules:

PSI 1 is sent on BLOCK B0 when TC is 0. (TC = (FN DIV 52) mod

PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD).

When BS_PBCCH_BLKS is higher than 1, PSI 1 is also sent on BLOCK B6

with TC of 0.

PSIs in the group sent at a high frequency are sent in sequence determined by
network. The sequence starts when TC is 0; that is, sending cycle of PSIs in this
group is PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD*52 frame. When PSIs in this group are sent,
PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.

PSIs sent in the group sent at a low frequency are sent in the sequence
determined by the network, and sent repeatedly. When the PSIs in this group are
sent, the PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.

 Downlink PCCCH mapping

Downlink PCCCH mapping on a PDCH can be described by the following four

rules:

 BS_PBCCH_BLKS blocks are used in the PBCCH if PDCH has a PBCCH.

 BS_PAG_BLKS_RES blocks cannot be used in the PPCH in the remaining

blocks. They can be used in the PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH and PACCH only.

 The remaining blocks can be used in the PPCH, PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH and
PACCH.

27
GPRS and EDGE Basic

 When PBCCH is on timeslot k, the PCCCH can be located on timeslot n only,

and n must be greater than k-4 and smaller than or equal to 7 (k-4  n 7).

For example, for a PDCH with both PBCCH and PCCCH, when
BS_PBCCH_BLKS is 2 and BS_PAG_BLKS_RES is 5, the following can be
known according to the block sequence (B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2,
B8, B5, and B11):

PBCCHs are located on B0 and B6.

PPCH can be located on B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11 only.

PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH, and PACCH can be located on B3, B9, B1, B7, B4,
B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11.

28
4 GPRS Key Technologies

4.1 QoS Implementation

GPRS provides subscribers five negotiable QoS attributes:

 Peak throughput class

 Mean throughput class

 Reliability class

 Delay class

 Precedence class

Each attribute consists of multiple level options, and combination of attributes of

different levels constitutes the support of various applications requiring different QoS.
GPRS standard defines many QoS combinations. GPRS only supports some QoS
configuration currently.

GPRS QoS profile is based on each Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context. Treats as a
single parameter QoS profile features multiple data transfer attributes.

During the negotiation of QoS profile, MS can apply a value for each QoS attribute,
including the default value of the subscriber profile saved in HLR. Network also
negotiates a level for each attribute to match the valid GPRS resources, thus, proper
resources can be provided to support QoS profile negotiated.

4.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer

MAC layer enable several MSs to share the same transmission media and connect with
physical layer directly.

On the uplink (for example, an MS starts to access network), when several MSs apply
for access at the same time, limited physical resource need be managed properly.
Reservation protocol of the contention mechanism between different MSs is based on
time division ALOHA protocol. In addition, because radio channel resources for an MS
are also limited, some services are competitive. Coordination function provided by

29
 MAC layer can solve the problems caused by competition.

On the downlink (for example, the MS), MAC layer has the access requests queue and
makes an access time table. For downlink, contention mechanism is unnecessary
because there is only one transmit end in downlink direction.

MAC layer assigns data to be sent with different priority and transmits data according
to priority. Signaling data has higher priority than subscriber data. After combined,
signaling and subscriber data are sent through transmission media. MAC layer enables
several MSs to share same transmission medium. Transmission medium can be a
physical channel or several physical channels. In TDMA, physical channels are TDMA
timeslots.

When several physical channels serve as transmission media, MS sends data

concurrently. It can increase the data transmission capacity between MS and network.

See the example as shown below in Fig 4.2-15.

Fig 4.2-15 MAC Layer Transmission

Two mobile subscribers are transmitting data. Timeslots 5 and 6 are used as common
transmission media. MAC layer at network side makes transmission time table for
MSs. Thus, subscriber A can send data on a TDMA frame, and subscriber B can send
data on the next TDMA frame. This standard enables the network to arrange eight MSs
to share a transmission medium at the same time.

4.2.1 Radio Block Structure

GPRS radio block consists of MAC header and RLC data block or RLC control block.
GPRS assigns different types of RLC/MAC block structures to transfer data and
control information, as shown in Fig 4.2-16.

30
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

Fig 4.2-16 Radio Block Structure

RLC/MAC block that transfers data contains MAC header and RLC data block.

RLC data block contains an RLC header, an RLC data unit, and a reserved part (in
current technical specifications, that part is set to 0 at the transmit end and neglected at
the receive end). RLC data unit contains one or several LLC PDUs. RLC/MAC block
containing RLC data block can be coded using channel coding schemes CS1, CS2,
CS3, and CS4. When CS1 is adopted, RLC/MAC block does not contain the reserved
part.

RLC/MAC control block is composed of the control message content field and control
header, which is optional in downlink. RLC/MAC control message is transferred in
RLC/MAC control block. RLC/MAC control block must use CS1.

 Reduced Block Serial Number (RBSN)

Made up of one bit, RBSN carries downlink RLC/MAC control block serial
number.

 Radio Transaction Identifier (RTI) domain

Made up of five bits, RTI groups and downlink RLC/MAC control blocks. The
value range is 0 to 31. These control blocks form a complete RLC/MAC control
message.

 Final Segment (FS)

Made up of one bit, FS indicates whether the downlink RLC/MAC control block
contains a final segment of a RLC/MAC control message. If FS is 0, the
downlink RLC/MAC does not contain final segment of a RLC/MAC control
message. If it is 1, downlink RLC/MAC contains the final segment.

31
GPRS and EDGE Basic

 Address Control (AC)

Made up of one bit, AC indicates whether the header of the downlink

RLC/MAC control block contains optional TFI/D field. ‘0’ indicates TFI/D field
is contained, and ‘1’ not.

 Direction (D) bit

Made up of one bit, D bit indicates TBF direction. TBF is identified by TFI field
in downlink RLC/MAC control header. If D bit is 0, TBF identified by TFI is
uplink. If it is 1, TBF is downlink.

4.2.2 Channel Coding

GPRS defines four coding modes on PDTCH: CS-1 to CS-4. Except for PRACH and
PTCCH/U, other packet control channels adopt CS-1. For packet access pulse on
PRACH and PTCCH/U, there are 8-bit and 11-bit coding modes.

Fig 4.2-17 and Fig 4.2-18 show coding procedure of four different coding modes.

Fig 4.2-17 CS-1 to CS-3 Coding Procedure

32
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

Fig 4.2-18 CS-4 Coding Procedure

Coding procedure is as follows:

1. Add a Block Check Sequence (BCS) to the end of the radio block for error
detection.

2. Perform pre-coding of USF (for CS-1, CS-2, and CS-3 only), add four tail bits,
and perform half-rate convolutional coding for error correction.

3. Punch to obtain desired coding rate.

Error-correction coding is not performed in CS-4.

Table 4.2-3 describes the specific coding process of the four channel coding modes.

Table 4.2-3 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes

Type
Procedure
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
Length of data
184 bits 271 bits 315 bits 413 bits
source
Packet coding (1) Fire coding. The (1) Packet coding. The (1) Packet coding. The (1) Packet coding. The
multinomial generated multinomial generated multinomial generated multinomial generated
is: is: is: is:
23 17 3 16 12 5 16 12 5
(D +1)(D +D +1). D +D +D +1. The D +D +D +1. D16+D12+D5+1.
The BCS added is 40 added BCS is 16 bits. (2) The USF (2) USF preprocessing.
bits. (2) USF preprocessing. preprocessing is the See Table 4.2-5.
(2) Add four tail bits. See Table 4.2-4. same as CS2. (3) Add tail bits. The
The coding data (3) Add four tail bits. (3) Add tail bits. The coding data length is
length is 228 bits. The coding data length coding data length is 456 bits.
is 294 bits. 338 bits.
(1) Convolutional (1) Convolutional
coding with a 1/2 code coding with a 1/2 code
(1) Convolutional rate. The multinomial rate. The multinomial
coding with a 1/2 code generated is: generated is:
3 4
rate. The multinomial G0=1+D +D ,G1=1+D G0=1+D3+D4,G1=1+D
Convolutional
generated is: +D3+D4 +D3+D4 None
coding 3 4
G0=1+D +D ,G1=1+ (2) Reduce 132 bits by (2) Position of
D+D3+D4 punching. The position punching:
(2) No punching. of punching: C(3+6 x k) and
C (3+4xk), k=3, …, 146 C (5+6xk) k=2, 3, …,
and k9, 21, 33, 45, 57, 111

33
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Type
Procedure
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
69, 81, 93, 105, 117,
129, 141

Table 4.2-4 shows the difference between the four coding modes.

Table 4.2-4 GPRS Channel Coding

Size of RLC/MAC Data Maximum Throughput of

Coding Scheme Code Rate
Block (bytes) RLC/MAC (kbps)
CS-1 1/2 20 8
CS-2 2/3 30 12
CS-3 3/4 36 14.4
CS-4 1 50 20

CS1 has powerful error correction capability and tolerates a certain bit error ratio.
Therefore, it has low requirements for wireless environment. However, its throughput
is smallest. Higher level of a coding scheme (CS4 is of highest level), has an error
correction capability and higher throughput.

Table 4.2-5 describes coding and various packet logical channels interleaving
procedure.

Table 4.2-5 Packet Logical Channel Coding and Interleaving

Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)
PDTCH Packet On four NB
184 4 1/2 456
(CS1) coding, 40 bursts
Addin
PDTCH Packet On four NB
271 g three 4 1/2 456
(CS2) coding, 16 bursts
bits
PARCH 8 Parity 6 4 1/2 36 Combine on
PTCCH/D one AB burst

34
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)

1/2,
perforate Combine on
11 Parity 6 4 36
reduction one AB burst
code 6 bits

On four
PTCCH/U 184 Packet, 40 4 1/2 456 inconsecutive
bursts
PPCH,
PAGCH, On four
Packet
PNCH, 184 4 1/2 456 consecutive
coding, 40
PBCCH, bursts
PACCH

4.2.3 Flow Control

It controls the QoS delay queue load between SGSN and BSS to optimize the use of
buffer area.

BSSGP layer PCU manages two buffers which are MS buffer and BSSGP Virtual
Connection (BVC) buffer. When PCU receives a LLC packet, its BSSGP protocol layer
identifies it according to TLLI and places it into MS buffer. Then, BSSGP protocol
layer uses BVCI as identifier and places all related information into the buffer for that
BVC.

See Fig 4.2-19.

35
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 4.2-19 BSSGP Layer Buffer

SGSN can perform flow control on specific MS and cell. PCU sends SGSN a Flow
Control BVC/MS message containing flow control parameter. Thus, SGSN knows how
to control throughput to PCU and adjusts BSSGP UNITDATA PDU flow cached from
SGSN to PCU. In addition, to optimize BSSGP UNITDATA PDU cached at PCU, if
the life period of the BSSGP UNITADATA PDU at the PCU expires, and the BSSGP
UNITADATA PDU is not sent out through the radio interface, the PCU will delete it
locally and send a PDU (LLC-DISCARDED PDU) message to the SGSN.

4.2.4 Cell Selection and Reselection

GPRS Cell selection and reselection are independent from GSM. GPRS system has no
handover concept. GPRS MSs perform cell reselection no matter whether they are
under packet transmission mode or packet idle mode.

If MS service area has no PBCCH, MS will listen to system message broadcast by

BCCH and performs cell reselection according to C1 and C2 rules under the idle mode
of circuit switching.

4.2.4.1 Cell Selection

When an MS is powered on or moves from dead zone to coverage, it searches all

frequencies permitted by PLMN and selects the best cell to stay. This process is called
cell selection.

GPRS cell selection algorithm is same as that of GSM. Before GPRS dedicated

36
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

channel is assigned, GPRS MS uses GSM signaling resources.

In cell selection process, MS searches 124 RF channels (Dual-band MS will search 374
GSM1800 RF channels), reads strength of signal received on each RF channel, and
calculates average level. Whole measurement process lasts three to five seconds.
During this period, at least five measurement samples are extracted from different RF
channels.

Then, MS tunes to carrier with maximum incoming level and judges whether that
harmonic wave is a BCCH carrier (by searching FCCH burst pulse). If yes, MS tries to
decode SCH to synchronize with that carrier and read system message broadcast on
BCCH. If MS decodes BCCH data correctly, and verifies that cell belongs to PLMN
selected, parameter C1 is greater than 0, and cell is not prohibited from accessing, MS
can select that cell. Otherwise, MS tunes to next most signification carrier till it finds
the cell available.

If MS finds a cell available it listens to system messages type 1 to type 4 and SI13 (in
case of GPRS cell) on BCCH of that cell, and decodes all information. After that, MS
stays in that cell.

4.2.4.2 Cell Reselection

GPRS network or MS control Cell reselection process. In network controlled cell

reselection process utilizes cell load, status, level and other information in optimized
manner.

Network-controlled cell reselection module consists of two layers: BRP decides to

perform cell-reselection according to certain criteria. BRP informs Pn of decision
parameters related to service cell & each candidate cell in cell reselection request
message. On receiving cell reselection request, Pn selects target cell & notifies BRP
considering resource and service load status of each adjacent cell. Finally, BRP sends
cell reselection command to MS to complete entire cell reselection process.

Other modules such as Power control module on power control failure can request cell
reselection using network-controlled cell reselection module.

Fig 4.2-20 shows network-controlled cell reselection process.

37
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 4.2-20 Network-Controlled Cell Reselection Process

 Save measurement report

Find the instance according to TLLI carried in the packet measurement report,
and respectively store the level value of the service cell and adjacent cell in the
instance data area. The measurement reports of at most eight adjacent cells are
stored in the instance.

 Perform weighted average of measurement report

To avoid frequent cell reselection, the cell re-reselection module makes cell re-
selection pre-decision after performing weighted average of the measurement
reports submitted recently. Since the submitting period of the packet
measurement report is relatively long and unstable, different weighted values are
employed for the measurement reports submitted in different time. The level
weighted average values of the service cell and adjacent cell are calculated
respectively.

 Make pre-decision of cell reselection

The network-controlled cell reselection pre-decision algorithm uses three

parameters: path loss parameter C1, hierarchical cell structure signal level

38
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

threshold criteria parameter C31, and cell sequencing criteria parameter C32.
The cell reselection is triggered when C1 is smaller than 0. Pn of C31 and C32
of these adjacent cells in the cell reselection request message.

Pre-decision algorithm is as follows:

 Service cell C1<0

 If the estimated value of a non-service cell is better than the service cell, it is the
optimal cell. The optimal cell is the cell with the highest C32 in the following
cells:

C31  0, the highest LSA priority is available, and PRIORITY_CLASS is the

highest.

If no cell can satisfy C31  0, the optimal cell is that with the highest C32 value
among all cells.

These two algorithms are optional.

 Make cell reselection decision.

After receiving the cell reselection request message from the BRP, the Pn makes
the cell reselection decision and selects the target cell. The Pn queries the
resource and service load statuses of the strongest adjacent cells, respectively
takes different weighted values together with the level values, selects the best
cell, and sends the cell reselection indication to the BRP. Meanwhile, it sends the
cell reselection indication to the BRP where the target cell is located. Thus, after
the cell reselection of the MS, the new cell can perform cell reselection control
over it rapidly.

 Send cell reselection command.

After receiving the cell reselection indication, the BRP sends the cell reselection
command to the MS. Under the packet idle status, if PCCCH is configured, the
cell reselection command is sent to the MS on PCCCH. If there is no PCCCH, a
downlink block is assigned on CCCH via the immediate assignment message.
The cell reselection command is sent in the downlink block assigned. Under the
packet transmission status, the cell reselection command is sent to the MS on
PACCH. C31 and C32 are used to select the optimal cell, and the last selection is
not made here in the pre-decision.

39
5 EDGE Technology

5.1 Definitions
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) includes Enhanced General Packet Radio
Service (EGPRS) and Enhanced Circuit Switched Data (ECSD). EDGE is a method
used to improve the data transmission rate during GSM radio connection.

Essentially, EDGE is only a new modulating and channel encoding technology, which
can be used to transmit Packet switching (PS) and Circuit Switching (CS) data/voice.
As an evolved GPRS-to-UMTS solution, EDGE enables the network operator to use
current radio network equipments to the maximum extent. It also provides PC
multimedia communication services ahead of time before the third generation mobile
network become commercialized.

5.2 Features
The system architecture of EDGE network is similar to that of GSM network. The
following lists features of the EDGE technology in the access service and network
establishment:

1. Access service

 The bandwidth is increased greatly. The peak transmission rate of mobile data
service is up to 384 kbps.

 It provides more precise network-layer positioning service.

2. Network establishment

 As a modulating and encoding technology, EDGE changes the transmission rate

at the air interface.

 EDGE’s air interface features, including the air channel allocation mode and
TDMA frame structure, are the same as those of GSM.

 EDGE does not change the architecture of GSM network or GPRS network, and
does not have new NEs. It only updates BSS

41
  The core network adopts the three-layer model: service application layer,
communication control layer, and communication connection layer. The
interface between layers is standard. The hierarchical architecture makes the call
control and communication connection mutually independent. It also fully uses
advantages of the packet switching network, making the bandwidth allocation
closely related to the traffic. It especially suits the VoIP service.

 Media Gateway (MGW) is adopted in EDGE. MGW has the same functions as
Signaling Transfer Point (STP), and can realize the signaling network
establishment in IP network. Moreover, MGW is not only the interface between
GSM circuit switching service and PSTN but also the interface between Radio
Access Network (RAN) and 3G core network.

 EDGE supports two data transmission modes: packet switching and circuit
switching. With the packet data service, a rate of 11.2 kbps ~ 69.2 kbps per
timeslot can be realized. EDGE supports the circuit switching service with a rate
of 28.8 kbps. EDGE also supports symmetric/asymmetric data transmission,
which is very important for the mobile equipment to access network. For
example, in EDGE system, the user can have a higher rate in downlink than in
uplink.

5.3 Specifications
The EDGE standardization involves the following three aspects:

 Standardizes the relevant change in physical layer (the definition of modulation

and coding method)

 Standardizes the change in ECSD protocol

 Standardize the change in EGPRS protocol

Two jobs are done in the above aspects:

 EDGE NSS, which is related to the change in network subsystem

 EDGE BSS, which is related to the change in base station subsystem

EDGE is realized in two phases:

 Phase 1: provides the single/multiple-timeslot packet switching service with a

rate of less than 64 kbps and the single/multiple-timeslot circuit switching

42
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

service.

 Phase 2: provides real-time services not included in phase 1 and adopts the new
modulating technology.

The EDGE standardization, which was initiated by ETSI/SMG2, has started from the
feasibility research by Ericsson and Nokia since 1997. The research was completed in
1998, and the radio and service requirement for EDGE was drafted in that research.

In 2000, the EDGE standardization was transferred from ETSI to 3GPP. The work of
EDGE phase 1 was summarized in the R99 standard, and the work of EDGE phase 2
was included in the 3GPP standard. In EDGE phase 2, the technology is developed into
satisfying UMTS standard as well as providing IP multimedia. 3GPP standardizes
EDGE, which is now known as GERAN.

5.4 Key Technologies

5.4.1 EDGE Modulation Modes

EDGE adopts 8-PSK as its modulation mode. 8-PSK has the same modulation quality
as GMSK, considering the interference generated from adjacent channels. It enables
EDGE channels to be completely integrated in the current frequency planning, and can
allocate the new EDGE channel as standard GSM channel.

8-PSK is a linear modulation, in which three consecutive bits are mapped to one
symbol in the I/Q diagram. Its symbol rate, the number of symbols sent within a certain
period of time, is the same as that of GMSK. But each symbol represents three bits in
8PSK, not one bit as in GMSK, thus the total data transmission rate triples.

A certain loss will be generated by 8-PSK. In the I/Q diagram, the distance between
different symbols is comparatively less. Therefore, it is difficult for the radio receiver
to detect which symbol it receives. The problem influences the system performance
only in adverse radio environment. Such “redundant” bits can be used to add more
error correcting code to resume the correct information. Only in very adverse radio
environment is the GMSK modulation efficiency higher.

Fig 5.4-21 shows the GMSK modulation mode and 8-PSK modulation mode.

43
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Fig 5.4-21 8-PSK Modulation Mode

Compared with GMSK, 8-PSK has the same symbol rate, but the bit rate triples, as
shown in Table 5.4-6.

Table 5.4-6 GMSK vs. 8-PSK

Performance 8-PSK GMSK

Symbol rate 270.833 ksym/s 270.833 ksym/s

Number of bits per symbol 3bit/symbol 1bit/symbol
Valid payload per pulse 342bit 114bit
Total rate per timeslot 68.4kbps 22.8kbps
User data rate at RLC layer in
59.2 kbps 20 kbps
each timeslot

The standard GSM carrier symbol rate is 270.833 kbps, which is also the case in 8-
PSK. In addition, the pulse shaping used in GMSK is also used in 8-PSK. The increase
of data throughput comes at a cost of decreased sensitivity of the 8-PSK signal. This
has certain effect on the system. For example, in radio network planning, the coverage
area is reduced if the highest data rate is increased.

5.4.2 EDGE Radio Block Structure

The radio blocks of GPRS and EGPRS are interleaved by four burst pulses and the
time length is 20 ms. The structures of the radio blocks transferring control messages
are the same, but those of the radio blocks transferring data blocks are different. In
GPRS, a radio block is composed of one MAC header, one RLC header, and one RLC

44
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

data block. In EGPRS, the radio block transferring data is composed of one MAC/RLC
header and one or two RLC data blocks. The HCS is used for the error check of the
head and the BCS is used for the error check of the data.

Compared with GPRS radio data block, the EGPRS radio data block has the following
features:

 Phase 1: provides single-slot and multi-slot packet-switched services and circuit-

switched services with the rate below 64 kbps.

 The data part can be one or two blocks, which is specified in the block header.

 The RLC header and MAC header are combined into one.

Fig 5.4-22 shows the structure of EDGE radio block.

HCS: Head Check Sequence BCS: Block Check Sequence RLC: Radio Link Control

Fig 5.4-22 EDGE Radio Block Structure

Compared with GPRS, the following fields are added to the block head:

Coding and Puncturing Scheme Indication (CPS): indicates the coding scheme and
deleting scheme of the data part.

Split Block Indicator (SPB): This field is used only in header type 3. It indicates
whether the user data block is retransmitted using two block re-segmentation.

5.4.3 Channel Coding

EDGE modulation and coding schemes can be divided into different groups according
to the size of RLC data blocks. EDGE has three coding families: A, B and C, whose
payloads are different.

 Family A: The payload of family A code has 37 bytes. It corresponds to MCS-3,

MCS-6 or MCS-9 coding scheme.

 Family A padding: The payload of family A padding code has 34 bytes. It

corresponds to MCS-3, MCS-6, or MCS-8 coding schemes. 3 (2*3) padding
bytes are added after the data got in MCS-3 (MCS-6).When the coding scheme

45
GPRS and EDGE Basic

is transferred from MCS-8 to MCS-3 or MCS-6, three or six padding bytes will
be added after the payload.

 Family B: The payload of family B code has 28 bytes. It corresponds to MCS-2,

MCS-5 or MCS-7 coding scheme.

 Family C: The payload of family C code has 22 bytes. It corresponds to MCS-1

or MCS-4 coding scheme.

In the coding schemes MCS-7, MCS-8 and MCS-9, a radio block carries two RLC
blocks, i.e., there are two Block Sequence Numbers (BSNs).

Fig 5.4-23 EDGE Coding Scheme

For coding scheme structures in the same group, either one structure includes another
or being included by another, which makes it easy to realize conversion between
coding rates.

As shown in Fig 5.4-24 , EDGE has distinctive advantages over GPRS.

46
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

Fig 5.4-24 EDGE vs. GPRS

In practical applications, balance should be kept between the transmission rate of valid
information and the valid transmission quality. The coding scheme for low-rate
channels that transfer little useful information but lots of redundant error correction bits
is preferred in environments with poor transmission quality. For example, MCS1-4
under GMSK modulation mode at low rate is more suitable at the edge of a cell to
compensate the poor link quality. In the central area of a cell with good transmission
conditions, an MCS with high rate can be used.

5.4.4 Link Quality Control

5.4.4.1 Link Adaptation

EGPRS allows re-segmentation, which implies that packets with less bit error
protection are used in priority. When required by new radio environment, packets can
be re-transmitted by using more bit error protection algorithms.

The reason why the EDGE can adopt the segmentation and re-assembly mode is that it
introduces Family to the nine coding schemes. They belong to the same Family. The
packet data carried by each radio block have a relation of integral multiple, for
example, the effective payloads carried by MCS9, MCS6, and MCS3 are 1224BIT,
612BIT, and 316BIT respectively. Therefore, to re-transmit the data block using MSC6,
the data can be divided in half and re-transmitted as two MCS3 blocks. Because MSC3

47
GPRS and EDGE Basic

has more powerful anti-interference capability, MSs are more probable to correctly
receive the data. Moreover, this re-transmission mode does not disturb the block
number of the received data. Therefore, it is an effective retransmission method.

Segmentation and reassembly is based on link quality measurement (LQM). The BSS
implements downlink LQM and the MS implements uplink LQM. The LQM provides
the -C/I and C/N, which represents the radio environment quality. Based on this, MSC
self-adaptation is triggered.

5.4.4.2 Incremental Redundancy

Even though compared with GPRS, the segmentation and reassembly algorithm is
improved, it is a backup link quality control mode. A better choice is incremental
redundancy (IR). The IR avoids the problem of rate and accuracy involved in feedback
control system, for example, LA. The IR does not need to evolve to optimized coding
scheme. It uses the same coding scheme all along, enabling the receiver to synthesize
the information for convenience of successful radio block decoding.

The IR is a better retransmission method than segmentation and re-assembly. The first
step of coding is performing 1/3 convolutional coding of valid payload. For example, if
MCS-9 is used to code the valid payload with 612 bits, the length of the payload is
extended to 1836 bits after 1/3 convolutional coding, during which 2/3 pre-defined
guard codes are added. The next step is puncturing, i.e., delete guard codes from the
convolutional codes. Different puncturing methods result in different code groups.
Different code groups carry the same valid payload but different redundant
information. For example, if a data block is coded by means of MCS-6, it will still be
coded by MCS-6 when it is retransmitted with a different code group. The receive end
reserves the code streaming that has not been decoded, so as to decode the code
streaming with the retransmitted code streaming together in a combination way. In this
way, the redundant code streaming in two different code groups supplements each
other, which thus improves the probability of successful decoding.

5.4.5 Dynamic Window Size

In GPRS with four-burst radio data blocks (20ms), the RLC window size of 64 is
defined. With the high coding schemes of EDGE, MCS-7 to MCS-9, there are two
RLC blocks per 20 ms radio block, which makes the RLC window size 4 too small and
RLC protocol subject to stalling. Therefore, the EDGE enlarges the RLC window and

48
 Chapter 1 GPRS Technology

defines a compression method for the acknowledgement bitmap of the RLC data
blocks (see GSM04.60).

That the window size can change with the multi-slot capability is another improvement
from EGRPS to GPRS .As the system relay is comparatively fixed, MSs with higher
multi-slot capacity are prone to encounter stale window. In GPRS, the window size is
fixed, and thus this problem often occurs. The EGPRS brings a more complicated
coding/decoding process, which increases the system delay. Therefore, a changeable
window size with the multi-slot capacity is a must.

As shown in Table 5.4-7, the window size is expanded from 64 to 192 even in single
timeslot transmission.

Table 5.4-7 Relation Between Window Size and Multi-slot Capability

Timeslots Allocated (Multi-slot Capability)

Window Size Coding
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
64 00000
96 00001
128 00010
160 00011
192 00100 Max
224 00101
256 00110 Max
288 00111
320 01000
352 01001
384 01010 Max
416 01011
448 01100
480 01101
512 01110 Max
544 01111
576 10000
608 10001
640 10010 Max
672 10011
704 10100
736 10101
768 10110 Max
800 10111

49
GPRS and EDGE Basic

Timeslots Allocated (Multi-slot Capability)

Window Size Coding
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
832 11000
864 11001
896 11010 Max
928 11011
960 11100
992 11101
1024 11110 Max
Reserved 11111 × × × × × × × ×

50