International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science

Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375

Interpretation of Gravity Anomaly in the Area of

Matomb (Center Cameroon) using Direct, Indirect and
Inverse Methods
F. Koumetio1*, C.T. Noutchogwe3, R. Nouayou2, E. Ndikum4, V.J.T. Wandji2 and A. Dika1
1
Department of physics, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon;
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon.
3 Department of Physics, ENS Bambili, University of Bamenda, Cameroon.
4Department of Fundamental Sciences, Higher Technical Teacher Training College (HTTTC) Bambili, the University

of Bamenda, Cameroon
*Corresponding Author, E-mail: koumetiof@yahoo.fr/ fidele.koumetio@univ-dschang.org

Abstract – The gravity maps display, in Matomb area, local
oval culminations of high anomalies indicative of a presence of
intrusive dense material in a subsurface that has not been
characterized through a local study. The analyses of
established gravity anomaly maps; the quantitative
interpretation of residual anomalies by spectral analysis, by
the inverse method and by 2.5D modeling allow for the
characterization of the intrusive dense material situated at
Matomb. The 2.5D model of the structure obtained shows six
blocks of the same intrusive material having a density contrast
of 0.27 g/ cm3 in comparison to the surrounding rocks which
form a very homogeneous metamorphic assembly consisting
mainly of gneisses and schists. This value of the density
contrast is equal to that obtained using the inverse method.
The different blocks are almost parallelepipedal lying all in the
NNW-SSE direction. One of the blocks has its roof at the depth
of about 1 km and its base at the depth of about 3 km while the
other five have theirs at the depths of about 3 or 8 km. These
values of depth are in agreement with the results of spectral
analysis that located the interfaces at average depths of 0.9 km,
3.2 km and 7.5 km. Analyses show that our study area was
affected by tectonic faulting in the NNW-SSE direction
followed by an extensional tectonic in the WNW-ESE
direction. The localization of deformation belts between the
different blocks of the intrusive material of Matomb can also
be a guide for mineral prospection.
Keywords – Gravity Anomalies, Spectral Analysis, Ideal
Body, Modeling.
What type of tectonics has governed the setting up of this
intrusive body? We will try to answer these questions by
using the direct, indirect and inverse interpretation methods.
II. GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC SETTING
Our study area is covered by metasediments of the Pan-
African chain (Figure 1). This chain is shown in our study
area by formations of a geological feature called the
"Yaounde Group" (Maurizot et al., 1986). According to the
synthesis of geological work in the South West of
Cameroon between 1978 and 1985 (Maurizot et al., 1986),
the Yaounde group is a very homogeneous metamorphic
assembly consisting mainly of gneisses and schists. This
group is made up of two series namely: the Yaounde series
and Mbalmayo series. The Yaounde series consists of two
main lithological groups which are more or less migmatitic:
paragneiss (biotite, kyanite and sillimanite incidentally) and
orthogneiss (biotite garnet, pyroxene and quartz).
Furthermore, there are levels of garnet quartzites and
carbonate rocks or calc-silicate rocks in paragneiss. The
Mbalmayo series is mainly composed of schist
(chloritoschists and micaschists) containing a rare quartzite
level. Petrographic and chemical characteristics

I. INTRODUCTION
The study area is located between latitudes 3o42’N–4oN
and longitudes 10o47’E–11o19’E (figure 1). This area is
covered by formations of a geological feature called
"Yaounde Group" which form a very homogeneous
metamorphic assembly consisting mainly of gneisses and
schists (Maurizot et al., 1986). The gravity anomaly maps
drawn in previous geophysical studies (Owona Angue,
2012; Koumetio et al., 2012; Koumetio et al., 2014) display,
in the area of Matomb, local oval culminations of high
anomalies indicative of the presence of intrusive dense
material in a subsurface that has not yet been characterized
through a local study. The interest of this work is based on Fig. 1. Geological map of Cameroon (from Ngnotué et al.,
the following questions: (1) How to exploit gravity 2000 modified) showing the location of the study area and the
anomalies to determine the physical (density contrast) and main litotectoniques areas: CCC: Cisaillement Centre
geometric (horizontal and vertical extensions) Camerounais (Shear Cameroonian Centre); FS: Sanaga Fault;
characteristics of the intrusive material of Matomb?; (2) CNT: Ntem Complex; SD: Dja Serie; SN: Nyong Serie.

Copyright © 2018 IJRIES, All right reserved

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 International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375

of the Mbalmayo series are those of a detritus sedimentary on the one hand, areas whose sources are dense (anomalies
clay-carbonate in a platform-type environment. The Rb-Sr greater than the average of -55 mGal), and on the other
isochrones obtained by Lasserre and Soba (1979) on total hand, domains whose sources are less dense (less than the
rock and minerals (biotite, muscovite) in the various average). Our study area presents mainly anomaly sources
lithological types of the Yaounde group gave the ages of low density. However, we observe in its northern part,
between 500 and 600 Ma. This group of Pan-African age is two near-circular isoanomales that seem to indicate the
interpreted as the age of metamorphism and thrusting. presence of dense material with a very limited extension. It
From the structural point of view, the Yaounde sheet is therefore necessary to carry out a regional-residual
overlaps migmatite gneisses of the study area (Nedelec et separation to better highlight the gravitational effects of
al., 1986) because of a tangential tectonic which led to these localized structures.
retrograde metamorphism that runs from the base of the
sheet to the top. In the light of the work of Poidevin (1983),
the Pan-African structures observed in the Yaounde group
are those of a small segment of a larger chain. This author
has indeed described, in the southern part of Central African
Republic, South verging structures that can extend until the
borders of Sudan. He also refers to similar structures in
Brazil (Caby, 1989) and envisagesa pan-African collision
model between the Congolese craton in the South and the
extension of the Nigerian shield in the North to explain this
vast mobile area in the North of the Equator. Owona et al.
(2011) reported that formations of the Yaounde group
underwent metamorphism at high temperatures and high
pressures with a polyphase deformation between 616 Ma
and 586 Ma. The cooling was done gradually southwards
from the gneiss of Yaounde until the micaschists bordering
the Congo craton. Our study area covers the northeast and
southeast of Eseka on a radius of about thirty kilometers.
Edimo (1981), through a mining prospection, has carried
out an inventory of the various geological formations of
Eseka and its surroundings (granite, syenite, charnockites, Fig. 2. Bouguer anomaly map.
amphibolo-pyroxenite and Yaounde series). In addition to
recapitulating these rocks, a draft of a structural study B. Regional-residual separation
makes it possible to note the abundance of the micro-plies The polynomial fitting method is used to separate the
and supposes the existence of several tectonic phases. Bouguer anomaly into its regional and residual
components. This method computes the mathematical
III. PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF surface which gives the best fit to the gravity field within
GRAVITY DATA specific limits (Radahakrisna and Krishnamacharyulu,
1990). This surface is considered to be the regional gravity
anomaly. The residual is obtained by subtracting the
A. Bouguer Anomalies Map
regional field from the Bouguer anomaly. In practice, the
According to Poudjom-Djomani et al. (1996), data were
regional surface is considered as a two dimensional
acquired during the survey by ORSTOM and other
polynomial. At some point on the surface of coordinate (x,
organizations in an area covering parts of Central Africa
y), the Regional field of the nth order can be written as
and West Africa. In Cameroon: from 1960 to 1967
(ORSTOM), in 1968 (Princeton University), in 1980 (Elf), p
n
in 1982 (University of Leeds), from 1984 to 1988 (IRGM
and University of Leeds). In Cameroon, the campaigns
Fn(x,y) =  
q 0
p 0
C m Am(x, y) (1)

were carried out by car along tracks or roads. Itineraries

were chosen based on the existence of pathways associated where Cm is a real coefficient, Am(x,y) = xq yp-q, and for any
with the terrain and vegetation. couple (p,q), we havem= ½[p(p + 3)]- q + 1, the maximum
Regarding the measurements made by ORSTOM, the value of m being ½(n +1)(n +2).
inter-station distances were 3 to 5 km while they were 4 to Let G(x, y) be the value of the Bouguer anomaly at the
10 km for those carried out by other organizations. The point (x, y) of the selected regional surface, then using the
Bouguer anomalies obtained were spread on a regular grid least squares method,
with square mesh and we did a kriging interpolation by
taking a spacing of 2 km between two consecutive points n 1/ 2(n1)(n2) n
along each axis of the grid. A map of Bouguer anomaly was G(x , y ).A (x , y ) = C A (x , y ).A (x , y )
i i k i i m k i i m i i
(2)
obtained by automatic drawing in the computer from i 1 m1 i 1

established grids, with regular spacing of 3 mGal between

isoanomalies (Figure 2). The Bouguer anomaly map shows where k = 1, …, ½(n+1)(n+2).
Copyright © 2018 IJRIES, All right reserved
107
 International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
The mathematical relation (2) leads to ½(n+1)(n+2)
equations from which we can derive the ½(n+1)(n+2)
coefficients Cm. The regional field Fn(x, y) can then be
computed using equation (1) and the nth order residual field
deduced by:
Rn(x, y) = G(x, y) - Fn(x, y) (3)
For smaller values of n, there exist a relative important
gap between the regional anomaly and the Bouguer
anomaly. With the progressive increase of the polynomial
order n, the regional anomaly becomes progressively closer
to the Bouguer anomaly thus revealing, through the
corresponding residual anomaly, geological structures
which are more and more closer to the surface.
After determining residuals of different orders, the
residual of order 2 was found out to amplify at its maximum
the gravitational effect of intrusive material in the study
area (Figure 3). The residual of order 2 is therefore most
appropriate for quantitative interpretation.
Fig. 3. Residual anomalies of order 2 with the chosen
profile.
C. Quantitative Interpretation of the Intrusive
Material at Matomb
We must point out that the positive anomalies produced
by the intrusive material at Matomb seem to extend to point
between Pouma and Eseka (Figure 3), which is also under
the influence of a dense intrusive body located south of
Eseka. We cannot therefore consider a 3D interpretation in
this study. We will limit our work along a profile. The
interpretation is done along a geometric profile running
perpendicular to the main extension of the structure to be
studied. This profile has been chosen and restricted so that
it cuts accross only anomalies due to dense intrusive
material because we will determine the density contrast of
the material with respect to the surrounding rock by the
inverse method. In order to carry out the quantitative
interpretation, we will undertake spectral analysis on the
data, obtain the ideal body solution and do modeling.
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108
Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375
Spectral Analysis
Spectral analysis enables the estimation of the depths of
major density contrasts and therefore the average depths of
underlying masses. The average depth of a gravity or
magnetic anomaly source is estimated from the energy
spectrum of the corresponding signal (Bhattacharyya,
1966; Spector, 1968; Naidu, 1969; Spector and Grant, 1970;
Cordell and Taylor, 1971; Bhattacharyya and Leu, 1975).
Spectral analysis can be applied to profiles (2D). Spector
and Grant (1970) showed that the discrete Fourier
transform of a range of N data points distributed on a profile
is given by formula (4)
1 N 1  2ikn
(k) = 𝑁 R(n).e
n0
N (4)
where R(n) is the value of the residual anomaly number n
and k is the wave number. E = (k) 2defines the power
spectrum of gravimetric anomalies. Dimitriadis et al.
(1987) showed that the average source-depth is estimated
by formula (5):
2
∆(ln (k) )
h= (5)
4𝜋∆𝑘
Figure 4 shows the representation of gravimetric power
spectrum with respect to wave number for the selected
profile of our study. Three slopes are identified on the curve
giving the average depths h1 = 0.9km, h2 = 3.2 km and h3 =
7.5km of interfaces corresponding respectively to the high,
mean and low frequencies. These results lead us to believe
that the intrusive material at Matomb does not have a
uniform roof or base located at an average depth. In this
light, h3 represents the average depth of the base of this
dense intrusive material; h2 is the average depth of its other
base or roof and h1 represents the average depth of its roof.
Inverse Method
In applied geophysics, solving the inverse problem is to
determine the physical and geometric parameters of a
structure from the anomaly that it creates on the surface.
Unfortunately, the solutions are not unique to the anomalies
of potential fields. To a gravimetric or magnetic anomaly
data, one can find an infinite number of corresponding
subsoil models. To solve this problem in gravimetry,
Parker (1974, 1975) proposed that, for a set of data
admitting an infinite number of solutions (basement
models), the properties common to all solutions should be
sought for and reliable information on the unknown exact
solution extracted. The inverse method developed by
Parker (1974, 1975) permits, when the anomalies are well
individualized, to choose, amongst all possible solutions,
that which reflects most the problems posed and which we
call solution of ideal body. The calculations are done by
using the technique of linear programming which consist of
subdividing, along a profile, the model cross-section into
cells of sides Δx (along a horizontal axis) and Δz (along a
vertical axis) each. The density ρ is assumed constant in
each cell. The value of the measured field at the point i is
given by formula (6):
 International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375

g i = ∑𝑁 𝐾
𝑗=1 ∑𝑘=1 𝐺𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜌𝑗𝑘 + 𝜀𝑖 (6) If we consider that ρ is uniform, and knowing that the
total measured gravity field is vertical, we obtain Fz at the
where N is the number of cells along the profile direction, point P by the formula (9):
K the number of cells along the vertical direction. G ijk is
𝝏𝑼 𝟏
Green’s function (1975) associated to the gravity effect of 𝑭𝒁 = −𝑮𝝆 ∭ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 (9)
𝝏𝒁 √𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐
the elementary prism (j, k) observed at the point i, ρjk is the
density of prism centred at (xj, zk) and εi is the error on the
Resolving this integral leads to the calculation of the
value of the field observed at the point i. For a given roof
effects of a structure of polygonal section and finite
depth, and the expanse of depth greater than that for the
transverse extension.
source of anomaly, we have used the IDB2 Fortran Program
(Huestis and Ander, 1983) which calculates the Parker’s
ideal body by using the simplex algorithm for linear
programming. The solution of ideal body is calculated
along the study profile and the characteristics of the starting
model for the inversion of these data are:

Fig. 5. Solution of ideal body

Fig. 4. Spectral curve. As part of our work, we used the Grav2dc software
developed by Cooper (1998). The software allows one to
- Horizontal length of prisms: ∆x = 0.7km; 0.35km. interactively design a geological model in the form of the
- Vertical length of prisms: ∆z = 1km; 1.6km. polygon, whose gravity signature is in accordance with the
- Number of prisms following the horizontal: nx = 25; 50. observed anomalies. It takes as initial values the density
- Number of prisms following the vertical: nz = 2; 3. contrast and the lateral extension of any given body. We
- Error on the value of the anomaly: 1 mGal. have used a density contrast of 0.27 g/cm3 and a lateral
Results of spectral analysis require the depth of the roof extension of 20 km (10 km on each side of the profile). The
be located at about 1 km. The solution of the ideal body is best model retained in our study is that shown in Figure 6.
presented in figure 5. It shows that the positive anomaly It is found that the intrusive material of Matomb comes in
observed along the study profile is due to a source whose six almost parallelepipedal blocks lying all in the NNW-
density contrast, in comparison to the surrounding rocks, SSE direction. Each block has a density contrast of 0.27 g/
can be evaluated at about 0.27 g.cm-3. cm3 in comparison to the surrounding rocks, which is the
Direct method: 2.5D modeling value obtained by the inverse method. These blocks are
The 2.5D modeling takes into account the limited length separated from each other in the WNW-ESE direction. One
of the anomaly source in its transverse extension compared of the blocks has its roof at the depth of about 1 km and its
to the direction of a study profile (Shuey and Pasquale, base at about 3 km while the others blocks have their roofs
1973). In general, when we consider a structure of volume and bases at about 3 and 8 km respectively.
V in a Cartesian coordinate system (O, x, y, z), the gravity
effect at a point P(x, y, z) from a volume element dv of IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
density ρ is given by (Cady, 1980):
The structural model of the intrusive material at Matomb
F(u)=-∇u(r) (7) (Figure 6) consists of blocks that have roofs at depths of
about 1 and 3 km and bases at depths of about 3 and 8 km.
With These values are in accordance with the results of spectral
𝒅𝟑𝒓𝒐
𝒖(𝒓) = −𝑮 ∫𝒓 𝝆(𝒐) |𝒓−𝒓 | (8) analysis (Figure 4) which fixed the average depths of
𝒐 interfaces at 0.9 km, 3.2 km and 7.5 km.
The disposal of the intrusive material in several blocks
was already predictable from the solution of ideal body
where r = OP and ro is the distance between O and the which shows that several cells with a non-zero density
volume element dv. contrast are separated from each other (figure 5).
Copyright © 2018 IJRIES, All right reserved
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 International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375

Fig. 6. Interpretative Structure model of the intrusive material of Matomb.

The study area is located in the geographic area of South Table 1. Densities of some rocks.
West Cameroon which includes the basins of the Rock types Ranges of density Average density
Cameroonian Atlantic coast. Njike (1984) shows that the (g/cm3) (g/cm3)
formation of coastal basins in Cameroon was controlled by Granites 2,5-2,8 2,64
an extensional tectonic that would have created a structure
Gneiss 2,6-3 2,80
in "piano keys" individualizing horsts and grabens leading
to pre-Atlantic rift. Regnoult (1986) mentions that in Syenite 2,6-2,95 2,77
Cameroon's coastal region, the relief generally keeps the Charnockite 2,9-3,1 2,90
imprint of faulting tectonics. In view of this, the structure
Schists 2,39-2 ,9 2,64
model obtained in this study shows that the area of Matomb
experienced the same types of tectonics as the Cameroonian Pyroxene 2,93-3,34 3,17
coastal area. Indeed, we can say that the separation of the Amphibolite 2,9-3,04 2,96
intrusive material of Matomb into several blocks is the
result of a faulting tectonic of NNW-SSE direction that took
place after the establishment of the intrusive material V. CONCLUSION
followed by an extensional tectonic in WNW-ESE
direction. The arrangement of the different blocks of our The quantitative interpretation of the residual anomalies
model (Figure 8) is in perfect agreement with the structure of order 2 by a coherent methodology enabled to propose a
in "piano keys" found by Njike (1984). 2.5D structure model of the intrusive material at Matomb.
The study area is covered by a very homogeneous This model is obtained by taking into account the limiting
metamorphic group consisting mainly of gneisses and parameters determined by spectral analysis and the ideal
schists (Maurizot et al., 1986). Table 1, in which we found body solution. The 2.5D model shows six blocks of the
the various geological formations noticed in the study area same intrusive material having a density contrast of 0.27 g
3
and its surroundings, shows that the average densities of / cm in comparison to the surrounding rocks. The value of
gneiss and schists are respectively 2.8 and 2.64 g/cm 3 the density contrast is equal to that obtained by the inverse
giving an average of 2.72 g/cm3 as the density of rocks method. The different blocks are almost parallelepipedal,
surrounding the intrusive material at Matomb. Knowing all lying in the NNW-SSE direction. These blocks are
that the density contrast of the intrusive material at Matomb separated from each other in the WNW-ESE direction. One
is 0.27g /cm3, its density is estimated to about 2.99 g/cm3. of the blocks has its roof at the depth of about 1 km and its
Given the values of the densities of Table 1, we can say that base at about 3 km while the other blocks have their roofs
the intrusive material of Matomb may be composed of & bases at about 3 and 8 km respectively. These depth
amphibolite, pyroxene or charnockite. Knowing that there values are in accordance with the results of spectral analysis
is no density measurement on samples collected in the field, which fixed the average depths of interfaces at 0.9 km, 3.2
this remains speculation, but speculation which can guide km and 7.5 km.
future work in the field. Given that, more often than not, The analyzes of the various results above show that:
there is transportation and accumulation of mineralized • Our study area was affected by faulting tectonic of
substances in the deformation zones, the localization of NNW-SSE direction followed by an extensional
deformation belts between the different blocks of the tectonic in WNW-ESE direction that would have
intrusive material at Matomb can be a guide for mineral created a structure in "piano keys" individualizing horsts
prospection. and grabens.
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 International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 5, Issue 4, ISSN (Online): 2394-1375

• The intrusive material at Matomb may be composed of metamorphic evolution in the southern Yaounde Group
(Oubanguide Complex, Cameroon) as revealed by EMP-monazite
amphibolite, pyroxene or charnockite.
dating and thermo barometry of garnet metapelites. Journal of
• The localization of deformation belts between the African Earth Sciences, 59, 125-139.
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be a guide for mineral prospection. data. Geophysics, 39, 644-649.
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