ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT
The study area is found within the basement complex of northwestern Nigeria. Previous works
have shown that mineralization within the Nigerian basement complex is controlled by geologic
structures where they act as conduits for fluids flow and as loci for mineralization. This paper is
aimed at production of 2-D forward modeling of airborne magnetic data of the study area. This
was achieved by determining depth to basement, and a model of the form, location and depth of
structures within the study area. The anomalies on the aeromagnetic map were defined by fitting a primary
order polynomial to the overall fields, by the strategy of method of least squares to get the residual field
data.
First vertical derivative and analytic signal computed, defined distinct pattern of the magnetic
signatures. Depths to the surface of the geologic structures (which appears as lineaments on
aeromagnetic maps) were obtained from Euler deconvolution solutions which give a mean
depths range of 119.7m to 1744.7m, with only a few solutions having depths but 97m. The
most prominent lineament and all major subtle lineaments have a depth range of 80m to 290.4m.
This shows that the structures are deep seated. The depth estimate, magnetic susceptibility and dip
of the source body obtained from the modeled field are 304.7m, 0.0005238SI, and -24.0degrees
respectively. The lineament expected to be the key conduit for possible fluid flow that emplaced
the mineralization within the area is suspected to be the continuation of line which trends WNW-
SSE within the study area

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Aeromagnetic survey is a common form of geophysical survey allotted employing a magnetometer
aboard or towed behind an aircraft. The principle is comparable to a magnetic survey applied with
a hand-held magnetometer, but allows much larger areas of the Earth's surface to be covered
quickly for regional reconnaissance. The aircraft (or drone) typically flies in a very grid-like pattern
with height and line spacing determining the resolution of the info (and cost of the survey per unit
area) (Usman et al, 2019) as the aircraft (or drone) flies, the magnetometer measures and records
the total intensity of the magnetic field at the sensor, which could be a combination of the
specified magnetic field generated within the Earth in addition as tiny variations because of the
temporal effects of the
constantly varying solar wind and also the magnetic field of the survey aircraft.
A data model will be compared to a roadmap, an architect's blueprint or any formal diagram that
facilitates a deeper understanding of what's being designed.

1.1
Background of the Study
Variations within the geomagnetic field are shown in aeromagnetic survey maps, during which magnetic
anomalies are interpreted as being the results of fossilization of magnetic rocks. Thus, rocks exhibit
the characteristics of magnetic fields. This observation is usually explained using magnetic profiles
and maps of magnetic lineaments. Magnetic minerals will be mapped from the surface to greater
depths in crustal rocks depending on the dimension, shape, and magnetic properties of the rock.
Nigeria as a country forms the Nigerian Province and over half its surface is igneous and
metamorphic crystalline basement rock from the Precambrian. Between 2.9 billion and500 million
years ago, Nigeria was laid low with three major orogeny mountain-building events and related igneous intrusions.
Following the Pan-African orogeny, within the Cambrian at the time that multi-
cellular life proliferated, Nigeria began to experience regional sedimentation and witnessed new
igneous intrusions. By the Cretaceous of the late Mesozoic, massive sedimentation was
underway in numerous basins, because of an oversized marine transgression. By the Eocene, within
the Cenozoic,
the region returned to terrestrial conditions. Nigeria has tremendous oil and gas resources
housed in its thick sedimentary basins, also as reserves of gold, lead, zinc, tantalite, columbite,
coal and tin. Aeromagnetic data are widely used to identify magnetic anomalies in the Earth
magnetic field caused by magnetic materials within the rocks. The aircraft typically flies in a very grid-like
pattern with height and line spacing determining the resolution of the information (and cost of the survey
per unit area), (Burger, 2006). Sediment thickness required for hydrocarbons (oil and/gas)  to make
or be generated varies from place to place the minimum sediment thickness required for producing
oil usually varies from 2km to 4km, compared to 3km to 7km for gas production/formation (Dow,
1978; Cornford, 1990; Gluyas and Swarbrick, 2005).
Aeromagnetic maps usually reflect variations within the earth's field resulting from the
underlying rocks' magnetic properties (eg magnetic susceptibilities) Sedimentary rocks have the
lowest magnetic susceptibility, whereas metamorphic and acidic igneous rocks intermediate and
basic igneous rocks have the best magnetic susceptibility (Kearey et al, 2002). the biggest
proportion of a magnetic signal or anomaly is thus generated at crystalline (igneous or
metamorphic) basement level (GETECH, 2007). Magnetic anomalies are caused by magnetic
minerals contained in rocks; such anomalies are usually caused by underlying basement (igneous
and/or metamorphic) rocks or by igneous features like intrusive plugs, dykes, sills, lava flows
and volcanic centres when magnetic anomalies are observed over sedimentary terrain (Gunn,
1997). Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial
rupture is termed its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is that the point at ground level directly above
the hypocenter. the world has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The
crust and therefore the top of the mantle structure a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin isn't
all in one piece, it's made from many pieces sort of a puzzle covering the surface of the planet. Not
only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly on the move, sliding past each other and
bumping into one another. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and also the edges of the plates.
are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made of many faults, and most of the
earthquakes round the world occur on these faults. Since the sides of the plates are rough, they
get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving.
Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the sides unstick on one in all the faults and there's
an earthquake. Nevertheless, Aeromagnetic Dara Modeling is that the process of making graphical
representation of a full acromagnetic information system or parts of it to communicate connections
between data points and structures with the help in the production of Geographical Map. The goal
is to Illustrate the categories of information used, stored within the system and also are commonly used during
mineral exploration and petroleum exploration. The relationships among these data types, the ways
the data will be grouped and arranged and its formats and attributes. the method begins by
collecting information about the research requirements from magnetic data holders and end users,
These data modeling rules are then translated into data structures to formulate a concrete database
design.

1.2 Problem Statement

The earth crust generally houses and controls most of the mineralogical fluids emplaced within the
earth with only but some being exploited. an unlimited majority of most of the solid minerals inside the
homogeneous earth are yet to be tapped or harness for economic purpose therefore, it is expedient
to conduct and do a geophysical survey around regions whose economic benefits are often
harnessed with relative ease by employing magnetic prospecting for such solid minerals
sufficiently available within the area.

1.3 Significance of the Study

In accordance to the Nigerian government and its policy towards exploring mineral
resources which are of great importance to the country, solid minerals are widespread within the
southwestern and north western part of Nigeria and hence the necessity to study the mineral controlled structures
accountable for hosting such minerals in areas that are vulnerable to such mineralization,
however, we hope it will also provide an improved understanding of the bedrock geological setup of
the surveyed regions.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to develop a 2D forward model of airborne magnetic data along Jemaa
area of Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria.
The Specified Objectives Includes:

i. To interpret aeromagnetic data for geological and structural mappings in Jemaa.

ii.estimate the depth and slopes of subsurface magnetic anomalies in Jemaa.
iii. to form synthetic 2D magnetic data models from given airborne magnetic data.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is proscribed to analyzing airborne magnetic data over Jemaa Northwestern
Nigeria and to also develop a geophysical 2D forward model of the information obtained.