1 Simpson formulasi

h
1.1 Simpsonning 3 formulasi (kvadratik Simpson)
Bizga [a, b] kesmada aniqlanagan va uzluksiz f (x) funksiya berilgan bo’lsin. Bizdan
Z b
I= f (x)dx (1)
a

integralning taqribiy qiymatini topish so’ralgan. Buning uchun biz [a, b] kesmani teng n ta bo’lakka

ajratamiz. Bunda n ∈ N bo’lib, juft sondan iborat bo’lishi kerak. U holda

a = x0 < x1 < x2 · · · < xn−1 < xn = b (2)

bo’lib, bunda
b−a
h=
n
va
xi = x0 + ih, i = 0, n
Biz formulani keltirib chiqrish uchun faqat [x0 , x2 ] kesmani qaraymiz va u uchun keltirib chiqaramiz.
Biz [x0 , x2 ] kesmani
P (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C
ko’phad yordamida integrallaymiz, ya’ni
Z x2 Z x2 Z x2
f (x)dx ≈ P (x)dx = (Ax2 + Bx + C)dx (3)
x0 x0 x0

Keltirib chiqarish sodda bo’lishi uchun biz koordinatlar sistemasini quyidagi ko’rnishda tanlaymiz

1
 h h
Ax3 Bx2
Z 
2

(Ax + Bx + C)dx = + + Cx  =
−h 3 2
 3 2
 −h
Ah3 Bh2

Ah Bh
= + + Ch − − + − Ch =
3 2 3 2
2Ah3 h
2Ah2 + 6C (4)


= + 2Ch =
3 3
Biz izlayotgan integral A, B, C koeffisientlarga qanday bog’langanligi topdik ya’ni
Z h
h
(Ax2 + Bx + C)dx = 2Ah2 + 6C


(5)
−h 3
Endi bizga berilgan 3 ta nuqta (−h, y0 ), (0, y1 ), (h, y2 ) yordamida noma’lum A, B, C koeffisientlarni
hisoblaymiz: 
2
P (−h) = A(−h) + B(−h) + C = y0

P (0) = A(0)2 + B(0) + C = y1 (6)
 2
P (h) = A(h) + B(h) + C = y2


yoki
C = y1 (7)
ekanligini hisobga olsak (6) sistema yanada soddalashadi
(
Ah2 − Bh = y0 − y1
(8)
Ah2 + Bh = y2 − y1

Endi (8) sistemadan A, B larni topamiz. Agar (8) dagi birinchi va ikkinchi tenglamalarni qo’shsak
quyidagiga ega bo’lamiz

Ah2 − Bh + Ah2 + Bh = y0 − y1 + y2 − y1

2Ah2 = y0 − 2y1 + y2
yoki
y0 − 2y1 + y2
Ah2 = (9)
2
Nihoyat (5) ifodadagi barcha koeffisientlarni topdik ya’ni
y0 − 2y1 + y2
Ah2 = (10)
2
C = y1 (11)
Topilgan ifodalarni (5) ga olib borib qoyamiz.
Z h
h
(Ax2 + Bx + C)dx = 2Ah2 + 6C =


−h 3
 
h y0 − 2y1 + y2 h h
= 2· + 6 · y1 = (y0 − 2y1 + y2 + 6y1 ) = (y0 + 4y1 + y2 )
3 2 3 3
Demak Z x2
3h
f (x)dx ≈ · (y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3 ) (12)
x0 8
Umumiy holda har bir 3 ta nuqta oralig’i uchun
Z x2 Z x4 Z x6 Z xn
In = f (x)dx + f (x)dx + f (x)dx + · · · + f (x)dx (13)
x0 x2 x4 xn−2

2
yoki
h h
In = · (y0 + 4y1 + y2 ) + · (y2 + 4y3 + y4 ) +
3 3
h h
+ · (y4 + 4y5 + y6 ) + · · · + · (yn−2 + 4yn−1 + yn )
3 3
yoki
n−2
Z b 2
hX
f (x)dx ≈ (y2i + 4y2i+1 + y2i+2 )
a 3 i=0

3h
1.2 Simpsonning 8 formulasi (kubik Simpson)
Biz Z b
I= f (x)dx (14)
a
integralning qiymatini hisoblashimiz kerak. [a, b] kesmani teng n ta bo’lakka ajratamiz. Bunda n 3

ga karrali bo’lishi kerak. Yani, n = 3k bu yerda n, k ∈ N. U holda

a = x0 < x1 < x2 · · · < xn−1 < xn = b (15)
Bunda
b−a
h=
n
va
xi = x0 + ih, i = 0, n
Biz formulani keltirib chiqrish uchun [xi , xi+3 ] kesma uchun keltirib chiqaramiz. Biz [xi , xi+3 ] kesmani
P (x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D
ko’phad yordamida integrallaymiz, ya’ni
Z xi+1 Z xi+1 Z xi+1
f (x)dx ≈ P (x)dx = (Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D)dx (16)
xi xi xi

Keltirib chiqarish sodda bo’lishi uchun biz koordinatlar sistemasini shunday tanlaymizki
Z 2h  4 2h
3 2 Ax Bx3 Cx2 
(Ax + Bx + Cx + D)dx = + + + Dx  =
−h 4 3 2 −h
4 3 2
 
16Ah 8Bh 4Ch
= + + + 2Dh −
4 3 2
 4
Bh3 Ch2

Ah
− − + − Dh =
4 3 2
15Ah4 9Bh3 3Ch2
= + + + 3Dh =
4 3 2
3h
10Ah3 + 8Bh2 + 4Ch + 8D (17)


=
8

3
Biz izlayotgan integral A, B, C, D koeffisientlarga qanday bog’langanligi topdik ya’ni
Z 2h
3h
(Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D)dx = 10Ah3 + 8Bh2 + 4Ch + 8D


(18)
−h 8

Endi bizga berilgan 4 ta nuqta (−h, y0 ), (0, y1 ), (h, y2 ), (2h, y3 ) yordamida noma’lum A, B, C, D ko-
effisientlarni hisoblaymiz:


 P (−h) = A(−h)3 + B(−h)2 + C(−h) + D = y0
P (0) = A(0)3 + B(0)2 + C(0) + D = y

1
3 2
(19)


 P (h) = A(h) + B(h) + C(h) + D = y2
P (2h) = A(2h)3 + B(2h)2 + C(2h) + D = y3


yoki
D = y1 (20)
ekanligini hisobga olsak (6) sistema yanada soddalashadi

3 2
−Ah + Bh − Ch = y0 − y1

Ah3 + Bh2 + Ch = y2 − y1 (21)

8Ah3 + 4Bh2 + 2Ch = y3 − y1 .


Endi (8) sistemadan A, B, C larni topamiz. Agar (8) dagi birinchi va ikkinchi tenglamalarni qo’shsak
quyidagiga ega bo’lamiz

− Ah3 + Bh2 − Ch + Ah3 + Bh2 + Ch = y0 − y1 + y2 − y1 =

2Bh2 = y0 − 2y1 + y2 (22)

yoki
y0 − 2y1 + y2
Bh2 = (23)
2
Endi (8) dagi ikkinchi tenglamadan birinchini ayirsak quyidagiga ega bo’lamiz

Ah3 + Bh2 + Ch − −Ah3 + Bh2 − Ch = y2 − y1 − (y0 − y1 )

2Ah3 + 2Ch = y2 − y0
y2 − y0
Ah3 + Ch = (24)
2
(8) sistemadagi uchinchi tenglamadan ikkinchi tenglamani ayirsak

8Ah3 + 4Bh2 + 2Ch − Ah3 + Bh2 + Ch = y3 − y1 − (y2 − y1 )

7Ah3 + 3Bh2 + Ch = y3 − y2 (25)

(12) ga Bh2 ning (10) ifodasini olib borib qo’ysak (12) ni quyidagicha yozish mumkin

4
 y0 − 2y1 + y2
7Ah3 + Ch = y3 − y2 − 3Bh2 = y3 − y2 − 3 · =
2
2y3 − 2y2 − 3y0 + 6y1 − 3y2 2y3 − 5y2 − 3y0 + 6y1 − 3y0
= = (26)
2 2
Biz (11) va (13) yordamida yangi sistemani qaraymiz:
(
Ah3 + Ch = y2 −y
2
0

(27)
7Ah3 + Ch = 2y3 −5y2 −3y20 +6y1 −3y0

(14) ning ikkinchi tenglamasidan birinchi tenglamasini ayirsak

2y3 − 5y2 + 6y1 − 3y0 y2 − y0
7Ah3 + Ch − Ah3 + Ch = −
2 2
2y3 − 5y2 + 6y1 − 3y0 − y2 − y0
6Ah3 =
2
2y3 − 6y2 + 6y1 − 2y0
6Ah3 = = y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0
2
yoki
y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0
Ah3 = (28)
6
3
Topilgan Ah ning ifodasini (13) sistemaning birinchi tenglamasiga qo’yib Ch ni topamiz
y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0 y2 − y0
+ Ch =
6 2
yoki
y2 − y0 y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0 3(y2 − y0 ) − (y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0 )
Ch = − = =
2 6 6
3y2 − 3y0 − y3 + 3y2 − 3y1 + y0 ) −y3 + 6y2 − 3y1 − 2y0
= =
6 6
Demak
−y3 + 6y2 − 3y1 − 2y0
Ch = (29)
6
Nihoyat barcha koeffisientlrni topdik ya’ni
y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0
Ah3 = (30)
6
y0 − 2y1 + y2
Bh2 = (31)
2
−y3 + 6y2 − 3y1 − 2y0
Ch = (32)
6
D = y1 (33)
Topilgan ifodalarni (5) ga olib borib qoyamiz.
Z 2h
3h
(Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D)dx = 10Ah3 + 8Bh2 + 4Ch + 8D =


−h 8

3h y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0 y0 − 2y1 + y2
= 10 · +8· +
8 6 2

5
 
−y3 + 6y2 − 3y1 − 2y0
+4 · + 8 · y1 =
6

3h y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0 y0 − 2y1 + y2
= 5· +4· +
8 3 1

−y3 + 6y2 − 3y1 − 2y0
+2 · + 8 · y1 =
3
3h 5y3 − 15y2 + 15y1 − 5y0 + 12y0 − 24y1 + 12y2 − 2y3 + 12y2 − 6y1 − 4y0 + 24y1
· =
8 3
3h 3y3 + 9y2 + 9y1 + 3y0 3h
· = · (y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3 )
8 3 8
Demak Z x3
3h
f (x)dx ≈ · (y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3 ) (34)
x0 8
Umumiy holda har bir 4 ta nuqta oralig’i uchun
Z x3 Z x6 Z x9 Z xn
In = f (x)dx + f (x)dx + f (x)dx + · · · + f (x)dx (35)
x0 x3 x6 xn−3

yoki
3h 3h
In = · (y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3 ) + · (y3 + 3y4 + 3y5 + y6 ) +
8 8
3h 3h
+ · (y6 + 3y7 + 3y8 + y9 ) + · · · + · (yn−3 + 3yn−2 + 3yn−1 + yn )
8 8
yoki
n−3
Z b 3
3h X
f (x)dx ≈ (y3i + 3y3i+1 + 3y3i+2 + y3i+3 )
a 8 i=0