Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Oil and Gas Production
Oil and Gas Production
➢ includes the searching for potential underground crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of
exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the
crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
▶ The midstream sector :
➢ involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck), storage, and wholesale
marketing of crude or refined petroleum products.
➢ Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to
refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors.
▶ The downstream sector :
➢ commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw
natural gas as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and
natural gas.
➢ The downstream sector touches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene,
jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied
petroleum gas
Well Types
▶ At Production Phase
1. Oil Wells
a. Naturally Flow Producing Wells
b. Artificial Lift Wells
➢ ESP Wells
➢ Beam Pump Wells
➢ Jet Pump Well
➢ Gas Lifted Wells
2. Gas Wells
▶ Most reservoirs are initially at pressures high enough to allow a well to flow
naturally.
▶ A throttling valve located at the wellhead reduces pressure and regulates the
flow of product to the collection site.
▶ The free flowing well can be shut-in until corrective measures are taken if
problems are indicated.
Artificial Lift Wells
▶ It is the use of additional energy to produce reservoir fluids (original reservoir
pressure not sufficient to produce it or optimize the produced reservoir fluids
flowing rates below allowable or forecasted).
▶ The selection of the Artificial Lift Method depends on the following factors :
➢ Fluids volumes
➢ Well depth
➢ Expected GLR
➢ Tubular size
➢ Hole deviation
➢ Solids (sand,…) corrosive materials
Electric
Jet Pump Gas Lift
Rod Pumps Submersible Pump
-Simple , basic design -Extremely high -High volumes -Solid tolerant
-Unit easily changed Volume -Can use water as -Large volumes
-Simple to operate -Down-hole telemetry power fluid -Simple maintenance
-Can achieve low available -Tolerant high well -Tolerant high well
BPD -Tolerant high well Deviation / Deviation / doglegs
-Can lift high deviation / doglegs doglegs -Tolerant high GOR
viscous oils -Corrosion / scale Reservoir fluids
Treatment possible -Wire-line
maintenance
Relative disadvantages of artificial lift methods
Electric
Jet Pump Gas Lift
Rod Pumps Submersible Pump
-Pump wear with solids -Not suitable for Low -Sensitive to change -Lift gas may not
Production (sand, wax) volume wells in Surface flow-line be available
-Free gas reduces pump -Full work-over Pressure -Not suitable for
efficiency required To change -Free gas reduces viscous crude oil
-Down-hole corrosion pump pump efficiency or emulsions
inhibitor difficult -Cable susceptible to -Power oil systems -High gas pressure
-Heavy equipment for damage during hazardous inside casing
Offshore use Installation with tubing
-Cable damaged at
high temperatures
-Gas and solid
intolerant
Water Injection Wells
▶ Water injection or water flooding refers to the method in the oil industry where water
is injected into the reservoir, usually to increase pressure and thereby stimulate
production.
▶ Water injection wells can be found both on- and offshore, to increase oil recovery from
an existing reservoir.
▶ Water injection Program is achieved by drilling a water well (Source) and water
Injector well (Receiver) to increase the pressure & the production of a certain well.
Well Head
➢ The wellhead consists of the pieces of equipment mounted at the opening of the well to
manage the extraction of hydrocarbons from the underground formation.
➢ It prevents leaking of oil or natural gas out of the well, and also prevents blowouts caused by
high pressure.
➢ Formations that are under high pressure typically require wellheads that can withstand a great
deal of upward pressure from the escaping gases and liquids.
➢ These wellheads must be able to withstand pressures of up to 20,000 pounds per square inch
(psi).
➢ The casing head also serves to support the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the well.
➢ This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head
and the casing itself.
➢ Casing Head Spool : used in flanged wellhead assemblies to secure the upper end of a casing string and to
suspend and seal the casing.
➢ Tubing head is a wellhead component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the
Christmas tree to the wellhead.
➢ Tubing Head Spool: Piece of equipment attached to the uppermost casing head or smallest casing string which serves
to suspend the tubing and to seal the annular space between the tubing and casing.
➢ Tubing hanger: is a device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the wellhead to support the tubing string.
➢ The tubing hanger typically is located in the tubing head, with both
components incorporating a sealing system to ensure that the tubing
conduit and annulus are hydraulically isolated.
➢ The reason for using an SSSV is to provide protection to site and off-site personnel, surface facilities the environment
and the reservoir.
➢ These valves are commonly uni-directional flapper valves which open downwards such that the flow of wellbore fluids
tries to push it shut, while pressure from the surface pushes it open; This means that when closed, it will isolate the
reservoir fluids from the surface.
➢ Most down hole safety valves are controlled hydraulically from the surface, meaning they are opened using a hydraulic
connection linked directly to a well control panel.
➢ When hydraulic pressure is applied down a control line, the hydraulic pressure forces a sleeve within the valve to slide
downwards; This movement compresses a large spring and pushes the flapper downwards to open the valve.
➢ When hydraulic pressure is removed, the spring pushes the sleeve back up and causes the flapper to shut.
➢ In this way, it is will isolate the wellbore in the event of a loss of the wellhead.
C- Christ-mass Tree:
➢ A Christmas tree (X-mas tree) is an assembly of valves and fittings which forms the top of the
completion.
➢ It is connected to the tubing hanger spool and directs the flow of fluids from the production tubing
into the production flow line.
➢ It also provides vertical access to the production tubing for well servicing and side access to the
production tubing for pumping services, i.e. well kill, circulation and chemical injection facility.
➢ The type of the X-tree may vary according to the reservoir pressure ( We have 5K, 10K, & 15K).
C- Christ-mass Tree:
➢ Christ-mass Tree Valves:
1 Upper Maser Valve (UMV):
Is used on moderate to high pressure wells as an emergency shut-in system.
2 Lower Maser Valve (LMV):
Utilized on all Christmas trees for contingency to the UMV to shut off well flow in the event of a leaking UMV or the connection between
them.
3 Flowing Wing Valve (FWV):
The FWV permits the passage of well fluids to the choke.
4 Choke Valve:
To restrict, control or regulate the flow of hydrocarbons from the well.
5 Killing Wing Valve:
Is used for equalization and permits entry of kill fluid
into the completion string.
6 Swab Valve:
Permits vertical entry into the well for well servicing
Activities.
7 Surface Safety Valve (SSV):
Is a hydraulically actuated gate valve for producing
oil & gas wells can be installed as a part of the X-tree or at
the flow line; used to quickly shut down the well
▶ The selection of a flow line depends on the Flowing and the shut-in
pressure-temperature, and the flow rate.
▶ The size of the flow line may vary from 1 inches to 24 inches with
various Schedules (ex. 40, 80, 160) including Valves and Flanges with
various classes ( ex. 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, 2500) and .
Flow Line Different Sizes & Schedules
Flow Line Different Sizes & Schedules
Valves & Flanges Pressure Classes
▶ The most common flow line material is carbon steel and Stainless steel.
▶ Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present.
▶ Unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture; This
iron oxide film (the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more
iron oxide.
▶ Carbon steel is steel in which the main interstitial alloying constituent is carbon in the range of 0.12–
2.0%; As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger
through heat treating.
▶ Steel pipe is generally used for pressure piping. The advantages include long laying lengths, high
internal and external strength and the availability of varying pipe thickness to meet almost any design
pressure.
▶ The most serious disadvantage is its low resistance to corrosion which makes it a requirement for
internal and external protection, with galvanizing the most commonly used method.
Flow line Material ( Duplex Stainless Steel)
▶ Duplex steel combines the advantages of ferritic and austenitic steel.
▶ It has excellent resistance to the various corrosive media that are typically found in both
onshore and offshore environments. These mainly include CO2, H2S gases, chlorides, low
ph conditions, and water.
▶ Its high strength is extremely beneficial in dealing with the high pressures.
ferritic Duplex
Flow Line Fittings
Flow Line fitting main objectives:-
2. Slip on flange: Slip-On Flanges are probably the most common type of flanges in the industry and ideal for lower
pressure applications.
3. Blind Flanges : This flange is used to seal the end of pipes systems and prevent flow, making it easy to conduct
pressure tests.
Flow Line Flanges (Cont.)
➢ Integral flanges :- It is casted with integrally nozzle neck as:-
1. Socket weld flange : Socket Weld Flanges are similar to slip-on flanges, however, socket welds have
an internal recess on the inside diameter to allow for a smoother flow of the process fluid.
2. Weld neck flange : Weld Neck Flanges have a long tapered hub it is important to specify the
schedule pipe is being used for. This is because the inside diameter of the flange will match the
inside diameter of your pipe
Flow Line Flanges (Cont.)
▶ Types of Flange Faces :
1. Raised Face (RF) : is the most common type used in process plant applications, and is easily to identify; It is
referred to as a raised face because the gasket surfaces are raised above the bolting circle face.
2. Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) : The Ring Type Joint flanges are typically used in high pressure; They have grooves cut into
their faces which steel ring gaskets.
Flow Line Valves
▶ The types of most common used Flow line Valves are as follow :
1. Ball Valve : is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to
control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it
is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.
2. Gate Valve : is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate out of the path of the
fluid; Gate valves are primarily used to permit or prevent the flow of liquids, but typical gate
valves shouldn't be used for regulating flow.
Flow Line Valves (Cont.)
3. Globe Valve : is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-
type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
4. Butterfly Valve : is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing mechanism
takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off.
Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well
as being lighter in weight
Flow Line Valves (Cont.)
5. Check Valve : non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas)
to flow through it in only one direction.
6. Choke Valve : is a type of control valves, mostly used in oil and gas production wells to control the
flow of well fluids being produced; the main advantage of choke valves is that they can be designed to
be totally linear in their flow rate.
Flow Coefficient (Cv ) :
▶ The flow coefficient of a valve is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It
describes the relationship between the pressure drop across the valve and the corresponding flow
rate.
▶ The use of the flow coefficient offers a standard method of comparing valve capacities and sizing
valves for specific applications that is widely accepted by industry.
where:
2. Stringing the Hook-up and the Flow line sections from the well head to
the station manifold.
3. Welding activities.
4. Radiography activities.
5. Hydro testing
6. Tie-in the Hook-up to the well head and the flow line to the manifold.
Gas Well Hook-up Components
Hook-up Components
1. X-mass tree
2. Pressure & Temperature transmitters
3. HIPPS
4. choke valve
5. Pilots
6. Venturi Device
7. Transmitter Panel
8. Testing Package T-connections & Double Isolation.
9. Mono-Block Isolation Joint
10. Solar panel system
11. Panels (RTU, flow computer, WHCP, Phone Cabins).
12. Remote Operating Control
Christmas-Tree (X-Tree)
Pressure & Temperature transmitters & Gauges
1. Well (Tubing Head) Pressure Transmitter & Gauge.
▶ The function of the choke valve is to control the fluid flow from the each well according to
the selected type of controlling, for choke control of each well , the operator can select via
the DCS (Distributed Control System).
Pilots (Pressure Switches)
▶ A pressure switch is a form of switch that closes an electrical contact
when a certain set pressure has been reached on its input. The switch may
be designed to make contact either on pressure rise or on pressure fall.