Control Measures for Chemical Hazards

Submitted by

Samir Nurejamil Patel

Roll No. - MQA108

Submitted to

Dr. S. S. Chalikwar
Head of Department IPQA

Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance

R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Shirpur

Dist.: Dhule (MS) 425405

Affiliated to KBC NMU, Jalgaon.

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 Shirpur Education Society
R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Shirpur
Dist.: Dhule (MS) 425 405
Affiliated to KBC NMU, Jalgaon.

Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Samir Nurejamil Patel has submitted the Assignment
on topic entitled “Control Measures for Chemical Hazards”.

Date: / / Signature of Head of Department

Place: Shirpur

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 Shirpur Education Society
R. C. PATEL Institute of Pharmacy, Shirpur
Affiliated to KBC NMU, Jalgaon.

Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance

Evaluation of Assignment & Seminar

[Academic Year 2023-24]
Name of Student Samir Nurejamil Patel
Roll No. MQA-108
Year 2023-24
Date:

Particulars Max. Marks Marks obtained

A Assignment
 Contents of Assignment 25
 Viva -Voce of Assignment 25
Total of “A” 50
B Seminar
 Contents of Seminar 25
 Presentation Skills, Communication 25
Skills & Defence

Total of “B” 50
C Grand total (A+B) 100

Name & Signature of Name & Signature Name & Signature of Head of
Evaluator of Evaluator Department

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 INDEX
Sr.no Content Page. No

1. Introduction 1-3

2. Classification & pictograms 4-6

3. Material safety data sheet 7

4. Regulations of chemical hazards 8-9

5. Control measures 10-12

6. Hazard safety management 13-16

7. Case study 17-18

8. References 19

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1. Introduction
1.1 Hazard:
 A hazard is a source or a situation produced by physical, chemical & biological
material that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property
or does damage to the environment or a combination of these. These hazards can be
categorized into several types based on their nature and source.
i. Physical hazards: These are hazards that result from energy transfer in the
workplace and can cause injury without necessarily touching the worker. Examples
include:
a) Noise: Excessive noise levels can lead to hearing loss or other auditory issues.
b) Vibration: Prolonged exposure to vibration from machinery can cause hand-arm
vibration syndrome or whole-body vibration effects.
c) Radiation: Exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation from sources such as
X-rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, or electromagnetic fields can cause various
health issues.
d) Thermal Hazards: Extreme temperatures, including heat stress or cold stress,
can pose risks to workers' health.
ii. Chemical Hazards: These hazards arise from exposure to toxic, corrosive, or
irritant chemicals used or produced in the workplace.
Examples include:
a) Hazardous Chemicals: Substances such as solvents, acids, pesticides, and heavy
metals can cause acute or chronic health effects upon exposure.
b) Chemical Reactions: Mixing incompatible chemicals or improper storage can
lead to explosions, fires, or the release of toxic gases.
c) Asphyxiants: Gases like carbon monoxide or nitrogen can displace oxygen in
confined spaces, leading to suffocation.
iii. Biological Hazards: These hazards involve exposure to microorganisms, such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that can cause infections or allergic reactions.
Examples include:
a) Infectious Diseases: Workers in healthcare, laboratories, or agricultural settings
may be at risk of exposure to pathogens that cause diseases like tuberculosis,
hepatitis, or influenza.
b) Biological Toxins: Exposure to toxins produced by certain bacteria or fungi can
cause poisoning or allergic reactions.

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 iv. Mechanical Hazards: These hazards arise from machinery or equipment in the
workplace and can cause physical harm through contact or movement. Examples
include:
a) Entanglement: Loose clothing, jewellery, or hair can become entangled in
moving machinery, leading to serious injuries.
b) Crushing: Workers may be at risk of being crushed or caught between moving
parts of machinery or between heavy objects.
c) Cutting and Shearing: Sharp edges or moving parts of machinery can cause
lacerations or amputations.

1.2 Routes of exposure to chemicals:

To cause health problems, chemicals must get entry in the body. There are five main
“forms of exposure” or ways in which a chemical can enter the body.
A. Inhalation Hazardous: chemicals in the air may be inhaled and may cause
damage to the body.
B. Skin contact: Some hazardous chemicals may damage the skin directly or may
be absorbed into the body through the skin.
C. Eye contact: Contact with some hazardous chemicals may cause serious eye
injuries.
D. Ingestion: Hazardous chemical products may enter the body while eating or
drinking food contaminated by chemicals. Injection Sharp objects can puncture
the skin and inject chemicals or viruses into the body.

Fig. 1: Routes of exposure

1.3 Pharmaceutical Industrial hazards:

Pharmaceutical manufacturing involves various processes and substances that can pose
specific hazards to workers, the environment, and consumers if not properly managed.
Little is known about the health risks of working in the pharmaceutical industry. On the
surface, the industry looks clean. The production of medicine demands a carefully

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 maintained and sterile working environment and the white lab coats worn by workers
add to the illusion of safety. Thus, in pharmaceutical industry major chemical hazards
are low in frequency but are significant in terms of potential to loss of lives, injuries,
environmental impact & socioeconomic implications.

1.4 Sources of chemical hazards:

1) Sulphonating hazards:
 Sulphonation is a chemical process commonly used in the production of various
industrial chemicals, including detergents, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and surfactants.
 Sulphonation itself is a valuable industrial process, it does involve certain hazards
that need to be managed to ensure the safety of workers and the environment.
 The introduction of sulphuric acid group in benzene ring is called sulphonation, in
which benzene ring is heated with fuming sulphuric acid.
 The sulphonation hazard is occurred due to the corrosive nature of six-membered
ring structure and fumes of sulphur trioxide. These sulphonating chemicals can have
mutagenic, teratogenic & carcinogenic effects
 Example: A) Ethyl methane sulphonates
B) Benzene sulphonic acid

2) Organic synthesis hazards:

 First, the active agents used to attack and modify the structure of organic
compounds are, by their very nature, exceptionally able to attack and modify the
organic compounds of the human body, thus producing highly poisonous effects.
 Second, the intermediate compounds in most organic synthesis are often
characterized by the readiness with which they enter into chemical combination
with other organic matter; they are active. This often confers toxic properties of
great variety on them.
 Third, the final products, though they are medicines designed to be introduced into the
human body, may nevertheless produce severe poisoning under conditions of
industrial exposure
 Example: A) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
B) Benzene
C) Sodium azide

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 3) Organic solvents hazards:
 Organic solvents are used in chemical laboratories for synthesis, extraction,
separation, purification and drying, analytical methods, spectrometric and
physicochemical measurements.
 In chemical industries, they are widely used to dissolve and disperse fats, oils,
waxes, pigments, paints, rubber, and so on.
 They are also used as antifreeze, degreasing, and cleaning agents; as volatile
organic liquids that easily evaporate at normal temperature and pressure,
produce volatile organic compound emissions.
 Example: A) Acetonitrile
C) Toluene
D) Xylene

1.5 Health effects caused by chemical products:

Health effects Exposure Example

Acute Appears immediately or within Sudden, short-term & Headache, collapse

short time following exposure high concentration of or death from high
(minutes or hours); death exposure levels of carbon
possible from hazardous monoxide
substances

Chronic Usually develops slowly, as Continued or repeated Lung cancer from

long as 15-20 years or more for a prolonged period, exposure to asbestos
usually years

2. Classification
 Hazard classification is the process of categorizing different types of hazards based on
their characteristics, properties, and potential risks they pose to health, safety, or the
environment. Classification helps in identifying and managing hazards effectively.
2.1 Hazard classification process:
a) Identifying the chemical
b) Identifying the relevant data regarding the hazards of a chemical
c) Reviewing the relevant data to ascertain the hazards associated with the chemical

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 d) Determining whether the chemical will be classified as hazardous according to the
definition of hazardous chemical in the standard
e) Determining the degree of the hazard, where appropriate, by comparing the data
with the criteria for health and physical hazards.

2.2 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

 This agency addresses classification of chemicals by types of hazards and proposes
harmonized hazard communication elements, including labels and safety data sheet.
 It is an internationally recognized system established by the United Nations to
standardize the classification and communication of chemical hazards.
 The primary goal of the GHS is to enhance the protection of human health and the
environment by providing a globally consistent approach to hazard communication.

2.3 Workplace hazardous materials information (WHMI) is a Canada based agency

which given a classification of chemical hazards into following manner:

Class Example

Class A 1) Compressed gas

2) Dissolved gas or liquefied gas

Class B 1) Flammable gases or aerosols

2) Flammable and combustible liquids
3) Flammable solids
4) Reactive flammable material

Class C 1) Oxidizing materials - oxidizer and organic peroxide Oxidizer: Chlorates, nitric
oxide, peroxides, permanganates, per chlorates,
2) Organic peroxide: Tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dioxane, methyl isobutyl
ether

Class D Poisonous and infectious materials: cyanides, tea salts, asbestos

Class E Corrosive materials: Inorganic acids and bases, hydrogen fluoride

Class F 1) Dangerous reactive materials: Ethylene dioxide, organic azides, Na, Li, Ca
2) Pyrophosphoric materials: White phosphorous, diethyl aluminium chloride,
lithium

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2.4 Hazard Pictograms:
 Hazard pictograms are graphical symbols used to convey specific types of hazards
associated with chemicals and hazardous materials.
 These pictograms are standardized symbols used on labels, packaging, and safety data
sheets (SDS) to provide quick and easily recognizable information about the potential
hazards posed by the substance.
 These hazard pictograms, along with other hazard communication elements like signal
words, hazard statements, and precautionary statements, are essential for ensuring the
safe handling, transportation, and use of chemicals in various settings. It's crucial for
users to understand and interpret these pictograms correctly to minimize the risks
associated with chemical hazards.
 These hazard pictograms are accompanied by signal words (e.g., "Danger" or
"Warning") and hazard statements to provide additional information about the nature
and severity of the hazard. It's essential to understand these pictograms and their
meanings to ensure safe handling and use of hazardous chemicals in the workplace and
other settings.
 The use of hazard pictograms helps ensure consistent communication of hazards across
different regions and industries. Here are some common hazard pictograms and their
meanings:

Fig. 2: Hazard pictograms

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3. Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
 A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), now commonly referred to as a Safety Data
Sheet (SDS) under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals.
 It is a standardized document containing information about the properties, hazards,
handling, storage, disposal, and emergency measures related to a particular chemical
substance or product.
 SDSs are an essential component of hazard communication, providing critical
information to ensure the safe use and handling of chemicals in various settings,
including workplaces, laboratories, and industrial facilities.
3.1 Purpose of SDS:

a) Identifying Hazards
b) Protecting Workers
c) Emergency Preparation
d) Environmental Safety

3.2 Benefits of SDS:

a) Worker Safety
b) Compliance
c) Efficient Emergency Response
d) Knowledge and Training

3.3 Components of SDS:

1) Hazard Identification

2) Information on Ingredients
3) First Aid Measures
4) Fire-Fighting Measures
5) Accidental Release Measures
6) Handling and Storage
7) Exposure Controls & Personal Protection
8) Toxicological Information
9) Transport & Disposal Considerations
10) Regulatory Information

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4. Regulations of chemical hazards
 Regulations on chemical hazards are established by governments and international
organizations to protect human health, safety, and the environment from the risks
posed by hazardous chemicals.
 These regulations aim to ensure the safe handling, use, storage, transportation, and
disposal of chemicals, as well as to promote hazard communication and emergency
preparedness.
 Compliance with regulations on chemical hazards is essential for ensuring the safe
handling, use, and management of chemicals throughout their lifecycle, from
manufacturing and distribution to use and disposal. Regulatory compliance helps
protect workers, communities, and the environment from the adverse effects of
hazardous chemicals and promotes sustainable chemical management practices.

4.1 Globally Harmonized System (GHS):

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
is an internationally recognized system established by the United Nations to standardize
the classification and labelling of chemicals. GHS provides criteria for classifying
chemical hazards and requires the use of standardized labels, safety data sheets (SDS),
and hazard communication elements to ensure consistent and effective communication
of chemical hazards worldwide.

4.2 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication

Standard (HCS): OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), also known as
Haz Com or HAZCOM, is a regulation in the United States that requires employers to
communicate chemical hazards to workers through labelling, SDSs, and employee
training programs. The standard aligns with the GHS to ensure consistency in hazard
communication practices.

4.3 European Union (EU) REACH Regulation:

The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
Regulation is a comprehensive chemical regulation in the European Union (EU) aimed
at ensuring the safe use of chemicals. REACH requires manufacturers, importers, and
downstream users to register, evaluate, and manage the risks associated with chemicals,
including hazard classification, labelling, and communication.

4.4 EU CLP Regulation:

The Classification, Labelling, and Packaging (CLP) Regulation is another EU
regulation that aligns with the GHS and establishes harmonized criteria for the
classification and labelling of chemicals in the EU. CLP requires manufacturers,
importers, and downstream users to classify chemicals based on their hazards, provide
standardized labels, and prepare SDSs with consistent hazard communication
information.

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4.5 International Transport Regulations:
Regulations such as the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, the
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations, and the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions establish
requirements for the safe transportation of hazardous chemicals by sea, air, and land.
These regulations specify packaging, labelling, documentation, and handling
requirements to mitigate the risks associated with transporting hazardous materials.

4.6 Chemical Industry Standards:

Various industry organizations and standards-setting bodies develop voluntary
standards and guidelines for managing chemical hazards in specific sectors or
applications. These standards may address best practices for chemical safety, risk
assessment, exposure control, emergency response, and environmental protection.

 Regulations in India:
a) Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules,
1989. This amendment regulates the manufacture, storage and import of hazardous
chemicals in India. The transport of hazardous chemicals must meet the provisions
of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
b) Ozone Depleting Substance (R&C) Rules (2000), this regulation strictly controls
the production, import and use of ozone depleting substances (ODS) in India &
most of ODS are banned in India.
c) Hazardous Waste Management Rules, came into effect in the year 1989 and have
been amended later in the years 2000, 2003. This amendment ensures safe handling,
generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use
reprocessing, collection, conversion, and offering for sale, destruction and disposal
of Hazardous Waste.

 Regulations in USA:
a) OSHA regulates exposure of chemicals by “Worker education and training (Hazard
Communication Standard) & Hazard safety management under 29 CFR part 1910
& 1200. NIOSH is the United States federal agency under “CDCP” responsible for
conducting research on hazards drugs and prevention of work-related injury and
illness.
b) The U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) is an independent, nonregulatory federal
agency that investigates the root causes of major chemical hazard incidents.
c) Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), as amended in Chemical Safety
for the 21st Century Act, US Environment Protect Agency (EPA) evaluates potential
risks from new and existing chemicals and acts to address any unreasonable risks
chemicals may have on human health and the environment.

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5. Control measures
 Control measures for chemical hazards are essential strategies and actions
implemented to mitigate the risks associated with the handling, use, storage,
transportation, and disposal of hazardous chemicals.
 These measures aim to protect human health, safety, and the environment by
reducing exposure to chemical hazards and preventing accidents, incidents, and
environmental pollution.
 By implementing a combination of these control measures, organizations can
effectively manage chemical hazards and create safer working environments for
employees while minimizing the risks to human health, safety, and the environment.
 It's essential to tailor control measures to specific chemical hazards, workplace
conditions, and regulatory requirements to ensure comprehensive hazard
management.

5.1 Hierarchy of Controls:

 The Hierarchy of Controls is a systematic approach to managing occupational
hazards in the workplace. It provides a prioritized list of control measures that
organizations can use to mitigate risks and protect workers' health and safety.
 By following the Hierarchy of Controls, organizations can systematically identify
and implement the most effective control measures to reduce occupational hazards
and create safer work environments for their employees. It's important to prioritize
higher-level controls whenever possible and only consider lower-level controls
when higher-level controls are not feasible or do not adequately mitigate the risks.
 The hierarchy of controls is a systematic approach to managing hazards that ranks
control measures from most effective to least effective. It includes the following
levels:

Fig. 3: Hierarchy of Controls

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5.2 Elimination:
Elimination involves removing the hazard entirely from the workplace. This is the most
effective control measure because it eliminates the risk of exposure altogether.
Examples include replacing a hazardous chemical with a safer alternative, automating
a hazardous process to remove the need for human involvement, or redesigning a
product to eliminate a hazardous feature.

5.3 Substitution:
Substitution involves replacing a hazardous substance, process, or equipment with a
less hazardous alternative. While not as effective as elimination, substitution can
significantly reduce the risk of harm. Examples include using fewer toxic chemicals,
substituting manual tasks with mechanical ones, or replacing hazardous equipment with
safer alternatives.

5.4 Engineering Controls:

Engineering controls involve designing physical modifications to the workplace or
equipment to control hazards at their source or reduce exposure. These controls are
effective because they do not rely on worker behaviour and provide long-term solutions.
Examples include ventilation systems to remove airborne contaminants, machine
guarding to prevent contact with moving parts, and noise barriers to reduce exposure to
loud noise.

5.5 Administrative Controls:

Administrative controls focus on changing work practices, policies, and procedures to
reduce exposure to hazards. While not as effective as engineering controls,
administrative controls can still significantly reduce risk when implemented correctly.
Examples include training workers on safe work practices, implementing job rotation
to reduce exposure to repetitive tasks, and establishing work schedules to minimize
exposure to hazardous conditions.

5.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

PPE is the least effective control measure and should only be used when higher-level
controls are not feasible or do not adequately reduce the risk of exposure. PPE includes
equipment worn by workers to protect against hazards, such as gloves, goggles,
respirators, and hearing protection. While PPE can provide an additional layer of
protection, it does not eliminate the hazard and relies on proper selection, use,
maintenance, and fit to be effective.

 The Hierarchy of Controls is essential in managing chemical hazards because it

prioritizes prevention, ranks control measures based on effectiveness, provides long-
term solutions, promotes comprehensive risk reduction, encourages employee
involvement, and ensures regulatory compliance. By applying the principles of the
hierarchy, organizations can create safer work environments, protect workers from
chemical hazards, and prevent occupational injuries and illnesses

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5.7 Permissible Limit Values (PLVs):
 It is also known as Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), are regulatory standards
established by government agencies or organizations to specify the maximum allowable
concentration or level of exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace over a
specified period.
 These limits are set based on scientific research and risk assessment to protect workers'
health and safety from the adverse effects of chemical exposure.

5.8 Purpose: The primary purpose of permissible limit values is to prevent or minimize
occupational exposures to hazardous substances that could cause acute or chronic health
effects, such as respiratory problems, skin irritation, cancer, neurological disorders, or
reproductive issues.

5.9 TLV: TLV stands for "Threshold Limit Value." It is a term commonly used in
occupational health and safety to refer to the maximum concentration of a hazardous
substance to which workers can be exposed over a specified period without
experiencing adverse health effects. TLVs are established and regularly updated by the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), an
organization that provides guidelines and recommendations for workplace exposure
limits.
a) Time-Weighted Average (TWA): The average concentration of a substance to
which workers may be exposed over a specified time period, typically an 8-hour
work shift or a 40-hour workweek.
b) Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL): The maximum concentration to which
workers may be exposed for a short period, usually 15 minutes, without suffering
adverse health effects.
c) Ceiling Limit: The maximum concentration that should not be exceeded at any
time, even for a brief period.

 Development Process:
Permissible limit values are typically established by government agencies responsible
for occupational health and safety, such as the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) in the United States, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
in the United Kingdom, or the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-
OSHA) in the European Union.

 Application:
Employers are responsible for ensuring that workers' exposures to hazardous substances
in the workplace do not exceed permissible limit values. Control measures, such as
engineering controls, administrative controls, work practices, and personal protective
equipment (PPE), should be implemented to maintain exposures below the established
limits.

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6. Hazard Safety Management
 Hazard safety management is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and
mitigating risks and hazards in various environments to ensure the safety and well-
being of individuals, assets, and the environment. It encompasses a range of processes,
procedures, and practices aimed at preventing accidents, injuries, and damage caused
by potential hazards.
 Overall, effective hazard safety management requires a proactive and systematic
approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks to protect the health, safety, and
well-being of individuals and the environment. By implementing robust safety policies,
procedures, and controls, organizations can create safer and healthier workplaces and
reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and harm.
 To help ensure safe and healthful workplaces, OSHA has issued the Process Safety
Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard under (29 CFR 1910 &1200),
which contains requirements for the management of hazards associated with processes
using highly hazardous chemicals

6.1 Identification of Hazards: The first step in hazard safety management is to identify
potential hazards present in a particular environment or activity. This involves thorough
inspection, observation, and analysis of the surroundings to identify any conditions, substances,
equipment, or activities that could pose a risk to safety. Hazards can include physical hazards
(such as machinery, equipment, or environmental conditions), chemical hazards (such as toxic
substances), biological hazards (such as bacteria or viruses), ergonomic hazards (such as poor
workstation design), and psychosocial hazards (such as stress or workplace violence).

6.2 Risk Assessment: Once hazards are identified, they need to be assessed to determine the
level of risk they pose. Risk assessment involves evaluating the likelihood of a hazard causing
harm and the severity of the potential consequences. This typically involves quantitative or
qualitative analysis to prioritize risks based on their potential impact and likelihood of
occurrence.

6.3 Risk Mitigation and Control: After identifying and assessing hazards, measures must be
implemented to mitigate or control the risks they pose. This may involve implementing
engineering controls (such as installing safety guards or ventilation systems), administrative
controls (such as developing safety procedures or training programs), or personal protective
equipment (PPE) to reduce exposure to hazards. The goal is to eliminate or minimize the risk
of harm to an acceptable level.

6.4 Safety Policies and Procedures: Hazard safety management relies on the development
and implementation of comprehensive safety policies and procedures tailored to specific
environments or activities. These policies outline expectations for safe behaviour, procedures
for identifying and reporting hazards, emergency response protocols, and guidelines for the use
of protective equipment. Regular training and communication are essential to ensure that all
individuals understand and adhere to safety policies and procedures.

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6.5 Hazard communication: It is also known as Haz-Com or Hazardous Communication, is
a crucial aspect of occupational safety and health management. It involves the systematic
communication of information about hazardous substances and the associated risks to ensure
that workers, employers, and other stakeholders understand and can effectively manage the
hazards present in the workplace. Hazard communication typically involves several key
components:

A) Hazard Classification:
The first step in hazard communication is to classify the hazards associated with chemicals
and substances used in the workplace. This involves identifying and categorizing the
physical, health, and environmental hazards posed by the substances, based on their
properties, toxicity, flammability, reactivity, and other characteristics. Hazard
classification helps determine the appropriate measures for handling, storage, and disposal
of hazardous substances.

B) Safety Data Sheets (SDS):

Safety Data Sheets are documents that provide detailed information about hazardous
substances, including their chemical composition, physical properties, health hazards,
safety precautions, and emergency response procedures. SDSs are typically provided by
chemical manufacturers, importers, or distributors and must be readily accessible to
workers who may be exposed to the substances. SDSs help workers understand the hazards
associated with specific chemicals and how to safely handle and use them.

C) Labelling:
Proper labelling of containers containing hazardous substances is essential for hazard
communication. Labels should include information such as the identity of the substance,
hazard warnings, pictograms, signal words (e.g., "Danger" or "Warning"), precautionary
statements, and instructions for safe handling and storage. Labels should be clear, legible,
and prominently displayed on containers to ensure that workers can easily identify the
hazards and take appropriate precautions.

D) Training and Education:

Effective hazard communication relies on providing comprehensive training and education
to workers about the hazards present in the workplace and how to safely handle and use
hazardous substances. Training programs should cover topics such as hazard recognition,
SDS interpretation, proper labelling, use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
emergency procedures, and regulatory requirements. Training should be provided to all
employees who may be exposed to hazardous substances, including new hires and workers
undergoing changes in job responsibilities or exposure risks.

E) Written Hazard Communication Program: Employers are required to develop and

implement a written hazard communication program that outlines policies, procedures, and
responsibilities for managing hazardous substances in the workplace. The program should
address hazard identification, SDS management, labelling requirements, training,

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 recordkeeping, and coordination with other safety programs. The written program helps
ensure consistency and compliance with hazard communication requirements and provides
a framework for managing chemical hazards effectively.

F) Recordkeeping: Employers are required to maintain records related to hazard

communication, including SDSs, labelling information, training records, and any other
documentation demonstrating compliance with regulatory requirements. Accurate
recordkeeping helps track chemical inventories, monitor employee exposure levels, assess
the effectiveness of training programs, and demonstrate compliance with regulatory
inspections and audits.

G) Review and Revision: Hazard communication programs should be reviewed and updated
regularly to reflect changes in workplace conditions, new hazards, regulatory requirements,
or advancements in safety practices. Employers should periodically evaluate the
effectiveness of their hazard communication efforts and make necessary revisions to ensure
ongoing compliance and protection of workers' health and safety.

 Effective hazard communication is essential for promoting awareness, understanding, and

management of chemical hazards in the workplace. By implementing comprehensive
hazard communication programs and providing adequate training and resources, employers
can minimize the risks associated with hazardous substances and create safer working
environments for their employees.

6.5 Safety management of over exposure:

 Safety management of overexposure refers to the measures taken to prevent or mitigate

the harmful effects of excessive exposure to various hazards, such as chemicals,
radiation, noise, heat, or ergonomic factors, in the workplace or other environments.
1) Removal from Exposure:
This involves promptly removing individuals from the hazardous
environment or situation to prevent further exposure to the hazard. It's a
critical step to minimize the risk of injury or illness. For example, if someone
is exposed to a chemical spill, they should be immediately evacuated from the
area to a safe location.

2) Decontamination:
Decontamination is the process of removing or neutralizing hazardous
substances from people, equipment, or the environment to prevent
contamination and minimize health risks. This may involve rinsing or washing
affected areas of the body, removing contaminated clothing, and using
specialized decontamination procedures and equipment to safely manage
hazardous materials.

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 3) Resuscitation:
Resuscitation refers to the emergency medical procedures performed to
restore breathing and circulation in individuals who are in cardiac arrest or
experiencing respiratory failure. It involves techniques such as
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and airway management.
Prompt and effective resuscitation can significantly improve the chances of
survival and reduce the risk of permanent injury in emergency situations.

4) Symptomatic Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment involves addressing the symptoms of illness or injury
to alleviate discomfort and improve the individual's condition while
underlying causes are addressed. This may include administering medications
for pain relief, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-nausea medications, or other
treatments targeted at specific symptoms. Symptomatic treatment aims to
provide immediate relief and support until more definitive care can be
provided.

6.6 Respiratory protection: Respirator protection is a crucial aspect of personal protective

equipment (PPE) used to safeguard individuals from inhaling hazardous substances,
contaminants, or airborne particles in the workplace or other environments. Respirators are
designed to filter out harmful airborne contaminants and provide respiratory protection to
workers in situations where other control measures are insufficient to control exposure. There
are two major types of respirators are there:

1) Air-purifying respirators (APRs)

2) Atmosphere-supplying respirators (ASRs).

Fig. 4: Types of respirators

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7. Case study
7.1 Title: A Laboratory Accident Involving Acryloyl Chloride: Consequences, Treatment, and
Safety Measures

7.2 Abstract: This case study examines a laboratory accident involving acryloyl chloride,
highlighting its severe consequences, the treatment provided to affected individuals, and the
crucial safety measures that could have prevented the incident. Acryloyl chloride is a highly
reactive and toxic compound commonly used in organic synthesis. Despite its known hazards,
a series of oversights and errors led to an unintended release of acryloyl chloride vapor,
resulting in injuries to laboratory personnel. This case underscores the importance of rigorous
safety protocols, adequate training, and proactive risk management in laboratory environments.

7.3 Case Description:

 Acryloyl chloride, a potent acylating agent, is frequently employed in organic synthesis

for the preparation of various compounds. Its reactivity and toxicity pose significant
risks to laboratory workers if mishandled. In this case study, we explore an unfortunate
incident involving the accidental release of acryloyl chloride vapor in a laboratory
setting, its consequences on personnel, the treatment administered to affected
individuals, and the critical lessons learned regarding safety management.
 The incident occurred in a research laboratory engaged in the synthesis of organic
compounds for pharmaceutical applications. During a routine procedure involving the
transfer of acryloyl chloride from a storage container to a reaction vessel, a laboratory
technician inadvertently mishandled the transfer apparatus, causing a sudden release of
acryloyl chloride vapor into the air. Due to inadequate ventilation and personal
protective equipment (PPE) usage, several personnel present in the laboratory were
exposed to the toxic vapours.

7.4 Consequences: The exposure to acryloyl chloride vapor resulted in immediate symptoms
among affected individuals, including respiratory irritation, coughing, chest tightness, and eye
irritation. Prompt evacuation of the laboratory was initiated, and emergency medical services
were summoned. Upon arrival, medical personnel provided on-site treatment, administering
oxygen therapy and conducting decontamination procedures to mitigate further exposure.
Subsequently, affected individuals were transported to the hospital for further evaluation and
management.

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7.5 Treatment: At the hospital, individuals exposed to acryloyl chloride vapor underwent
thorough medical assessment, including respiratory function tests, chest X-rays, and ocular
examinations. Those experiencing respiratory distress were administered bronchodilators and
corticosteroids to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation. Eye irrigation was performed
for individuals with ocular irritation. Fortunately, all affected individuals responded well to
treatment and were discharged from the hospital within 24 hours without significant
complications.

7.6 Safety Measures and Lessons Learned: The laboratory accident involving acryloyl
chloride underscores the critical importance of robust safety measures and adherence to
established protocols in research environments. Key lessons learned from this incident include:

a) Strict adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) for handling hazardous

chemicals, including proper storage, transfer, and disposal procedures.
b) Adequate training of laboratory personnel on the properties and hazards of chemicals
used in experiments, as well as the correct usage of PPE.
c) Implementation of effective ventilation systems and engineering controls to minimize
exposure to toxic vapours and fumes.
d) Regular inspection and maintenance of laboratory equipment to prevent malfunctions
and leaks.
e) Prompt emergency response protocols, including evacuation procedures and medical
assistance, in the event of chemical accidents.

7.7 Conclusion: The laboratory accident involving acryloyl chloride serves as a stark reminder
of the potential dangers inherent in experimental work with hazardous chemicals. By
prioritizing safety, providing comprehensive training, and enforcing rigorous protocols,
laboratories can mitigate risks and ensure the well-being of personnel. This case study
emphasizes the need for continual vigilance and commitment to safety in research
environments, emphasizing that prevention is paramount in averting potentially catastrophic
consequences.

Fig. 6 Health effects of Acryloyl Chloride

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8. References

1) Bhowmik D, Durai Vel S, Rajalakshmi AN, Sampath Kumar K. Recent Trends in

Hazards in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Safety Precaution. Elixir Pharmacy. 2014
Apr 20;69:23688-91.
2) Agarwal P, Goyal A, Vaishnav R. Chemical hazards in pharmaceutical industry: an
overview. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2018;11:27-35.
3) Bhusnure OG, Dongare RB, Gholve SB, Giram PS. Chemical hazards and safety
management in pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2018
Apr;12(3):357-69.
4) Pathan A, Ahmad I, Girase R, Jagatap V, Patel H. A Laboratory Accident of Acryloyl
Chloride, Its Consequences, Treatment, and Safety Measures: An Arduous Lesson to All
Researchers. ACS Chemical Health & Safety. 2022 Aug 23;29(5):405-20.
5) Permissible Exposure Limits - Annotated Tables | Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (osha.gov)
6) What is a hazard and what is risk? (dmp.wa.gov.au)
7) Chemical Hazards and Toxic Substances - Overview | Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (osha.gov)
8) Know Your Hazard Symbols (Pictograms) | Office of Environmental Health and Safety
(princeton.edu)
9) Occupational Risk Assessment | NIOSH | CDC
10) Overview of Chemical Regulations in India and Latest Developments
(chemsafetypro.com)
11) Types of Respiratory Protection | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC
12) Chemistry: Health hazard symbols for chemicals ~ Lifeformation: Information for your
life
13) https://www.hseblog.com/material-safety-data-sheet-msds
14) https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca.com
15) TLVs Explained | Office of Environmental Health and Safety | ECU
16) About the GHS | UNECE
17) CPCB | Central Pollution Control Board
18) About NIOSH | NIOSH | CDC

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