PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE

Course Outlines

Well
Production IPR VLP Pumps

Reservoir
Production Primary recovery Secondary recovery Tertiary recovery

Production
Principles Importance Petroleum formation Reservoir Characteristics
 Well
Production

Reservoir
Production
• Importance
• Petroleum Formation
• Reservoir characteristics
ProBdauscitnioAnnParliynscisiples
What’s The Importance???
Petroleum Formation
 Overview

Petroleum formation Maturation&migration Accumulation&Trap Reservoir characteristics

 Petroleum Formation
Decompo
Animals Plants
sition

High
Million of Years
temperature
High Pressure cooking

Prospects gas oil Kerogen

Source Maturation
Maturation Ro % Model

1cm – 500 m

1cm – 10 MY
Trapping
Structural Trap
Trapping
Stratigraphic Trap
Reservoir Characteristics
Reservoir Characteristics
Types

Reservoir

Oil Gas

Black Oil Volatile Dry Gas Wet Gas

Oil
Reservoir Characteristics
Types
Reservoir Characteristics
Oil Reservoir
Reservoir Characteristics
• Porosity
Reservoir Characteristics
• Factors affecting Porosity

Cementing
Pressure temperature Depth Sorting packing fractures
material
Reservoir Characteristics
• Saturation
Reservoir Characteristics
• Permeability
Reservoir Characteristics
Permeability

kQ  L
P A
Reservoir Characteristics
Permeability and porosity
Reservoir Characteristics
• Wettability
Reservoir Characteristics
• Wettability
Reservoir Characteristics
• Surface & Interfacial Tension
Reservoir Characteristics
Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo
Reservoir Characteristics
Oil Viscosity Mo
Reservoir Characteristics
Gas solubility Rs
Reservoir Characteristics
Gas Oil Ratio GOR
 Well
Production

PRlaeysAenravloysiris
• Primary Recovery Production
• Secondary Recovery
• Tertiary Recovery
Production Principles
Primary Recovery
 Reservoir Production
Primary Recovery

Oil In
Place

RESERVES
Reservoir Production
Primary Recovery
Primary Recovery
Rock Expansion

Energy Fluid
Source compressibility

P decline Slow

GOR low

R.F 5%
Primary Recovery
Depletion drive
Primary Recovery
Depletion drive

Energy Gas
Source solution
expansion
P decline Rapid

GOR High

R.F 15%
Primary Recovery
Gas Cap Drive

Energy Gas Cap

Source expansion
P decline Medium

GOR Not high

R.F 30%
Primary Recovery
Water Drive
Primary Recovery
Water Drive

Energy Water
Source supplement
pressure
P decline steady

GOR no

R.F 40%
Primary Recovery
Combination Drive

Energy Water & Gas

Source
P decline medium

GOR low

R.F 30:60%
Primary Recovery
Gravity Drainage

Energy Gravity Force

Source
P decline Low

GOR low

R.F 50%
Secondary Recovery
Reservoir Production
Secondary Recovery
Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection Injector Producer

Is the process of injection

compatible water under pressure
into the reservoir to increase oil
recovery

Water
Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

Assuming that I have a layer of

rock that is 300 ft thick, 5 miles
wide and 30 miles long , and it
has a porosity of 20%

,SO 22.5 billion

barrels !!!!!!!
 Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

• EA:- Is the fractional area of the pattern that is swept by the displacing
fluid.

• EV:- Is the fraction of the vertical section of the pay zone that is
contacted by injected fluids..
 Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

• is the fraction of movable oil that has been displaced from

the swept zone at any given time or pore volume injected
 Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

• In general, the mobility of any fluid λ is defined as the ratio of the

effective permeability of the fluid to the fluid viscosity
 Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

• In general, the mobility Ratio is defined as the ratio of the

displacing phase mobility the the displaced phase mobility
Secondary Recovery
• Injection Patterns
Secondary Recovery
• Injection Patterns
 Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

• For two immiscible fluids, oil and water, the fractional flow of water, fw
(or any immiscible displacing fluid), is defined as the water flow rate
divided by the total flow rate
Reservoir Characteristics
• Factors affecting Displacement Efficiency

Mobility Ratio Viscosity Wettability Interfacial Rate of flow Gravity Force Heterogeneity
Tension
Secondary Recovery
• Water Injection

when the reservoir pressure

reaches its bubble-point
pressure
Secondary Recovery
• Major Causes WF Failures
25% Unusual
Expenses

Fail
20%
Equipment
Failure

45%
Poor Sweep
Efficiency

10% 5%
Others
Pattern
Secondary Recovery
• Reservoir Heterogeneity
Secondary Recovery
Gas Injection

Maintain reservoir pressure

Decrease oil viscosity so

increasing its mobility
Secondary Recovery
Gas Injection

Gas injection may be either:-

a miscible
an immiscible displacement process.

Nitrogen gas Injection is rapidly emerging as one of the best enhanced oil
and gas recovery methods as it is less expensive and more readily available
than natural gas.

The injection of carbon dioxide has an even more dramatic effect than
hydrocarbon gas on oil viscosity. Also, its swelling tendencies are greater
Secondary Recovery
Reservoir Candidates
No WF •
Water drive No GI •

Good WF •
Depletion drive
No WF •
Gas Cap No GI •

Good WF •
Rock Expansion
No WF •
Gravity Drainage Good GI •
Tertiary Recovery
Reservoir Production
Tertiary Recovery
Reservoir Production
Tertiary Recovery
Tertiary Recovery
Mechanisms of Increased Recovery
Tertiary Recovery
Thermal

Steam Flooding

Cyclic Steam Flooding

In-Situ Combustion
Thermal Recovery
Steam Flooding

High-temperature steam is continuously injected into a reservoir. As the

steam loses heat to the formation, it condenses into hot water, which,
coupled with the continuous supply of steam behind it, provides the
drive to move the oil to production wells.
Thermal Recovery
Steam Flooding

1. The heated oil becomes less viscous, making it easier to move through the
formation toward production wells.

2. Expansion or swelling of the oil aids in releasing it from the reservoir rock.

3. Lighter fractions of the oil tend to vaporize, and as they move ahead into the
cooler formation ahead of the steam they condense and form a solvent or
miscible bank.

4. Finally, the condensed steam cools as it moves through the reservoir and
results in what amounts to an ordinary Water flood ahead of the heated zone.
Thermal Recovery
Cyclic Steam Flooding

This method is sometimes applied to heavy-oil reservoirs to boost

recovery during the primary production phase.
Thermal Recovery
Cyclic Steam Flooding
-A predetermined amount of steam is injected into wells that have been
drilled or converted for injection purposes. These wells are then shut in
to allow the steam to heat or "soak" the producing formation around the
well.

- After a sufficient time has elapsed to allow adequate heating, the

injection wells are back in production until the heat is dissipated with
the produced fluids.
 Thermal Recovery
In-Situ Combustion

Burning some of the oil in situ (in place), creates a combustion zone that
moves through the formation toward production wells, providing a steam drive
and an intense gas drive for the recovery of oil.
 Thermal Recovery
In-Situ Combustion
-This process is sometimes started by lowering a heater or igniter into an
injection well. Air is then injected down the well, and the heater is
operated until ignition is accomplished.
-After heating the surrounding rock, the heater is withdrawn, but air
injection is continued to maintain the advancing combustion front.
-Water is sometimes injected simultaneously or alternately with air,
creating steam which contributes to better heat utilization and reduced
air requirements.
Tertiary Recovery
Co2 Flooding

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is

injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil
Tertiary Recovery
Co2 Flooding

1)Miscible CO2 Displacement: Under suitable reservoir pressure and oil density
conditions(generally deeper than 1200m with oil lighter 22° API gravity),injected carbon
dioxide will mix thoroughly with the oil within the reservoir such that the interfacial tension
between these two substances effectively disappears and reduce it’s viscosity. Oil
recovery will be from 10 to 15% of OOIP.

2)Immiscible CO2 Displacement: When reservoir pressure is too low and/or oil
gravity too dense, the injected CO2 remains physically distinct from the oil within the
reservoir. However, injected CO2 still can improve oil recovery by causing the oil to
swell, reducing oil's density and improve mobility. But this method isn't efficient.
 ProWseplelct
PErvoadluuactioonn

Reservoir
• IPR Production
• VLP
• Pumps
Production Principles
Inflow Performance
Inflow Performance
Inflow Performance
Straight IPR
Inflow Performance
Straight IPR
Inflow Performance
Straight IPR

Determine Flow rate

Reservoir Pressure

Predict reservoir performance

Determine formation damage

Inflow Performance
Straight IPR

IPR decreases as
Reservoir pressure
decrease
as a result of
production
Inflow Performance
Vogel IPR