PIlllLIPPINENATIONAL

PNS 196:2000
STANDARD ICS 79.060.10

NTH-ST Y
ANDPR -

Plywood -Specification

BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

RE
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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 196 :2000

Contents Page

I Scope .......-.... 2 Length and width of plywood 12

2 Definitions ......... 3 Thickness, number of plies
3 Classification and and tolerances ........... 12
designation........ 4 Numberofshearstrength
4 Constructionofpanels. Specimens per test piece . . . 13
5 Bonding of plywood. 5 Woodfailure ............ 19
6 grading of plywood and
its allowable defects . . Figure
7 Inner plies and cores.. I Plywood bond clear-test
8 Joints ............. specimen................20
9 Inserts ...........
10 Dimensions ......... Annexes
11 Moisture content ....
12 Sampling .......... A Dimensional measurements .. 15
13 Methodoftests ..... 8 Determination of moisture
14 Packingand marking. content . .
C Bond test
Tables
I Permissible` defects for

;hpep:|aTasi[:a:if:u?faces
of general purpose
plywood with outer
veneers............

Foreword

The Philippine National Standard Specification for Plywood, PNS 196:1992 has been reissued
by the Bureau of Product Standards.

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}`

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 196:2000

Plywood - Specification

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for general purpose plywood.

2 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply :

2.1
adhesive

-. any cement, glue or resin used in bonding together two or more pieces of wood by surface
attachment

2.2
bark pocket
a comparatively small area of bark around which normal wood has grown

2.3
blister
a bulge on the surface due to a separation of the constituent plies or veneers, usually at the glue
line. If the separation is visible at edges of the board, the defect is termed delanination

2.4
bondin8

- the act of uniting the layers of a plywood assembly preferal]ly applied by the use of resin
adhesives

2.5
burl
woody growth on the log which is sound, harder than the surounding wood, round or
horizontany ridged, formed by protruding limbs, twigs or stubs, appearing as though exuded from
the trmk .

2.6
closed split
a split in the veneer, which during the process of manufacture into plywood, has completely
closed, and is visible only as a fine line on the face or back of the panel

2.7
core gap (core void)
an open joint extending throuch or partially throuch a panel, which results when side by side core
or center veneers are not tightly butted together

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2.8
cross break
separation (break) of the wood cells across the grain. Such breaks may be due to strains
resulting from unequal longitudinal .shrinkage, or to external forces

2.9
cross bonding
veneer used in the construction of plywood with five or more plies. In five-ply construction, it is
placed at richt angles between the cores and faces

2.10
cross-grained
the term applied to a sheet of plywood when the width of the sheet is greater than its length

2.11
dead knot
knot usually produced by dead branches embedded in the wood

2.12
dent
slight hollow or small depression on the surface of the panel generally attributed to dirt or foreign
materials introduced between the press platen surface and the surface of the panel being pressed

2.13
delamination
a visible separation between plies that would normally be firmly glued together in the pressing
operation

2.14
exterior plywood
refers to the type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as type I

2.15
face
the surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that of the outer side or back.
However, the terms face and back do not apply when the same grade of veneer is used on both
r
sides of the plywood

2.16
face-plywood
a plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic

2.17
fillers
an additive often combined with adhesive resins to modify bonding characteristics of the resin mix

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2.18

gap
a void in the core ply due to a split or other open defect. It also results from improperjointing
face veneers, called gap.ped joint

2.19
glue line
the resultant layer of adhesive effecting union between any two adjacent plies in the assembly

2.20
hardwood
a general term used to designate lumber produced from broadleaf or deciduous trees in contrast
to softwood produced from evergreen or coniferous trees

2.21
heartwood
the wood extending fi.om the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the
life process of the tree. Heartwood may be infiltrated with gums, resins, and other material that
usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood

2.22
interior plywood
a type of plywood intended for inside uses, having a limited moisture resistance

2.23
interlocked grain (cross grain)
a grain of certain species wherein the axis of the fibers of the wood reve rses direction after each
of the several gro\^th cycles, thus interlocked

2.24
lap
a condition where the veneers used are so misplaced that one piece over laps the other and does
not make a smooth joint

2.25
]umber-core r
a wide board made up of well machined lumber strips properly dried and glued together

2.26
lumber-core plywood
a plywood made up of facefoack veneer, crossband core veneer and well composed kiln dried
lumber core. It is commonly called plyboard

2.27
open defect

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 PNS 196:2000

any check, split, open joint, crack, loose knot, worm hole, or other defects interrupting the
smooth continuity of the plywood surface

4
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2.28
panel
a sheet of plywood

2.29
patches
insertions of filler or sound wood placed and glued into panels. from which defective portions
have been removed

2.30
pin knot
a sound knot less than 6.40 mm in diameter

2.31

ply
the stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of veneer in plywood panel

2.32
plies
the individual layers of veneer forming the plywood

2.33
plywood
an assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lunber-core held together by an
adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers, distributing the
longitudinal wood strength. In its sinple form, it consists of three layers of thin wood, firmly
Slued together, with the grain direction of the middle layer at right angles to that of the two
parallel outer layers. The use of the term is broadened to include products referred to as
blockboards, stripboards and plyboards which use lumber core

2.34
shake
a separation along the grain, the greater part of which occurs between the rings of annual growth

2.35
shear
a measure of the resistance of parallel planes in a body to Slide over each other

2.36
shim
an inselt in the form of a narrow strip of veneer

2.37
slip-joint
the method of laying up veneers in flexible bag mouldings in which the edges are bevelled and
allowed to override at the scarfed area

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2.38
Smear
spots or marks of usually sticky substances on the surface of the panel due to the excess of wood
putty used to fill up open defects

2.39
sound knot
a solid knot as hard as the surrounding wood with no sign of decay or deterioration

2.40
splice
the cuttingivlimination of defective portion of a ply during the veneering process and subsequently
joined by means of automatic splicer machine

2.41
split
lengthwise separation of the wood fibers due to the tearing apart of the wood cell, caused chiefly
by shrinkage in drying and careless handling

2.42
stain
a discoloration on the wood, or any color other than the natural color of the wood

2.43
Warp
the distortion due to stresses causing departure from a plane or true form

2.44
wood-filler
an aggregate of resin and strands or shreds of wood which are used to fill openings and to
provide a smooth durable surface

3 Classification and designation

Ee

Plywcod shall be classified according to the following:

3.1 Basedonbondingqunlity

3.I.1 Type I -Exterior

3.1.2 Type Il-Interior

3.2 Based on appearance according to its surface grades which are determined by defects
inherent in wood, and by manufacturing defects visible on finished panels.

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 PNS 196:2000

3.2.1 GradeA

3.2.2 GradeB

3.2.3 Gradec

3.2.4 GradeD

3.2.5 GradeE

4 Construction of panels

4.1 In general, the grain of adjacent plies shall be at right angles. Plies symmetrical to one
another relative to the center ply or the core shall normally have the sane thickness and shall
consist of the sane species of wood or of species having similar physic al characteristics. They
shall be produced in the sane manner, i.e., either by rotary cutting or by slicing and shall be
placed with their grain oriented in the sane direction.

4.2 The substitution, of one ply by a pair of plies with the grain parallel a each other is
permissible, provided they are balanced by a similar pair of plies of equal total thickness and on a
corresponding position to the center ply on the core.

4.3 The outer plies shall be laid with the tight side of veneer outermost.

4.4 Non-perforated paper strips forjointing on interior veneer shall not be used. If they are
used for edge joints or to repair splits in the outer plies, they shall normally be removed
afterwards.

4.5 In the normal dry condition, no outer ply shall have a thickness less than o.8 mm and no
inner ply shall have a thickness greater than 5 mm.

5 Bonding of plywood

5.1 Type I (Exterior) -The bond for type I plywood shall withstand all weather and water
exposures and shall not be affected by microorganisms and shall pass the cyclic boil test
described in annex c. f

5.2 Type 11 (Interior) - The bond for type 11 shall retain its strength when cocasionally
subjected to thorough wetting and drying conditions and shall pass the test prescribed in amex
C.

6 Grading of pywood and its allowable defects

6.1 Appearance of surfaces -The appearance of surfaces for each grade of plywood shall
be as indicated in table 1.

7
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6.2 Allowable defects - The allowable defects for each grade of plywood for general
purposes with outer veneers shall be as indicated in table 1. Defects, which are limited in
number, size or extent, are enumerated or evaluated per square metre, calculated as an average
of their incidence over the total surface of the panel, with the exception of checks, splits and open
joints, which are related.to one metre of panel width.

6.3 Determination and application of grades of panel's -The grade of plywood by

appearance is determined by the grade of the two surfaces of the panel.
6.3.1 The better quality is called face; the opposite side is called back.

6.3.2 The grade of the plywood describes first the grade of the face followed by the grade of
the back.

7 Inner plies and cores

7.1 The imer plies and cores may contain defects or characteristics of the material, or
manufacturing defects, but only in so far as their effect on the plywood panel falls within the
requirements of al I relevant parts of this standard.

8 Joints

8.1 For grade A, veneers forming the outer ply shall be well matched in color and of similar
grain. Up to a panel width of 1500 mm, the outer ply shall be-of one or two veneers, the joint
being well made and approximately at the centre of the panel. For panels wider than 1500 mm
the outer plies may consist of well jointed veneers, of not less than 600 mm width.

8.2 For grade 8, its surface shall be reasonably matched in color and of similar grain. The
number of veneers which form the outer plies of a panel is not restricted, provided, the joints are
well made.

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 PNS 196:2000

9 Inserts

3i]width|;sdjaEefrd°cfhggregc¥e%5't#uhee£:#ttt:tds'f]o°r°::as¥]¥]t:a#odnhb°;e:p°pretfe±::#f
plywcod with outer veneers specified in table 1.

9.2
shims inRfajerssE,us6,frbfddbEesphra°]Pebr:yjnfxaecd;orT=cga#£ntge+recq°|?rregedntg%¥t3:Pa;t;Poesn¥t8
grade.

10 Dimensions

::i:ra|FueEgst's¥afiitbheaasngp:%:%readnjcnefa5]e¥.e]en8th>Widthandtoleranceofthep|ywcodfor

Table 2 -Length and width of plywood, mm

Lench Width Tolerance

1820 x2130x
910910122012201530
Eiiiil
2440 x
+5 mm, -2 rm
3050 x
3050 x

10.2 Thickness and number of plies

10.2.1 The thickness and number of plies of plywood for general purpose shall be as specified
in table 3.

Table 3 -Thickness, number of plies and tolerances

Thickness, rm Number of plies o erance, rm±0.15±0.24±0.45±0.60±0.60

T]
2.53 .645 .589101 121518192 25 3579

-,

NOTE For 15 rm and thicker plyboards, these shall be composed of the following: facefoack
veneer,crossbandcoreveneerandwellcomposedkilndriedlumbercorein5plies.

12

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 PNS 196:2000

10.3 Squareness - The difference between the two diagonal measurements shall not exc-eed
3.2 mm.

10.4 Edge straightness - The deviation in edge straightness shall not exceed ±1 millimetre
per metre length of chord.

10.5 Flatness - The amount of distortion that can be tolerated will depend not only on the
thickness of the panel, the construction and the specie but also on the requirements of the end
use. Accordingly, the acceptable deviation in flatness shall be agreed upon between the supplier
and the purchaser.

11 Moisture content

The moisture content of the plywood shall not exceed 13%.

12 Sampling

The plywood shall be sampled by the random method, and shall be taken on a reduced lot of 5%
or 100 panels, whichever is smaller. A minimum of ten panels shall be selected at random from
such a reduced lot.

12.1 Dimensional measurements - The sanples shall be measured as described in annex

A.

12.2 Laboratory tests -The size of test pieces shall be large enough to provide the number
of shear strength specimens as indicated in table 4.

Table 4 -Nuniber of shear strength test specimens per test piece

Number of plies Types I & 11

3 4
5 8
7 12

9 16

11 . n*-2

n* = Number of samples

13 Method of tests

13.1 Moisture content - The moisture content of plywood shall be tested as described in
annex a.

13.2 Bonding -The quality ofbonding of plywood shall be tested as described in annex c.

13

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14 Packingandmarking

14.1 The plywood shall be packed or crated to provide suitable protection from the elements
to the panels.

14.2 Each plywood shall be marked by edge branding. Stan.p marking on the face or back
shallt)eacceptableforpanelsthinnerthan5rm.Themark,whetherontheedge,onthefaceor
on the back shall contain the following information:

14.2.1 Name of manufacturer

14.2.2 Type, grade (facefoack, in that order) and thickness

14.2.3 The words "Made in the philippines"

iE

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14

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 PNS 196:2000

Annex A

Dimensional measurements

A.1 Apparatus

A.1.1 Determination of thickness -A surface measuring instrument, having circular, flat

and parallel measuring surfaces of 16 mm ±1 mm dianeter, the contact area being 200 mm
approximately. The graduation of the instrument shall allow a reading to an accuracy of 0.05
lrm
A.1.2 Determination of length and width - A suitable measuring instrument, allowing a
reading to an accuracy of I mm.

A.2 Procedure for the determination of dimensions (Unscarfed panels)

A.2.1 Thickness -The thickness of panels shall be measured by applying, a pressure of

approximately 20 kpa the flat and circular measuring surfaces of the measuring instnrment
detailed in A. I .1. The mean panel thickness shall be the average of measurements taken at the
mid -point of each of the four sides and approxinately 25 mm from the edge of the panel.

A.2.2 Edge straightness -The edge straightness of each panel shall be determined with an
accuracy of 0.5 mm. A metal straight edge shall be arranged to touch the two comers of the
panel (see figure 1). The maximum deviation from a line connecting the comers shall be noted
and expressed to the nearest 1 mm per 1000 mm with a designation (+) if the edge is convex and
designation(-) if the edge is concave. Each edge of the board shall be measured.

A.2.3 Length and width -Using the measuring instrument detailed in A.1.2, the length and
width of boards shall be measured to the nearest millimetre at each edge of the panel, parallel to
the edge and approximately 25 mm from the edge with a measuring instrument. Both
measurements for length and width shall be recorded to the nearest millimetre, the length being
measured in the direction of the grain of the face veneer and expressed as the flrst dimension.

A.2.4 Flatness - The panels to be measured shall be held upright without restraint, with the
shorter dimension vertical, on an essentially level floor.

A.2.4.1 A straight edge shall be placed vertically, or a thin cord stretched vertically, at three
positions, namely the two ends and the center of the panel and the maximum deviation from the
straight edge or cord shall be recorded for each position, using a suitable rule, to the nearest
millimetre.

A.2.4.2 Measurements relating to the longer dimension shall be made by placing a straight
edge or stretching a thin cord from end to end, again three positions, namely, at the two edges
and the center of the panel, and the maximum concavity at each position recorded as before.

A.2.4.3 For thin panels liable to bow under their own mass when held vertically, flatness shall
be measured by placing the panel on a horizontal plane surface and measuring the distance from
the plane surface of the underside at the margin of the board when the middle is held in close
contact with the horizontal surface. Measurements both along and across the panel shall be
turned so that the measurements are made with both surfaces h turn in contact with the plane
surface and the maximum figure recorded.

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Annex 8

Determination of moisture content test

(Ovendry method)

8.1 Apparatus .

8.1.1 Balance allowingreadingto an accuracy ofo.01 g.

8.1.2 Air convention drying oven, the temperature of which can be maintained at all points at
103°C ±2oc.

8.1.3 Desiccator containing a desiccant to maintain air as close as possible to the absolutely
dy condition.

8.2 Specimens

8.2.1 The test specimen shall be cut.from each sanple panel.

8.2.2 The test specimen shall not be less than 58 cm in area with a minimum dry mass of20
9, provided they are representative of the whole cross section of the piece. The test specimen
shall be free from all loose splinters and sawdust.

8.3 Procedu re

8.3.1 Weigh each test specimen in the same state at the time of sampling and the mass shall
be recorded as original mass.

8.3.2 The specimen shall then be dried in an oven at 103°C ±2°C until constant mass is
attained.

8.3.3 After cooling in the desiecator, weich each test specimen immediately to avoid an
increase of moisture content greater than 0.1 %.

NOTE Constant mass is considered to be reached when the results of two successive weiching
operations canned out at an interval of 6 h do not differ by more than 0.1°/o of the mass of test
specimen.

8.3.4 Calculate the moisture content of each test specinen as a percentage by mass to the
nearest 0.1 % using the following formula:

Mo - MD
MC-
MD
where

MC is the moisture content, °/o

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Mo is the origival mass of sanple

MD is the mass of dried sample

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Annex C

Bond test

C.1 Preparation of specimens

C.1.1 Type I, exterior plywood -Three test pieces shall be cut from each panel selected.
Each test piece shall be approximately 18 cm by 18 cm in size to provide at least six specimens
for cyclic boil testing, as illustrated in figure 1.

C.1.2 Type 11, interior plywood -Three test pieces of 12.7 cm by 56 cm in size shau be
taken from two ends and middle of the sanple panel. Five test specimens shall be cut from each
test piece.

The test specimens shall be cut 5.10 cm wide and 12.7 cm long, and shall be cut in such a
manner that the grain direction of the face ply runs parallel to the length of the specimen. No test
specimens shall have common edges with any other test specimen.

C.2 Procedu re

C.2.1 Cyclic-boil, hot and cold soaking (delamination) test

C.2.1.1 Type I, exterior plywood -The type I plywood test specimens shall be boiled
in water for four hours and then dried for twenty hours at 63°C ±2°C. The specimens shall be
boiled again for a period of four hours, cooled in water, and tested while wet by tension loading
for failure in a shear testing machine operated at 270 to 450 kg/min. The specimen shall be
gipped securely by the jaws of the machine to prevent slippage. Percentage of wood failure of
the specimens in dry condition shall be evaluated as described in C.3.

C.2.1.2 Type 11, interior plywood - The type 11 plywood specimens shall be
sut)merged in water at 24°C ±2°C for four hours. The specimens are removed and dried at a
temperature of 49°C ±2°C for 19 hours. This procedure shall be repeated until the specimen
shows bond failure or until three cycles shall have been completed whichever occurs first. A
specimen is not acceptable when any single delamination along a glue line is greater than 5.1 cm
in continuous length and over 3.6 mm in depth at any point. Depth and width of separation may
be ascertained by a "feeler gauge".
r
NOTE In lieu of the delamination test described above, shear specimen shall be soaked in water
at 60°C ±3°C for three hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature using tap water. Shear
test while the specimen is wet using the procedure in C.2.2.

C.2.2 Shear test - The shear test shall be conducted on the specinens prepared in the
manner shorn in figure 1 .

C.2.2.1 The ends of the specimens shall be gripped securely by the jaws of the machine
to prevent slippage. The load shall be applied at the rate of 270 to 450 kg/min.

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C.2.2.2 If the number of plies exceed three, the notches shall be made in such a maniier
as to test any two of the guidelines.

C.2.2.3 The specimens shall be notched in such a manner as to assure that during shear
testing half of the numt}er of the specimen per test piece shall have the lathe checks in the `1o
open" direction while the other half in the `Cto close" direction.

C.2.2.4 Specimens with face plies more than 1.27 mm in thickness shall present a shear
area of 25.4 mm as shown in figure 1, specimen A.

C.2.2.5 Specimens of plywood with face plies 1.27 mm or less in thickness shall be of
the form shown in figure 1, specimen 8. In specimen 8, the shear area shall be reached without
changivg the width of the specimen, to one-halfof25.4 rm.

C.2.2.6 Breaking loads obtained from specimen B shall be multiplied by two and reduced
by 10 percent for comparison with values for specimen A, shown in table I .

C.2.2.7 In shear testing of lumber core plywood, the core shall be reduced to a thickness
of about 2.54 mm.

C.3 Interpretation of test data

C.3.1 Sliear test - The shear-strength and wood failure relationships set forth in table 5
apply to shear test results for types I and 11. Column 2 of table 5 applies to individual test
specimens while column 3 to all specimens of such test piece. A panel shall be considered
defective if:

a) The minimum woed-failure values of more than one specimen from any of three test pieces
taken from a single panel shall fall below the minimum wood-failure values specified in tal]le
5'or

b) The average wood-failure value of any of the three test pieces taken from a single panel shall
fall below the average value specified in table 5. If none or only one panel is frund defective
among the ten sample panels, the lot shall be deemed to conform to the glue-bond
requirements of this standard. If three or more defective panels are found defective among
the ten sample panels (described in clause 10), the lot does not conform to this standard. If
two panels are found defective, an additional set of t%n sample panels shall be selected to
the same tests. If the number of defective panels among the combined twenty panels is then
found to be three or less, the lot shall be deemed to conform to the glue-bond requirements
of this standard. If four or more panels are found to be defective, the lot shall be deemed
not to confomi to this standard.

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Table 5 - Wood-failure

Average shear strength Minimum wood Ave rage woodfi'0

kg/cm2 failure % a,lure, yo50

Below 17.58 25

17.58 to 24.6
10
30

Above 24.6 10 15

NOTE The shear strength values are based on the area of the adhesivejoint. The wood failure
values are based on the wood area of the fractured surface.

iiiE

C.4 Delamination test for type Il -Interior of the total number of test specimens from the
tensanplepanelsofanygivenlot,95percentofsuchtestspecimeusshallpassthefirstcycleand
85 percent of such test specimen shall pass the third cycle. If the specimens fail to meet these
requirements, an additional ten panels should be selected from the sane lot and tested in
accordancewithC.2.1.2.Ifthetestspecimensfromthecombined20panelsfailtomeetthetest
requirements, the entire lot shall be deemed not to conform to glue-bond requirements of this
standard.

iii=

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 PNS 196:2000

I- 25+ -. i L25.4- -

Cut 2/3 through core

Specimen A

I-I.75 --I ll±.ro + I ---- I

Cut 2/3 through core

Specimen 8

Figure 1 - Plywood bond shear - Test specimens

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 Bureau of product Standards
Department of Trade and Industry

Technical Committee 35 -Plywood and Veneer

Co+Chairman

Private:

1 AlfonsoM. Verdadero, Jr.

Philippine Wood Products Association

Members

Govermentagencies:
Manufacturers;
2 EmilioA. Jaranilla
8 Priscilla Florentino
Dermjs R. Miralles*
Ariel Sunico*
Board of Investments
Eiiiliil Arfuro Co*
C. Alcantara and Sons
3 Gregorio o. Carillo
BureauofPesign 9 E:g|e:jif8u:#88oxporation of the phils.
Department of Public Works
and Highways
10 Emesto s. Chum
Research and testing institution:
Industries Development Coxporation
4 Romuloc.Eala
11 ErfulyG.Malit
Felisa Chan*
lnterwood
Forest Products Research and
development Institute 12 AmieM. Lorica
Findlay Mllar
Associations:
13 Alfonsoc. Keh, Jr.
5 Jacquelinec.Vega
EMCO Plywood
United Architects of the
'-. Philippines
14 HenyM.Young
\ 6 AgathaLim
Rosewood, Inc.

Vic Supan*
Philippine Coustructors Associations

7 EdwardY.C.Tan
Association of Structural Engineers
of the Philippines

Proj ect Officer

15 Ma. Teresita del Rosario

Bureau of product Standards

* Alternate

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