IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO.

10, OCTOBER 2014 3373

Electromagnetic and Particle-in-Cell Simulation

Studies of a High Power Strap and
Vane CW Magnetron
Sandeep Kumar Vyas, Shivendra Maurya, and Vindhyavasini Prasad Singh

Abstract— This paper presents electromagnetic and particle-

in-cell (PIC) simulation studies of ring strapped vane resonator
of a 2.45 GHz 1-kW magnetron using Computer Simulation tech-
nology microwave studio and MAGIC-3-D. The aim was to gain
design understanding through the analysis of constituent parts of
the resonant system and to deduce results having significant engi-
neering value. The electromagnetic analysis includes modeling the
effect of the end-gap length, the straps, the coupling antenna,
and the surface roughness of cavity wall on resonant frequency.
It was found that a clearance of 4 mm and beyond between
cavity resonator and end plate have negligible effect on resonance
frequency. Straps influence the resonant frequency of the π mode
maximum, and can be used to control and fine tune the resonant
frequency of the desired π mode. A surface roughness of 1 μm Fig. 1. Schematic of the magnetron.
or more affects the unloaded Q of the resonator cavity adversely.
Coupling antenna height is found to play an important role software [5], [6] and hardware are available, which are very
to achieve desired Q l and Q ext for the segment loaded axial
extraction of power. The PIC simulation study predicted that useful for electromagnetic and charge simulation leading
the hot resonant frequency differ from cold resonant frequency to fast design and understanding of beam–wave interaction
by ∼9 MHz. The computed frequency, power, and efficiency were physics. Many publications on PIC simulation for oven
found to be 2.462 GHz, 1.3 kW, and 70%, respectively. magnetrons are available [7]–[10]. This paper is mainly
Index Terms— Cold resonant frequency, electromagnetic and oriented toward design studies of resonant system, known
particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, hot resonant frequency, indus- as anode block, of high power CW class of reentrant
trial magnetron, virtual prototyping. multicavity magnetrons through computer simulations and
analysis. The analysis include mode spectrum analysis, mode
I. I NTRODUCTION
control analysis (dispersion), and beam–wave interaction to

H IGH power continuous wave (CW) magnetrons power

different types of domestic, commercial, and industrial
microwave ovens used for food and mineral processing. Their
power ranges from 1 to 100 kW at 915 MHz and 1–30 kW
at 2.45 GHz. Advanced high power magnetrons with effi-
ciency >80% and phase stability within 2° are required for
future microwave systems in industrial [1], scientific [2], and
energy sectors [3]. Efforts are being directed to develop such
magnetrons at 2.45 GHz for industrial applications [2] and at
5.8 GHz for space solar power systems [3].
Design and development of the magnetron has never been
easy because of complex interrelation of its component
parts and highly nonlinear beam–wave interaction [4].
But, now in the recent years some powerful commercial
Manuscript received May 6, 2014; revised July 17, 2014; accepted
August 15, 2014. Date of publication September 9, 2014; date of current
version October 21, 2014.
The authors are with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani 333 031,
India, and also with the Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research, New Delhi 110025, India (e-mail: sandeepvyas19@gmail.com;
shivendra_maurya@rediffmail.com; vvpsingh@ceeri.ernet.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2014.2352653
0093-3813 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
monitor and control the cold resonant frequency (without
the presence of space charge) and hot resonant frequency (in
the presence of space charge). We have taken strap and vane
resonant structure having 10 number of resonators of a 1-kW
magnetron from a reference to start the analysis [7]. Fig. 1
shows the geometry of the magnetron to be analyzed. Table I
lists the dimensional and other electrical parameters.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
briefly describes the use of admittance matching tech-
nique (AMT) to find the resonant frequency of the resonator
system and its limitations. Section III presents eigenmode
and frequency domain simulations and analysis of vane
type resonators using Computer Simulation technology (CST)
MWS/MAGIC-3-D. The influence of end gap length, straps,
and surface finish of cavity wall on resonant frequency and Q
has been studied and discussed. The influence of presence of
space charge in the interaction region on resonant frequency
has been studied through PIC simulation and discussed in
Section IV. Finally, the conclusion is drawn in Section V.
II. A DMITTANCE M ATCHING T HEORY
The interior of the magnetron (anode block, interaction
space, and end spaces) can be thought of constituting a

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3374
TABLE I
D IMENSIONAL PARAMETERS OF S IMULATION M ODEL [7]
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic diagram of interaction space. (b) Schematic dia-
gram of annular-sector resonator. (c) Equivalent circuit of interaction space.
(d) Equivalent circuit of annular-sector resonator.
cavity resonator of complicated geometry. The space between
cathode and anode where the beam–wave interaction takes
place is known as interaction space and the cavities around
the co-axial cathode constitutes the side resonators, as shown
in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. The interaction space and
side resonator can be represented by their equivalent circuit,
as shown in Fig. 2(c) and (d), respectively [4].
One of the most common side resonators used in a CW
magnetron is the annular-sector resonator that is often referred
to as the vane-type resonator, as shown in Fig. 2(b). The
admittance equations for the annular sector resonator and
interaction space are given by [4]
 onant structure and localized meshing technique to save
ε0 h [ J0 (kra )][N1 (krv )]−[ J1(krv )][N0 (krv )]
Yr = j (1)
μ0 ϕra [ J1 (kra )][N1 (krv )]−[ J1(krv )][N1 (krv )]
 m=+∞  
ε0 Nh  sin γ θ 2 Z γ (kra )
Yn = j (2)
μ0 2πra m=−∞ γθ Z γ (kra )
where h is anode height, J and N are Bessel and Neumann
functions, ra , rv , ε0 , μ0 , and k are anode radius, vane
radius, free space permittivity, permeability, wave number
(2π/λ), respectively, and λ is the free space wavelength. The
Yr and Yn are admittance of side resonator and interaction
space, respectively. The γ = n + mN; m is any integer, and
n is also an integer known as mode number. The N is number
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2014
Fig. 3. Admittance curve plots for π -mode for the magnetron under
discussion.
Fig. 4. Simulation models. (a) CST-MWS. (b) MAGIC-3-D.
of resonator. If we plot the admittance curve for side resonator
and interaction space with respect to frequency we get a
graphical representation of admittance curves. The intersection
point of these two curves gives the resonant frequencies of all
the modes supported by the resonant system. The admittance
curves for π-mode for the magnetron under discussion are
shown in Fig. 3. The resonant frequency from the admittance
curve is found to be 4.6 GHz. Equations (1) and (2) do not
account end gap and the straps. This limitation of the AMT
to calculate the resonant frequency of the magnetron resonant
system is overcome by the use of fast advanced 3-D computer
codes MAGIC/CST. Analysis shown in Section III quantifies
the error of AMT in predicting the resonant frequency.
III. S IMULATION AND A NALYSIS
A. End-Gap Length Analysis
The 3-D PIC codes, MAGIC-3-D, and CST microwave
studio (CST-MWS), have been used to simulate the resonant
structure of the magnetron described in Fig. 1. We use
polar coordinate system for the better modeling of the res-
the simulation time and better accuracy in MAGIC-3-D.
Cartesian coordinate system has been used for modeling
of the resonant structure in the CST-MWS. The simulation
model of unstrapped anode block, modeled in MAGIC-3-D,
and CST-MWS for this analysis, has been shown in
Fig. 4(a) and (b), respectively.
Eigenmode solver of CST and MAGIC-3-D has been used
for electromagnetic simulations. In eigenmode solution, an
operator with predefined field configuration is applied to the
resonant structure that gives the eigenmode frequencies and
field configurations in a defined frequency range. To study
the effect of end-gap length on π-mode resonant frequency
VYAS et al.: ELECTROMAGNETIC AND PIC SIMULATION STUDIES 3375

Fig. 5. Variation of π -mode frequency with end-gap length.

the model has been simulated with different end-gap lengths.

Fig. 5 shows the variation of π-mode frequency ( f π ) with
end-gap length. The value 0 of end-gap length simulates
Fig. 6. Electric field plot on circle for three different modes, for n equal to
the condition of no end-gap of the magnetron resonator. 3, 4, and 5.
The π mode ( f π ) resonance frequency obtained is 4.7 GHz
that is close to the value predicted by AMT. It is further seen
that with the increase in the end-gap length f π reduces fast,
but quickly settles to a constant value at the gap length of
4 mm and beyond.
This type of CW-magnetron cannot be fabricated without
the end space. It needs some space for accommodating the
output coupling antenna and cathode support. End-gap length
has been taken from the constant region of Fig. 5. In this paper,
it is 10.36 mm. Now, analysis is carried further by including
the straps for understanding its role in mode control. Fig. 7. Vector plot of electric field of π mode generated by CST MWS.

B. Mode Control Analysis

The magnetron employs reentrant coupled resonant cavities
arranged in circular format as its RF circuit usually called
slow-wave structure. The RF oscillations are possible only if
the total phase shift around the structure is an integral multiple
of 2π radians. The phase between two cavities of the N cavity
resonator magnetron are written
2πn
φn = (3)
N
n is an integer indicating number of full wave variation around
the RF circuit and usually referred as mode number. Its value
ranges from 1 to N−1. The mode that has 180° phase angle
between the adjacent cavities is known as π mode. From the
above equation, we find that phase angle 180° comes when
the value of n = N/2. The π mode is the operating mode of
choice in magnetrons.
The magnetron is able to oscillate when the phase velocity
of the RF wave taking round on the reentrant slow wave
structure is nearly equal to the drift velocity of electrons.
Thus, it is of importance to calculate the resonant frequencies
of the magnetron’s slow wave structure at each resonant
mode (usually called dispersion diagram or ω–β diagram).
The dispersion diagram of a slow wave structure reveals the
resonant frequency of different oscillation modes, frequency
separation between modes, phase velocities of modes, and
so on, and is an important design calculation that helps in
filtering the desired π-mode from other unwanted modes of
the reentrant slow wave structure of the magnetron.
Dispersion curve is not directly generated by the two
software used in this paper. They do not tell which mode is
π-mode. Magnetron can operate in N − 1 fundamental modes
Fig. 8. Dispersion curve of unstrapped anode block.
and their spatial harmonics. The magnetron under discussion
consist of 10 vanes, thus there exist nine fundamental modes.
Now, we set the number of mode for the calculation in
CST/MAGIC. For example, if we set 10 numbers of modes
with predefined frequency range then it will start calculating
first 10 lowest frequency modes for that structure. We have to
find out the nine fundamental modes from modes calculated by
the software. A simple method has been used to identify modes
by their mode number. Select a particular modal solution given
by the code. Plot a circle taking its center in the center of the
anode and its radius slightly less than or equal to the anode
radius. Electric field plot of all fundamental modes computed
by the code can be generated by moving along the circle.
Fig. 6 shows variation of electric field along the circle for
three different modes.
The field plot shown at the top of Fig. 6 shows five full
wave variation along the circle and is identified as π mode,
that is n = 5. Its frequency is noted from the modal output data
of the software or from vector plots, as shown in Fig. 7. Simi-
larly frequency and phase values of rest eight modes are found
and plotted to create dispersion curves, as shown in Fig. 8.

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3376
Fig. 9. (a) Single strap model. (b) Double strap model. (c) Electric field
vector plot. (d) Electric field contour plot.
Fig. 10. Dispersion curve of strapped magnetron.
TABLE II
R ESULTS C OMPARING THE E FFECT OF S TRAPPING
Fig. 8 shows the dispersion curve plots for unstrapped
resonant structure of Fig. 4. The computed π mode frequency
from CST and MAGIC are 3.5 and 3.45 GHz, respectively.
It is clear not the desired operating frequency of the π mode,
which should be within 2.4–2.5 GHz. In addition, it is also
seen that the separation between frequencies of π mode and
neighboring (N/2 − 1) and (N/2 + 1) is very small.
For proper mode separation and desired π-mode frequency,
strapping of the resonant structure has been found effec-
tive. The effect of single ring and double ring strapping
has been simulated. The simulated geometries are shown in
Fig. 9(a) and (b), respectively. Dispersion curves for strapped
anode block have been plotted by the same method as followed
for unstrapped case. Dispersion plots for single and double
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2014
Fig. 11. Simulation model generated by (a) MAGIC and (b) CST-MWS,
computed E-field plots, (c) MAGIC, and (d) CST-MWS.
ring strap cases are shown in Fig. 10. Results of the analysis
have been compared in Table II. It is seen that using a
single ring strap f π is brought down to 2.933 GHz, while
separation increases to ∼900 MHz. The addition of second
ring strap reduces it further to 2.478 GHz and adjacent modes
are further pushed to ∼1.9 GHz away. It is also found from
the dispersion curve that π mode is only nondegenerate mode
in the magnetron. The dimensions of the ring straps are given
in Table I.
It will be an interesting question to ask, why cannot we
design the unstrapped anode for f π equal to desired 2.45 GHz
using AMT or simulation method? Why increase the circuit
complexity by adding ring straps? The answer probably is
given in Fig. 8. Unstrapped magnetron resonators suffer from
severe mode competition. Frequency stability will be hard to
achieve during operation. Therefore, an unstrapped resonator
is designed to resonate at about a gigahertz higher than the
actual operating frequency and then is made to resonate at
the actual one by adding straps that decongest the mode
spectrum.
At this stage, it will be pertinent to study the effect of
inclusion of the coupling antenna in the anode block on f π
before adding third ring strap. We notice that addition of each
strap reduces the f π by ∼500 MHz. Therefore, further addition
is not at all advisable.
C. Effect of Adding Output Coupler
Now, we add one more component of the resonator system,
that is coupling antenna in the anode block and get the
eigenmode solutions. Fig. 11 shows the simulation model and
results obtained from MAGIC-3-D and CST-MWS.
Fig. 11(c) and (d) shows the π mode frequency calculated
from MAGIC-3-D and CST-MWS as 2.469 and 2.471 GHz,
respectively. We find that the effect of the coupling wire is to
VYAS et al.: ELECTROMAGNETIC AND PIC SIMULATION STUDIES
Fig. 12. (a) Simulation model. (b) Mode spectrum showing resonances of
N/2, N/2 − 1, and N/2 + 1 modes. (c) Zoomed-in-view of π (N/2) mode
resonance.
TABLE III
C OLD T EST R ESULTS
reduce f π by few megahertz. Simulation of the effect of the
coupler and space charge, is presented in the next sections.
IV. V IRTUAL P ROTOTYPING
A. Simulation of Cold Test Model
These computer codes facilitate the simulation of cold and
hot testing of magnetrons on PC allowing virtual experimental
analysis, that is, virtual prototyping. Cold test simulation
model shown in Fig. 11 has been used with the addition of
ports, as shown in Fig. 12(a). We have used frequency domain
solver in the CST-MWS for finding its resonance spectrum
shown in Fig. 12(b). Tetrahedral mesh has been used in this
simulation for more accuracy in the results.
From Fig. 12(c) and (4)–(6), all the characterizing parame-
ters of the resonator system can be found out. The cold test
simulation results on are summarized in Table III
Q l = f 0 / f
Q 0 = Q l (1 + β)
Q ext = Q 0 /β
η = Q l /Q ext
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3377
Fig. 13. Variation of S 11 (dB) with antenna height as parameter.
TABLE IV
C OMPUTED C OLD T EST R ESULTS OF A NTENNA H EIGHT A NALYSIS
where Q l , Q 0 , Q ext ,  f , and β are loaded, unloaded, external
quality factors, bandwidth, and coupling factor, respectively.
Coupling factor (β) is equal to Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
at resonance.
From Table III, it is clear that π-mode frequency ( f π )
and frequency separation computed are almost same as
obtained using eigenmode solver, but the frequency domain
analysis provides all the other characterizing parameters
of the resonator block and helps to complete the design
quickly. For example, the coupling antenna height (h a ) was
changed from 12 to 15 mm in 1-mm increments to find out the
effect of antenna height on the Q values. Fig. 13 and Table IV
show that frequency is not changing with the antenna height,
but Q l and Q ext values and circuit efficiency are affected. Q 0
changes only slightly. Therefore, h a can be used to fine tune
the desired combination of Qs and hence η.
B. Modeling of Surface Roughness of Cavity Wall
The conductivity of different surface roughness of the res-
onator cavity wall can be included using macros in CST-MWS.
This calculated conductivity was used as input material prop-
erty for successive runs to find the effect of surface roughness
on different cold parameter of the magnetron, as shown
in Fig. 14.
From Fig. 14 and Table V, it is seen that Q 0 is quite
sensitive to surface roughness of the cavity walls. For high
(4) power magnetrons mirror finish is required to avoid power
(5) loss and excessive heating of cavity walls. The Q 0 in the
range of 1500–2000 are reported generally for high power CW
(6) magnetrons [4]. This applies that a surface roughness <1 μm
(7) be achieved for practical magnetron tubes.
3378
Fig. 14. Variation of S11 (dB) with frequency and with surface roughness
as parameter.
TABLE V
C OMPUTED C OLD T EST R ESULTS W ITH D IFFERENT
S URFACE ROUGHNESS
Fig. 15. Magnetron operation domain.
C. PIC Simulation of Hot Test Model
The PIC simulation helps to simulate the output perfor-
mance of the magnetron by simulating the interaction behavior
of the RF circuit with the electron beam. Therefore, cathode
is included in the analysis. The CST particle studio (PS) has
been used. The operating point of the π-mode oscillation
in the magnetron was obtained from the Hull cutoff and
the Buneman–Hartree voltages as a function of the external
magnetic field. The calculated operating point is marked at
the anode voltage of 4.3 kV and the external axial magnetic
field of 0.19 T, as shown in Fig. 15.
Anode voltage is applied in the CST-particle studio using
discrete voltage port between the cathode and anode, as shown
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2014
Fig. 16. (a) Magnetron operation domain. (b) Voltage measurement probe.
Fig. 17. (a) RF output signals at the power absorption port. (b) Fourier
transforms. (c) Electro bunch formation at discrete times. (d) Anode current.
in Fig. 16(a). The coaxial port behind the voltage port has been
defined as matched port. An output port has been defined for
RF power observation.
The electrons emitted from the cathode surface are
governed by a space-charge-limited emission process and then
accelerated by the applied electric field. The rise time and
kinetic value of energy are taken as 1 ns and 3 eV, respectively.
One probe to monitor the growth of electric field signal (V/m)
has been included at the slot gap, as shown in Fig. 16(b). It
can be used to diagnose any problem of intermediate stages of
the program execution. An external magnetic field of 0.19 T
is uniformly applied axially (z-coordinates). The PIC position
monitor has been used to see particle trajectory at different
time [10]. The simulation run time is 150 ns.
There was no leakage current to the axial direction because
the electrons are confined by the end cap on each edge of the
cathode. After the simulation time of 40 ns, the oscillation
starts and the electrons flow toward the anode. Fig. 17(a)
VYAS et al.: ELECTROMAGNETIC AND PIC SIMULATION STUDIES
shows the growth of output RF signal at power absorption port.
Fourier transformation of output signal gives the frequency
spectrum, as shown in Fig. 17(b). From frequency spectrum, it
can be noticed that the hot frequency of π mode is 2.462 GHz.
The other noticeable peak is at 4.925 GHz, which is the
second harmonic. The amplitude of the second harmonic is
45 dB down from that of the π mode indicating that most
of the power is coupled in the π mode. Fig. 17(c) shows
the bunch formation at different time period. It is seen that
the bunch formation is synchronous with the generation of RF
signal and completed in ∼80 ns, as shown in Fig. 17(a) and (c).
Fig. 17(c) shows that there are five electrons bunch that
confirms π-mode of operation in 10 vane magnetron. Output
power is equal to half of the square of the output signal, which
is 1.3 kW. The anode current measured is 0.457 A and the cor-
responding electronic efficiency of this magnetron is ∼70%.
V. C ONCLUSION
Design studies on strap and vane resonator system for
high power CW magnetrons has been carried out through
electromagnetic and PIC simulations using CST MWS/PS and
MAGIC-3-D codes. A design path has been traced starting
from AMT via electromagnetic simulation and terminated
with PIC. Equations (1) and (2) can be used to find out
initial dimensions of unstrapped anode block at a frequency
∼1 GHz higher than the actual operating frequency to start
the electromagnetic analysis and completing the process
using PIC. The approach is general and can be followed
to design high CW power industrial magnetrons at L-, S-,
and C-band.
It was observed that the addition of single ring strap reduces
the resonant frequency of the π mode of the RF resonator
system by ∼500 MHz at S-band and double ring straps are
sufficient to ensure stable operation in π mode. Straps can be
used to control and fine tune the operating π mode frequency.
The PIC simulation revealed that the presence of space
charge in the interaction region reduces the cold f π by 9 MHz.
Therefore, the resonator system should be designed for cold
f π ∼ 10 MHz higher than the hot f π , i.e., operating frequency.
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3379
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Director of Coun-
cil of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Electronics
Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, India, for granting
permission to publish this paper. They would also like to
thank Dr. M. C. Balk at CST for valuable discussions on
CST-particle studio simulation techniques and their colleagues
of Project team.
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Authors’ photographs and biographies not available at the time of publication.