• Introduction to System Analysis and Design

– System Development Life Cycle

– Introduction to system development methodologies
 Water fall
 spiral
 Rapid application Development (RAD)
 Describe the systems development life cycle, who
participates in it and why it is important
 Introduction to system development methodologies and
why its important
 Water fall
 spiral
 Rapid application Development (RAD)
• System Development Life Cycle

The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also

referred to as the application development life-
cycle, is a term used in systems
engineering, information systems and software
engineering to describe a process for planning,
Analysis, Design Development , Testing ,
Implementation, : Maintenance an information
system
• System Development Life Cycle

The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also

referred to as the application development life-
cycle, is a term used in systems
engineering, information systems and software
engineering to describe a process for planning,
Analysis, Design Development , Testing ,
Implementation, : Maintenance an information
system
 • Introduction to system development
Methodologies

• A software development methodology or system

development methodology in software engineering is
a framework that is used to structure, plan, and
control the process of developing an information
system.
• Common methodologies include waterfall,
prototyping, iterative and incremental development,
spiral development, rapid application development,
and extreme programming.
• Waterfall Model
– The waterfall model is a model which was developed for
software development; that is to create software. It is
called as such because the model develops systematically
from one phase to other in a downward fashion, like a
waterfall.
• Problems with waterfall cycle
– It has rigid design and inflexible procedure
– One phase must be completed before the
next phase starts, and
– No phase can be repeated.

• Waterfall Strengths
• Easy to understand, easy to use
– Provides structure to inexperienced staff
– Milestones are well understood
– Sets requirements stability
– Good for management control (plan, staff, track)
– Works well when quality is more important than cost or
schedule
• Spiral Model

• The Spiral Development Model is a systems development

method used in information technology.

• It combines the features of the prototyping model and the

waterfall model.

• It is favored for large, expensive, and complicated models.

Spiral Model
 Steps of the Spiral Model

1. Define the problem with as much detail as possible

by interviewing the client and potential users of the
system, as well as, studying any existing system.

2. A preliminary design is created for the new system

3. A first prototype of the new system is constructed

from the preliminary design and is a scaled down
version of the final product.

.
 Steps of the Spiral Model
4. A second prototype is derived by the following procedure

Evaluate the first prototype for strengths,

weaknesses and risks

Define the requirements of the 2nd prototype

Plan and design the 2nd prototype

Construct and test the 2nd prototype

 Steps of the Spiral Model

5 At this point the customer may decide to scrap the

whole project if the risk is too high.
Development cost overruns
Operating-cost miscalculation
Other factors that might result in a substandard
product
 Steps of the Spiral Model

6. Evaluate the current prototype in the same way as

the previous prototype and create another one if
needed

7. Iterate the proceeding steps until the customer is

satisfied that the current prototype represents the
final product.

8. Construct the final system

 Steps of the Spiral Model

9. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested

and routine maintenance is carried out for the life
of the product.
 The Win-Win Spiral
• Simply put…
Make everyone involved happy and you’re
practically guaranteed project success!
• How can you try an do that?
Make sure every phase in the spiral starts off
with:
• Understanding who “everyone” is
• Understanding what everyone wants
• Reconciling everyone’s needs
• Advantages of Spiral model
• High amount of risk analysis hence, avoidance of Risk is enhanced.
• Good for large and mission-critical projects.
• Strong approval and documentation control.
• Additional Functionality can be added at a later date.

• Disadvantages of Spiral model:

• Can be a costly model to use.
• Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
• Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk
analysis phase.
• Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.
Rapid application Development (RAD)

Rapid application development (RAD) model is a linear

sequential software development process that has much faster
development and higher-quality results than those achieved
with the traditional software development life-cycle. A complete
cycle of Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model comprises
of mainly five steps.
• Business modeling

– The information flow among business functions is modeled in a way

that answers the following questions
• What information drives the business process?
• What information is generated?
• Who generates it?
• Where does the information go?
• Who processes it?
Data modeling

• The information flow is an essential part of the business

modelling phase which requires a set of refined data to
support the business. The attributes of each object identified
in this phase and the relationship between these objects are
well defined.
Process modeling

The data objects that were identified and defined in the data
modelling phase are transformed to acquire the information flow
that are essential for implanting a business function.The
descriptions are created and processed for adding, modifying,
deleting, or retrieving a data object
Application generation

• The RAD model uses various RAD tools such as VB, VC++,
Delphi etc. instead of developing software using conventional
third generation programming languages. The RAD model
reuses the existing program components or develops reusable
components whenever necessary. However, in every case ,
automated tools are used for facilitating the development of
the software.
Testing and turnover

• Since the RAD process lays emphasis on the reuse of the

existing components, a large number of program components
have already been tested. This minimizes the time of testing
and development and saves a lot of time.
• Drawbacks of RAD Model
• RAD requires sufficient human-resources to create the right number of
RAD teams in a large and scalable projects.
• RAD developers and costumers should be committed to the rapid-fire
activities.
• Unsuitable cases:
– A non-modularized system.
– When technical risk is high
• What is SDLC? Discuss different stages of software development
process.

• What Is An Information Systems Development Methodology

• what is the most common methodology used in system

development and how to differ them each other

• Compare and contrast waterfall and Spiral methodology

• Explain waterfall model, RAD and Spiral model

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