PHYSIOLOGIC VALUE OF FOOD
: 1 cup of milk = 170kcal 170 kcal x
Food
→ a solid and liquid materials taken into the
digestive tract that are utilized to sustain life
→ maintain and build tissues
→ regulate body processes and supply heat
Metabolism
→ derived from the Greek word metabolismos
which means to change or alter.
→ chemical process of transforming food into
complex tissue elements and of
transforming complex substances into
simple ones along with the production of
heat and energy.
Energy
→ the force or power that enables the body to
do its work.
→ In nutrition: the chemical energy locked in
foodstuffs brought about by metabolism.
Energy from food
The Calorie
→ kilogram calorie (kcal) or calorie
→ unit of measurement for the energy that the
body gets from food.
→ 1000 small calories = 1kilocalories or calorie
→ by-product of carbohydrates, protein, and
fats that are oxidized in the body.
→ 1 kcal is the amt of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of 1kilogram water by
1◦C
1. Fuel factor of CHO = 4 calories per gram 2.
2. Fuel factor of Fat = 9 calories per gram 3.
3. Fuel factor of CHON = 4 calories per gram
→ Bomb calorimeter – a device used to
measure the total calorie content (total
energy) available from food.
The Joule
→ is the measure of energy in the metric
system.
→ 1 calorie (kilocalorie)= 4.184 joule
(kilojoules)
→ Ex.
4.184 kjoules = 711.28 kjoules
Calculation of food value
→ The energy value of one tablespoon of
sugar (15 grams) is approximately 60
calories (15x4). Most food however, are
complex and contain proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates.
o Ex. 1 cup of milk contains approx.:
12gms CHO x 4cal/gm = 48kcal
8gms CHON x 4cal/gm = 32kcal
10gms fats x 9cal/gm = 90kcal total
= 170kcal
→ To calculate the percentage of kcalories
from fat.
o Ex. 90 fat kcal/170kcal = 0.529 or
0.53 0.53 = 53%
Components of energy expenditure
Basal Metabolism
→ known as Required Energy Expenditure
(REE)
→ it is the measure of energy needed by the
body at rest for all its internal chemical
activities which is approximately 1 calorie
per kilogram of body weight per hour for an
adult.
→ the minimum amount of energy needed by
the body at rest in the in the fasting state.
→ also indicates the amount of energy needed
to suction the life processes: respiration,
cellular metabolism, circulation, glandular
activity, and the maintenance of the body
temperature.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
→ the rate of basal metabolism in a given
person at given time and situation
→ constitutes one-half of the calorie
requirements of an individual.
Conditions necessary for BMR Test
→ To ensure accuracy:
1. The subject must be in fasting or
post-absorptive state, at least 12
hours after the meal. (it is taken in
the morning)
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 2. The subject must be awake, lying
quietly, and free from physical
fatigue, nervousness, or tension –
this can cause an increase in heat
production.
3. The environmental temperature
should be between 20°C 25°C so
that the subject can maintain his/her
body temperature. Values obtained
in this test which are within the plus
or minus 10% are still considered
normal.
Calculation of BMR
1. Rule of the thumb (simple method)
a. adult male -1kcal/kg/hr
b. adult female – 0.9 kcal /kg/hr
An individual whose ideal body weight
(IBW) is 50 kg has basal metabolic energy
need 1,200 kcal/day (50 x 1kcal x 24hrs.) is
not applicable to obese or lean individuals.
Ex.
• Male 75kg = 1kcal x 75 x 24
= 1,800 kcal
• Female 65kg = 0.9kcal x 65 x 24
= 1,404 kcal
2. Harris-Benedict formula
→ developed in 1909, which uses
information on: weight, height, age
and sex.
→ Purpose is to measure Resting
Energy Expenditure (REE)
Ex.
• Male
o REE = 66+[13.7 x wt(kg)] +
[5 x ht(cm)] – [6.8 x age(yr)]
• Female
o REE = 655 + [9.6 x wt(kg)] +
[1.8 x ht(cm) – [4.7 x age(yr)]
3. Biologic body weight raised to the ¾
power
→ computation for a fat free body size.
→ multiplied by 70
Ex.
• A 50-kg man’s REE = 18.8 x 70
= 1,326 kcal
4. Developed by WHO/FAO/UNU in 1985
→ 1.6 x wt(kg) + 879 = REE
→ 50-kg man has a REE of 1459 kcal
Factors that affect the Basal Metabolic Rate
1. Surface area
→ the greater the body surface area or
skin area, the greater the amount of
heat loss and in turn, the greater the
necessary heat produced by the
body.
2. Sex
→ women have metabolism of about
5% to 10% less than men even
when they are of the same weight
and height.
→ women have a little fatter and less
muscular development than men.
3. Age
→ metabolic rate is highest during
periods of rapid growth (1 to 2 years)
and reaches a lesser peak through
the ages of puberty and
adolescence in both sexes.
→ BMR declines slowly with increasing
age to lower muscle tone from
lessened activity.
4. Body composition
→ large proportion of inactive adipose
tissue lowers the BMR.
→ Athletes show an increase of 5% in
basal metabolic due to their great
muscular development over than of
non-athletes.
5. State of nutrition
→ a decrease in the mass of active
tissue such as in the case of
undernourishment or starvation
causes a lowered metabolism often
as much as 50% below normal.
6. Sleep
→ during sleep, metabolic rate falls
approximately 10% to 15% below
than of waking levels.
→ the decrease rate is due to muscular
relaxation and decreased activity of
the sympathetic nervous system.
7. Endocrine glands
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 → secretes hormone into the blood o 92kg/(1.75m)² = 30
stream o (note: body weight and
→ the principal regulators of the height should be measured
metabolic rate without shoes)
→ male sex hormones – increase the
BMR about 10% to 15%
→ female sex hormones – a little less
8. Fever
Nutritional Screening and Assessment
→ increases the BMR about 7% for
each degree rise in the body 1. Calculation
temperature above 98.6°F a. Determine the BMI
Computation of desired body weight (DBW) → (1) use monogram
→ (2) compute for the BMI using
1. Ador Dionisio’s Method the formula
→ height – for every 5 feet, allow → wt in kg/ht in m²
100lbs for female and 110 lbs for
male. Then multiply the additional b. Determine the ideal body weight
inches by 2. → Nutritionist- Dietitians
→ age – multiply any age between 25 Association of the Philippines
and 50 by 2 then divide by 5. → Formula:
o Female 5’0’’ – 166 lbs.
Ex. add 4lbs for every inch
Male, 45y.o., 5’4’’ tall thereafter
Height = o Male 5’0’’ – 112 lbs. add
4 lbs. for every inch
Age = thereafter

DBW =

2. Tannhauser’s Method
→ measure height in cm and deduct
100. from the difference, take off its
10%.
Ex.
male, 45y.o, 5’4’’ tall
height = 5’4’’ = 162.56 cm
162.56-100 = 62.56cm
10% of 62.56 cm = 6.256
62.56-6.256 = DBW (kg)
DBW (kg) = 56.7 kg or 126 lbs

Body Mass Index

→ The body mass index (BMI) is the ratio
of weight to height.
→ BMI = weight in kg / (height in meters)²
Ex.

• an individual who weighs 92 kg and

is 175 cm tall would have a BMI of:
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