Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is a scientific discipline embracing several Data

Science fields ranging from narrow AI to strong AI, including machine learning,
deep learning, big data and data mining.

Artificial Intelligence is also called Machine Intelligence and Computer

Intelligence.

Arthur Samuel 1959:

"Machine Learning is a subfield of computer science that gives computers the ability to learn without
being programmed"

IBM 2022:
Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-
solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind.

Britannica 2022:
Artificial intelligence is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled
robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings, .... such as
the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience.

Narrow AI
Narrow Artificial Intelligence is limited to narrow (specific) areas like most
of the AI we have around us today:

 Search Engines
 Email spam Filters
 Text to Speech
 Speech Recognition
 Language Translation
 Chatbots
 Netflix's Recommendations
 Apple's Siri
 Microsoft's Cortana
 Amazon's Alexa
 IBM's Watson
 Visual Perception
 Face Recognition

Narrow AI is also called Weak AI.

Weak AI:
Built to simulate human intelligence.

Strong AI:
Built to copy human intelligence.

Strong AI
Strong Artificial Intelligence is the type of AI that mimics human
intelligence.

Strong AI indicates the ability to think, plan, learn, and communicate.

Strong AI is the theoretical next level of AI: True Intelligence.

Strong AI moves towards machines with self-awareness, consciousness, and

objective thoughts.

Machine Learning (ML)

Today, Artificial Intelligence is usually referring to Machine
Learning technologies.
While traditional computer programming uses rules (algorithms) created by
humans, machine learning uses technologies where the rules (algorithms) are
created from the input data (on which the system is trained).

Classical programming uses programs to create results:

Data + Computer Program = Result

Machine Learning uses results to create programs (algorithms):

Data + Result = Computer Program

Neural Networks (NN)

One of the most significant discoveries in history is the power of Neural
Networks (NN).

In Neural Networks, many layers of data called Neurons are added together or

stacked on top of each other to compute new levels of data.

Commonly used short names:

 DNN Deep Neural Network

 CNN Convolutional Neural Network
 RNN Recurrent Neural Network

Deep Learning (DL)

Deep Learning is a subcategory of Machine Learning.

Deep Learning are algorithms that use Neural Networks to extract higher-level
data.

Each successive layer uses the preceding layer as input.

For instance, optical reading uses low layers to identify edges, and higher layers
to identify letters.

Deep Learning has two phases:

1. Training:
Input data are used to calculate the parameters of the model.
 2. Inference:
The "trained" model outputs correct data from any input.

Big Data
Big data is data that is impossible for humans to process without the assistance
of advanced machines.

Big data does not have any definition in terms of size, but datasets are
becoming larger and larger as we continously collect more and more data and
store data at a lower and lower cost.

Data Mining
With big data comes complicated data structures.

A huge part of big data processing is refining data.

Artificial Intelligence Samples:

 Self Driving Cars
 E-Payment
 Google Maps
 Text Autocorrect
 Automated Translation
 Chatbots
 Social Media
 Face Detection
 Search Algorithms
 Robots
 Automated Investment
 NLP - Natural Language Processing
 Flying Drones
 Dr. Watson
 Apple Siri
 Microsoft Cortana
 Amazon Alexa

Artificial Music Intelligence

Can an algorithm compose better music than a human?
David Cope is a former professor of music at the University of Santa Cruz
(California).

For over 30 years, David Cope has been developing Emmy or EMI (Experimental
Musical Intelligence), an algorithm to compose music in the style of famous
composers.

Artificial Health Intelligence

The Corona Pandemic pushed the need for optimizing Medical Healthcare.

Machine learning is a new technology that can provide better drug discovery,
shorter development time, and lower drug costs.

Machine Learning enables healthcare to use "big data" for making better
medical or clinical decisions.

Programming languages involved in Machine Learning and Artificial

Intelligence are:

 LISP
 R
 Python
 C++
 Java
 JavaScript
 SQL

LISP
LISP is the second oldest programming language in the world (1958), one year
younger than Fortran (1957).

The term Artificial Intelligence was made up by John McCarthy who

invented LISP.

LISP was founded on the theory of Recursive Functions (a function appears in

its own definition).
Recursive Functions can be written as self-modifying functions, and this is very
suitable for Machine Learning programs where "self-learning" is an important
part of the program.

The R Language
R is a programming language for Graphics and Statistical computing.

R is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

R comes with a wide set of statistical and graphical techniques for:

 Linear Modeling
 Nonlinear Modeling
 Statistical Tests
 Time-series Analysis
 Classification
 Clustering
Python
Python is a general-purpose coding language. It can be used for all types of
programming and software development.

Python is typically used for server development, like building web apps for web
servers.

Python is also typically used in Data Science.

An advantage for using Python is that it comes with some very suitable
libraries:

 NumPy (Library for working with Arrays)

 SciPy (Library for Statistical Science)
 Matplotlib (Graph Plotting Library)
 NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)
 TensorFlow (Machine Learning)

C++
C++ holds the title: "The worlds fastest programming language".
Because of the speed, C++ is a preferred language when programming
Computer Games.

It provides faster execution and has less response time which is applied in
search engines and development of computer games.

Google uses C++ in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning programs for
SEO (Search Engine Optimization).

SHARK is a super-fast C++ library with support for supervised learning

algorithms, linear regression, neural networks, and clustering.

MLPACK is also a super-fast machine learning library for C++.

Java
Java is another general-purpose coding language that can be used for all types
of software development.

For Machine Learning, Java is mostly used to create algorithms, and neural
networks.

SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the most popular language for managing
data.

Knowledge of SQL databases, tables and queries helps data scientists when
dealing with data.

SQL is very convenient for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data in

databases.