CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYMES

FRANCINE JULIA B. DAUG

Bachelor of Science in Nursing
1A

Submitted to:
GLORIA JESUS D. BALATAZAR
Department of Chemistry
Central Mindanao University
Musuan, Maramag Bukidnon

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE COURSE

BIOCHEMISTRY
CHY 47

December 2022
 Executive Summary

Enzymes are biocatalysts and because of their remarkable properties, they are
extensively used in medical diagnosis. All organisms depend on the basic biological function of
enzyme metabolism to survive. Catalyzing chemical processes is specifically what they do.
Enzymes have a wide range of uses where they speed up chemical reactions that are heading
toward equilibrium. Enzymes are frequently used in microbial technology and their diagnosis
procedures because they play a crucial role in the metabolic activities of all living things,
including people, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Numerous metabolic illnesses are
brought on by abnormalities in the enzyme metabolism system. It has been demonstrated that
several diseases linked to various enzyme metabolism system components are now frequently
used in clinical tests as unique disease markers.An interesting discovery suggesting new roles
of enzymes as a potential link that associates to prevent metabolic disorder. The aim of this
review is to discuss the diverse diagnostic application of biotechnological enzymes for the
purpose of teaching, education and research.

Clinical Application of Enzymes

Enzymes are a type of biological catalyst created by living cells in organisms, the
majority of which are typically globular proteins, and were originally used to signify "in yeast."
Under normal body settings, the enzymes can effectively catalyze a variety of biochemical
events and support organism metabolism. Enzymatic reactions occur during life processes like
digestion, absorption, breathing, exercise, and reproduction. Enzymes are therefore essential
for the survival of cells.(Colter 2019). The human body has a large number of enzymes with
intricate structures and a wide range of functions. We are aware of nearly 3,000 different types
of enzymes, including pepsin, trypsin, and various hydrolases. Under the influence of pepsin,
the protein that the human body absorbs from food must be digested into amino acids. The
body needs more than 20 different types of amino acids, which are chosen by other enzymes
and then combined to form the different proteins. The entire process resulted in a number of
intricate reactions. One could argue that without enzymes, biological metabolism would cease,
and the many biological communities that make up the natural world would vanish. Enzymes
have a wide range of uses in microbial biotechnology and its diagnosis process because they
are essential to the metabolic processes of all species, whether they be human, animal, plant,
or microbial. Numerous metabolic illnesses are brought on by abnormalities in the enzyme
metabolism system. Numerous components of the enzyme metabolism system have been
linked to various diseases, according to studies, and are now frequently utilized in clinical
examinations as particular disease markers. For therapeutic applications, studies over the past
two decades have focused mainly on enzymes including creatine kinase MB, alanine
transaminase, aspartate transaminase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase (Creative
Enzymes 2020).
Since enzymes have distinct properties and are utilized for a variety of applications, they
also have a wide range of therapeutic applications. They can be used to diagnose illnesses,
identify disease signs, mend tissues, and treat vitamin shortages. The most popular method for
identifying and treating illnesses like myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, jaundice, genetic
conditions, neurological illnesses, etc. The medical professional can use enzymes to
comprehend the diagnosis, prognosis, and study of enzyme reactions to the therapy or
treatment (Glew 2009). Congenital deficits in lysosomal enzymes can also be treated with
enzyme replacement. The cell surface glycan receptors take up these replacement enzymes.
Glycan architecture aids in absorption, biodistribution, and transmission speed (Tian et.al 2021).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs) are yet
another method that enzymes can aid in patient treatment and diagnosis. These receptors are
useful for identifying trends, forecasting sudden heart failure, and monitoring changes in kidney
function. When the patient is admitted, hospitalized, and discharged in a clinical setting, this is
extremely beneficial (Matthew 2021).
A therapy with enzymes aids in tissue restoration as well. The prevalence of people with
tissue damage causes chronic wounds, increased morbidity and mortality rates, and poorer
quality of life. Proteolytic enzymes are utilized to aid with tissue healing in people (Shah et. al
2017). Since the 1960s, oral proteolytic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin have been
utilized to aid in tissue repair (Shah et al. 2017). These enzymes aid in accelerating the healing
of fresh tissue damage and acute tissue injury by decreasing inflammatory symptoms (Shah et.
al 2017). Damaged enzymatic activity could result from vitamin shortages.The body may not be
able to absorb the enzymes and convert them into anything useful when there are not enough
enzymes being taken in the diet. An insufficient amount of the enzyme biotinidase, which
ordinarily hydrolyzes the biotinyl-lysyl link and releases free biotin, might result in a biotin
deficiency. When the biotin-containing enzymes are broken down, this enables the body to
recycle the biotin (Glew 2009). A diet related deficiency is scurvy that is when the body does not
get enough vitamin C or ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is absorbed from fresh fruits and vegetables,
especially citrus. Ascorbic acid is a cofactor in many different hydroxylation reactions which
includes hydroxylation of proline and lysine which are remnants of procollagen (Glew 2009) . It
also includes the hydroxylation of dopamine and norepinephrine. When the body does not get
enough vitamin C it is not able to complete these processes correctly and it will lead to bleeding
gums, hemorrhages, and decreased wound healing. When there is not enough ascorbic acid it
affects other parts of the body such as vitamin E and glutathione antioxidants.

Conclusion

. Due to enzymes unique and remarkable properties paired up with our up to date
technology, we are able to use enzymes to aid us in a clinical setting. From clinical diagnosis
such as heart failures, kidney functions to diet related deficiency. They serve crucial roles in the
development of analytical tools and assays with therapeutic applications as well as in the
manufacturing of modified antibiotics.Unlocking and benefitting from enzymes helped improve
our knowledge not just to science alone but also in the medical field where it contributed to the
growth and improvement to a huge number of people's lives and health.
 References

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Mathew RO, Lo KB, Tipparaju P, et al. Patterns of Use and Clinical Outcomes with
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in
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