Recent Trends In Wireless And Optical Fiber Communication

Recent trends in wireless and optical fiber communication

1. Introduction

Many innovative methods for speeding up and simplifying our work have been identified.
With optical fiber technology, our scientists have achieved a breakthrough, allowing us to go
from one place to another in a matter of seconds. Wireless optical fiber communication
networks are discussed in this research.

 Fibers that can transfer light in the direction of their length are known as optical
fibers.

 the needs of high-speed wireless communication primary advantage over traditional

wireless communication technologies

Ensuring that the signals are clear and powerful, receiving optical signals, and converting
them into electric signals. Fibers that can transfer light in the direction of their length are
known as optical fibers. In electromagnetic interaction, they are much less effective.

For long-distance and high-performance data networking, fiber op- tics are utilized. It’s also
found in telecommunications services like the internet, television, and phones.

2. Basic optical fiber components

Fig.1. Components of optical fiber

A. Core

The core of an optical fiber is the smallest component of the fiber that transmits light. Glass
or plastic are also acceptable materials for the core. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) glass is used in the
core. Depending on their intended use, cores come in a variety of diameters. Purely speaking,
200 m to 3.7 m core content size. 9 nm in diameter is the norm. There are 50 m and 62.5 m
cores in communication. Single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers are also available. Light
travels at a certain frequency to the center of the 8 to 10 microns in a single mode. The core
size for multi-mode is either 50 or 62.5 microns.

Mattu University, Department of ECE 1

 Recent Trends In Wireless And Optical Fiber Communication

B. Cladding

The cladding is the outermost layer of the core. The cladding sur- rounds the core and lowers
the refractive index, To maintain a 1 percent difference in refractive indices between the core
and the cladding, the manufacturing process adds different amounts of dopants to the core
and the cladding. At 1300nm, a typical core has a refractive index of 1.49, whereas the
cladding has a refractive index of 1.47. These figures, on the other hand, are wavelength-
dependent. At different wavelengths, the core of the same fiber will have a varied refractive
index

C. Coating

The coating is critical in the manufacture of optical fiber’s inner layers. It shields the cladding
from the nicks, cuts, dampness, and shocks that may otherwise cause it to fail. Without a
protective covering, optical fiber is a fragile material.

The coating is the optical fiber’s future protective layer. Shocks, nicks, scratches, and even
moisture that could harm the cladding are absorbed by the coating. The optical fiber is
extremely brittle without the coating. Optical fibers in action coatings may have an outer
diameter of 250 m or 500 m. To distinguish them, they are coated in a certain hue.

3. Standards

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the International

Telecommunications Union (ITU) are two organizations that create standards that describe
the performance of optical fibers used in the telecommunications industry (ITU). The major
standards that you should be familiar with are ANSI/TIA-568-C.3, ITU-TG.653, ITU-
TG.655, and ITU-T G.657, which are published by TIA and ITU. The ANSI/TIA-568-C.3
standard applies to optical fiber cabling components in buildings.

4. Material used

Optical fibers are generally constructed with a glass core and cladding, but alternative
materials may be used if the cost of installing the fiber, fitting it with connectors, and
ensuring that it is properly protected from damage must be balanced. The importance of
atmospheric turbulence in meteorology and air quality stems from its ability to efficiently
mix air with various qualities. Atmospheric turbulence parameters: alpha (4.34, 4.05, 5.98,
204.64), x (1.31, 1.98, 4.40, 196.03) and 2 (4.00, 1.50, 0.50, 0.01) are utilized to evaluate the
BER efficiency of the system under mild to high turbulence conditions. An understanding of
SNR is required to appreciate how the degree of air turbulence affects the specified bit error
rate (BER).

5. Characterization of the channel

Fiber optics is the technology of choice for many tasks due to its many advantages.
Transmission loss is quite low here. The use of low- loss fiber optic cable routes for long-

Mattu University, Department of ECE 2

 Recent Trends In Wireless And Optical Fiber Communication

distance transmission of picture signals eliminates the need for amplifiers or repeaters.
Broadband Transmission of Signals, Because of optical fiber’s large data transfer capacity, it
is possible to send high-quality video, audio, and digital data via the same fiber-optic line. It’s
possible that the installer didn’t pay enough attention to the condition of nearby power
networks, etc., because of the fiber optic cables’ com- plete insensitivity to external electrical
noise and interference. With only one coaxial line, you could have 24 optical cables, each of
which could transmit 64 video channels and up to a maximum of 256 signals at once.

6. Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication in the fifth Technology

For successful transmission of optical signals, FSO communication systems use free space as
a communication channel between transceivers that are line-of-sight (LOS). The channel can
be atmosphere, space, or vacuum, and its features determine how optical signals are
transmitted and received, allowing for the development of dependable and efficient
communication systems. Data is exchanged using FSO technology via light propagation over
atmospheric or space communication routes, al- lowing optical connectivity. FSO
communication provides a high data rate to fulfill the rapidly growing demand for broadband
traffic, which is primarily driven by Internet access and HDTV broadcasting services [19] .
FSO allows far more freedom in creating optical network designs at very high speeds, at tens
and hundreds of Gbit/s rates, when compared to fiber optics technology.

Fig.2. Free-space optical communication

7. Assisting transmission through a relay

Today’s User Equipment (UE) is capable of providing a wide range of internet applications
and services, increasing the requirement for high- speed data transfer and high-quality service
(QoS). For the uplink of the International Mobile Telecommunications- Advanced,
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) are strong multiple access contenders (IMT-

Mattu University, Department of ECE 3

 Recent Trends In Wireless And Optical Fiber Communication

Advanced). To achieve the required IMT-Advanced system performance, these multiple

access approaches will be used in conjunction with other promising technologies such as
multi-hop transmission and Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO). Source (transmitter)
and destination (receiver) linking nodes or channels that receive and send information from
source to destination are known as relays.

8. MIMO along with infrastructure relay

This is the relay planning structure that facilitates communication between MIMOs by
organizing the relay in a pattern. However, in relays with many antenna ports, it is possible to
achieve multiplexing gain, although large capacitance gain is still achievable. Numerous
transmitters (source stations) provide input to the system, which is then amplified and routed
to multiple receivers for output (destination stations). Relay Assisted Transmission Definition
emphasizes the cross-layer design. The physical layer must include algorithms for encoding
and processing signals at the source and relay.

9. Seventh generation RF/FSO

"FSO" stands for "Free Space Optics." The military has been using this technology for a long
time, but it has only lately gained commercial notice. The FSO uses a similar fundamental
principle to fiber-optic cable, with the exception that it transmits data wirelessly. FSO
technology uses a point-to-point mechanism rather than bouncing a beam of sunlight off a
particular insulated cable that sends the rays of sunlight to the receiver. By RF, we mean
radiofrequency. Wireless transmission of data from the transmitter to receiver is an objective
of this technique, as is FSO. In contrast to FSO, RF signals do not move at the speed of light
(rather than sound), although the difference is minor for human uses. To make the FSO more
affordable, you may upgrade to RF systems that are more in line with the FSO in terms of
knowledge rates.

10. Conclusion

It is also possible to transport information from one location to an- other using pulse of
sunlight sent over an optical cable. To store information, the electromagnetic carrier created
by the sun is modified. When immunity to high bandwidth, long-distance, or electromagnetic
interference is necessary, fiber is recommended over electrical bands. Many
telecommunications businesses rely on glass fiber for their networks. Re- searchers at Bell
Labs have used fiber optics to achieve Internet speeds of more than 100 megabytes per
second. The development of low-loss optical fibers and semiconductor lasers at room
temperature has resulted in vi- able light sources in recent years. Signal fading, mobility, data
rate increases, minimizing size and cost, user security, and (Quality of service) QOS are some
of the fundamental difficulties in wireless networks since wireless devices must be tiny and
bandwidth constrained. In future, fiber optics is projected to play a significant role in this
expansion. According to a report conducted by Research and Markets, the fiber optic
market’s compound annual growth rate might reach 8.5 percent by 2025, implying that more
businesses will be interested in the solutions offered by this technology.

Mattu University, Department of ECE 4