Advanced Optical Communication

Class Note – 1
What is communication ?
Communication may be broadly defined as the transfer of
information from one point to another using a communication
system. The system has three parts:
Transmitter where the information is superimposed using
modulating techniques onto an electromagnetic wave which acts
as a carrier for the information signal. The carrier may be radio
frequency, microwave or light.
Media that takes the modulated signal from the transmitter to the
receiver.
Receiver where the modulated carrier is received and the original
information signal is obtained by demodulation.

Transmitter Receiver
Medium
 1.1 Historical Development
1880 Alexander Graham Bell reported the transmission of speech
using a light beam.
Its use was limited due to both the lack of suitable light sources
and the problem that light transmission in the atmosphere.
Low rf frequency is suitable as carrier but lower capacity. But higher
rf frequency has larger transmission bandwidth and thus the
information-carrying capacity.

Communication at optical frequencies offers an increase in the

potential usable bandwidth by a factor of around 104 over high-
frequency microwave transmission.
A renewed interest in optical communication was stimulated in the
early 1960s after the invention of the laser. It instigated a
tremendous research effort. This device provided a powerful
coherent light source, with the possibility of modulation at high
frequency. But its use remained confined for free space optical
communication.
The proposals for optical communication via dielectric waveguides or
optical fibers fabricated from glass to avoid degradation of the
optical signal by the atmosphere were made almost simultaneously
in 1966 by Kao and Hockham, and Werts.
Initially the optical fibers exhibited very high attenuation with loss of
1000 dB km−1 and there was no suitable techniques in jointing the
fibers. But the after 10 years, the fiber loss came down to 5 dB km−1
and suitable technique was invented for fiber jointing.
In parallel with the development of the fiber waveguide, attention
was also focused on the other optical components which would
constitute the optical fiber communication system. Significant
improvements were made by 1977.

Direct modulation of semiconductor lasers at 2.5 Gbit s−1 over

single-mode fiber transmission distances up to 200 km at a
wavelength of 1.55 μm could be achieved and this may be extended
up to 10 Gbit s−1.

The lowest silica glass fiber losses to date of 0.1484 dB km−1 were
reported in 2002 for the other longer wavelength window at 1.57
μm but, unfortunately, chromatic dispersion is greater at this
wavelength, thus limiting the maximum bandwidth achievable with
conventional single-mode fiber.
Development of in-line optical amplifier called Erbium-doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) in 1986 came a mile-stone in optical fiber system in
increasing the link length.
Advanced digital signal processing and multilevel modulation
proved efficient in coherent optical system with higher spectral
efficiency by 2007.
The implementation of a wide range of conventional fiber
components (splices, connectors, couplers, etc.) and active
optoelectronic devices (sources, detectors, amplifiers, etc.) has
also moved to a stage of maturity.
High-performance, reliable optical fiber communication systems
and networks are therefore now widely deployed within the
worldwide telecommunication network and in many more
localized communication application areas.
1.2 The general system

(a) The general communication system.

(b) The optical fiber communication system

Fig. 1.3 A digital optical fiber link using a semiconductor laser source
and an avalanche photodiode detector (APD)
1.3 Advantages of optical fiber communication
The advances in the technology to date have surpassed even the
most optimistic predictions, creating additional advantages in this
system. The merits and special features offered by it over electrical
communications proved to be far advantageous.
(a) Enormous potential bandwidth. The optical carrier (around
1014 Hz) yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth than
metallic cable systems. By the year 2000, the typical bandwidth-
length product for an optical fiber link incorporating fiber amplifiers
was 5000 GHz km in comparison with the typical bandwidth–length
product for coaxial cable of around 100 MHz km. Hence, optical
fiber was already demonstrating a factor of 50 000 bandwidth
improvement over coaxial cable. Wavelength division multiplexed
operation offers the potential for a fiber bandwidth that is even high
of that obtained using copper cables or a wideband radio system.
(b) Small size and weight. Optical fibers have very small
diameters which are often no greater than the diameter of a
human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with
protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than
corresponding copper cables.

(c) Electrical isolation. Optical fibers which are fabricated

from glass, or sometimes a plastic polymer, are electrical
insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic counterparts,
they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. It is
ideally suited for communication in electrically hazardous
environments as they are insulators.
(d) Immunity to interference and crosstalk. Optical fibers form
a dielectric waveguide and are therefore free from electromagnetic
interference (EMI), radio-frequency interference (RFI), or switching
transients giving electromagnetic pulses (EMPs). The fiber cable is
also not susceptible to lightning strikes if used overhead rather than
underground. It is fairly easy to ensure that there is no optical
interference between fibers and hence, unlike communication using
electrical conductors, crosstalk is negligible.
(e) Signal security. The light from optical fibers does not radiate
significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal
security. Unlike the situation with copper cables, a transmitted
optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive
manner. Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message
signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is
obviously attractive for military, banking and general data
transmission applications.
(f) Low transmission loss. Optical fiber cables which exhibit very
low attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best
copper conductors. Fibers have been fabricated with losses as low as
0.15 dB km−1 . It facilitates the implementation of communication
links with extremely wide optical repeater or amplifier spacing. This
property has provided a totally compelling case for the adoption of
optical fiber communications in the majority of long-haul
telecommunication applications, replacing not only copper cables,
but also satellite communications.
(g) Ruggedness and flexibility. Although protective coatings are
essential, optical fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile
strengths. The fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted
without damage. Cable structures have been developed which have
proved flexible, compact and extremely rugged. These optical fiber
cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation,
handling and installation to corresponding copper cables.
(h) System reliability and ease of maintenance. With the low-
loss property of optical fiber cables, fewer optical repeaters or
amplifiers are required and the system reliability is generally
enhanced in comparison with electrical conductor systems.
Furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is no longer a
problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years. Both these
factors tend to reduce maintenance time and costs.
(i) Potential low cost. The glass which generally provides the
optical fiber transmission medium is made from sand that is not a
scarce resource. So, in comparison with copper conductors, optical
fibers offer the potential for low-cost communication. The costs of
high-performance semiconductor lasers and detector photodiodes
are still relatively high, but considering their long life time, the
average cost is less.
Thank You