WRE Unit-4

Unit
By-Jitesh
Jitesh Kumar
 Minor irrigation project:-
Minor irrigation projects are classified into three types:-
types:
1) Bandhara
2) percolation tank
3) Lift irrigation
1. Bandhara:-
Bandhara project is a minor irrigation project suitable for u
2000 hectare.
Bandhara is similar to weir, which is constructed across a s
stream to raise the water level on the upstream side to div
the water toward canal.
It is constructed with brick masonry or stone masonry wit
crest.
The crest width varies from approx 1 to 3m.
 Advantages of Bandhara irrigation:-
irrigation
) Construction cost of these project are low.
) Canal lengths are smaller, Ss transit losses are lower and henc
irrigation efficiency is high.
i) Method and process of construction is simple.
v) Site not suitable for dams, can be used for construction of a
number of Bandharas.
Disadvantages:-
) If more water is available for irrigation, it cannot be used
effectively.
) If Bandhara is not constructed on perennial river, their is
uncertainty of supply.
i) If more number of bandhara is constructed on a river, people
the downstream side may be affected.
 Site section for Bandhara project:-
project
For an ideal Bandhara site following requirements are the
River/water stream should be perennial.
Suitable and good foundation should be available.
Selected site should be such that, it provides irrigation on
banks through canal form both side.
Site should be on the upstream side of the steep bed slop
 Component parts and layout of Bandhara irrigation
project:-
1) Bandhara and scour hole
2) screening wall and outlet
3) flood bank
4) canal and lining wall
1). Bandhara and scour hole:-
hole:
Before construction of permanent (pucca) bandhara, w
prefer to construct temporary (kaccha) bandhara.
Later depending on performance, requirement, suitab
and stability, these kaccha bandhara is converted into
bandhara.
Pucca bandhara is of two types :-:
a) solid Bandhara
b) open Bandhara
The height of Bandhara may vary from approx 1.5 to 3.5 m an
width 1.5 to 3 m.
Scour hole:-
Diameter of these hole are approx 20cm to 50cm.
Heavy and coarse silt particles passes through these holes tow
downstream side.
These holes are opened during rainy season only, because ru
more and silt content in runoff is more in rainy season.
Scour hole remains closed in other season.
 Screen wall and outlet:-
These walls are constructed at an angle of 90 to 120 degree to
Bandhara on upstream side
Outlet is provided in this wall with a steel gate. Water flow in th
canal is control with this gate.
Flood bank:-
It is an embankment which prevents flooding of adjacent areas
river.
Note:- Apron is constructed/extended up the point where their
slope for erosion.
Temporary Bandhara:-it it is constructed by temporary brick work
temporary stone work or tree trunk with earth and stone etc.
 Percolation tank (Indirect irrigation) :-
Percolation tanks are small scale earthen dams with
masonry structure.
The purpose of the percolation tank is to recharge the
ground water storage and hence seepage below bed is
permissible.
Water is stored on upstream side by constructing small
bunds at suitable locations.
Water Stored on u/s percolates through the pores and
the underground water table. Thus increase the water
in wells in d/s.
This water is easily used by farmers for irrigation purpo
a indirect way.
 Advantage of percolation tank:-
tank
1) Project cost is less.
2) Method and process of construction is simple
3) Skilled labour and heavy machineries are not
required.
4) Sites not suitable for other types of irrigation
project can be used for this type of projects.
 Disadvantages of percolation tank:-
tank
1) Water percolated in u/s bund may not join water t
it may run parallel to ground water table and joins
away from area of irrigation.
2) Efficiency of percolation tank is less compared to o
irrigation projects.
3) Investigation is costly, because we need to check t
seepage properties of the soil in command area.
 Site selection for percolation tank :-
Following requirements are their for percolatio
tank site :-
(i) Availability of pervious bed.
(ii) Materials & labours should be available near
(iii) Site should have sufficient discharge
(iv) sufficient no. of wells in the downstream side
 Lift irrigation :-
it is a method of irrigation in which water is not
transported by natural flow but it lifted with pump
other mechanical means (artificial means).
It is useful when area to be irrigated is at a higher l
than other water sources (canal, dam, reservoir, w
etc).
Distribution is done under the effect of gravity.
 Advantages of lift irrigation :-
i) Made irrigation possible even at higher elevation
ii) Water losses are less.
iii) Land acquisition problem is less.
iv) Isolated development is possible & more people
get advantages from irrigation.
 Disadvantages of lift irrigation :-
(i) Need for complex pumping & power equipmen
(ii) Low availability of power supply makes it unreli
(iii) High operating cost & need if skilled persons.
(iv) If lifting is done from well, we may get less
discharge in dry seasons.
 Necessity of lift irrigation :-
Lift irrigation is necessary for following reasons :-
:
(i) When area to be irrigated is at higher level tha
water surface.
(ii) When rainfall is uncertain & inadequate.
(iii) Where certain area have been left out of irriga
facilities due to their higher elevation.
 Component parts of lift irrigation :-
:
(i) Intake channel
(ii) Inlet well
(iii) Jack well
(iv) Inlet pipe
(v) Engine house
(vi) Raising main (discharge carrying pipe/ delivery main pipe)
(vii) Delivery chamber
(viii) Water distribution system
(ix) Pumping machinery
(i) Intake channel/ river:-
It is primary source of water. Water used in lift irrigation is t
from this source.
(ii) Inlet chamber/ Well
It is a circular or rectangular chamber constructed near ban
the river.
It has openings in different directions & at different levels f
entry of water into the chamber.
Openings are provided with steel wire mesh to prevent ent
floating matters, sand or silt particles.
ii) Jack well :-
Water from inlet chamber brings into jack well through in
pipe. It allows pumping of water.
Top of jack well is kept above H.F.L.
Diameter of jack well is kept approx. 3.65m to 4.5m.
v) Inlet pipe :-
It conveys water from inlet well to jack well.
It is fixed at a proper gradient.
It is provided with a valve to control discharge.
v) Engine house/ pumping house
It is constructed on the top of jack well for pumps, motor & eng
etc.
vi) Rising Main
It is built to carry the pumped water.
vii) Delivery Chamber :-
Water from rising main is collected into delivery chamber.
After that it is allowed to flow in field ditches of water distribut
systems.
viii) Water distribution system :-
Canal system designed to carry the water from delivery chamb
the field.
 Well Irrigation(lift irrigation)
Well irrigation is largely used for growing crops.
At present lift irrigation covers about 1/3 rd of to
irrigated area of India.
In this method, water is at a lower level than the
area to be irrigated & hence water is required to
pumped or lifted by some lifting devices.
Wells are of two types namely open wells and t
wells.. Out of these two, tube well irrigation has
become common in India.
Open wells
An open well is dug into the ground & usually circular in shape.
It is of fairly big diameter 1.5m to 5m.
It draws water from upper-mostmost aquifer.
The economically practical depth of open well is about 30 m be
the ground.
The well may be dug in alluvial or non-alluvial
non soil.
In alluvial soils, the supply of water from it is more.
It may be lined with bricks from inside.
Location of wells
A well should be as far as possible located in the centre of
area to be irrigated, so that the distance from it to the field
be minimum & losses will also be minimum.
t should be on the highest ground so that water may reach
parts of the field .
t should be sufficiently away from other neighour wells (ab
100 to 200m). The spacing depends upon the nature of soil
depth of sub-soil water.
 Yield of an open well
The safe rate of withdrawal of water of an op
well depends upon the permissible draw-dow
draw
head.
Draw-down
down head is the difference b/w the wa
level inside the well while pumping at steady
& the water table outside the well.
Hydraulics of flow into wells :-
:
The yield of a well is proportional to the depth of penetra
of well in water bearing layer.
The yield increases rapidly with the coarseness of particle
the water bearing layer.
The yield is proportional to the depression head.
The diameter of well has a little significance on the discha
of well.
The yield decreases with the interference of the adjoining
wells.
Shallow & deep well
A shallow well takes the water from the soil over an
impervious strata (aquifer). It may not necessarily be sha
This water is likely to be contaminated by rain water
percolating in the vicinity.
The water of deep well is from the strata below the
impervious layer. It does not likely to be contaminated. A
deep well may actually be shallower than a shallow well.
The shallow and deep well have no significance in irrigati
but in water supply for drinking purposes.
Tube Wells
Discharge from open well is generally limited to 5
liters/sec. Mechanical pumping of small discharges
available in a shallow open wells is not economical
To obtain large discharge economically, tube well is
suitable. Tube well consists of a long pipe or tube w
is bored deep into the ground intercepting one or m
water bearing strata.
 Circumstances under which Tube Wells Recommen
) Availability of suitable water bearing strata.
) Availability of cheap electricity.
) Demand for irrigation throughout the year.
) The area around the well should intensively cultiva
) The water of tube well should be suitable for irriga
It should be free from alkaline salts which are injur
Advantages of Well Irrigation
It is under the owner's control and the well may be dug w
desired.
It permits isolated areas to be irrigated.
) It helps lowering of sub-soil
soil water level and thereby assist
drainage of irrigated land, which might become water logg
) It enables perennial and hot weather crops to be grown.
In cold weather it supplies water which is warmer and in h
weather, the supply is cooler. The water is thus more agree
to the crops.
) It economies the use of water.
 Disadvantages of Well Irrigation
i) Working expenses are so high that the returns attaine
from it are not justifiable.
ii) Water from well has to be lifted.
iii) The water in the well is static and therefore, it is free
suspended silt. Water carrying silt together with some
useful suspended salts is very useful for the crops. We
water lacks in this respect.
iv) Availability of water from the wells depends on groun
water storage.
Comparison/ Difference b/w Lift irrigation &
canal Irrigation
Comparison/ Difference b/w Surface irrigati
& Lift Irrigation
 Advantages of Lift irrigation over surface irrigation
(1) Farmers can irrigate their field as per requireme
and they have control on supply.
(2) Optimum use of water is possible.
(3) Lift irrigation reduces chances of water logging.
(4) It can be implemented at any desired place.