Water Resource Engg.

-2
Engg.
By-Jitesh
itesh Kumar
 • WATER REQUIREMENT OF CROPS
Different crops grows in different season and eac
crop requires different quantity of water i.e. Wat
required from the time it is shown till it is harves
Same crop may have different water requiremen
different places of the same country
Water requirements of crop depends on climate
types of soil, method of cultivation and rainfall e
 Crop season
• Two main crop season are there:-
there:
• Rabi season (Oct- Feb)
• Kharif season (June -Oct)
bi season (Oct- Feb):-
ps which grow in rabi season are called as Rabi crops
bi crops are also called winter crops
mple wheat, potato, gram, etc.

arif season ( June -Oct) :-

ps which grown in Kharif season are called as kharif crops
arif season / crops are also called summer crops
mple rice cotton bajra etc.
Crop period :- it is the period (in days ) from the insta
of showing of crops to the instant of its harvesting.
Base period :- the time between the first watering of
at the time of its showing to its last watering before
harvesting
Note :- Crop period is slightly more than base period
but for all particles purpose they are taken as same.
Delta and Duty :-
Delta(∆) :-
The total depth of water in cm required by crop to come
maturity is called its delta (∆)

Duty (D) :-
The duty of water is the relationship between the volum
water and the area of crop it matured.
It means the area of land (in hectare) irritated for full gro
of given crop by a water supply of 1 m³/sec continuously
during the base period of the crop.
Relationship b/w Duty & Delta
 Factor affecting duty:-
duty:
• 1) types of crop
• 2) climate and season
• 3) useful rainfall
• 4) types of soil
• 5) efficiency of cultivation method
1) Types of crop :-
Different crops have different water requirements and hence th
for them are different
duty will be less for a crop requiring more water and vice versa.
2) Climate and season :-
Duty includes the water losses in evaporation and percolation. T
losses vary with the season and hence duty also vary from seaso
season & also from time to time in the same season.
3) Useful rainfall :-
More the useful rainfall, less will be the requirements of irrigatio
water and hence duty will be more of irrigation water.
4) Types of soil:-
If soil Is more permeable,, percolation will be more and he
duty will be less and vice versa.
5) Efficiency of cultivation method:-
method:
It is the cultivation method is faulty and less efficient, it re
into more wastage of water and hence duty of water will
less and vice versa.
 Methods to improve duty:-
Following methods are adopted.
) Percolation in field preparation and sowing:-
sowing:
Land to be use for cultivation should be levelled.
The field should be properly ploughed for the required depth.
Improved modern cultivation method should be adopted.
Relation of crop should be preferred.
preferred
)By lining of canal and other water structures.
)By optimum supply of water
 Some important definitions :-
1) Kor watering :- The first watering given to a crop , when the cro
few cm high is called kor watering.
• The first watering given to the crop after its sowing is called kor
watering.
• Usually this water is given in a specified period , which is called
period .
• The depth of water supplied in kor watering is called kor depth
• Kor water depth for rice :- 19cm
• Kor water depth for wheat :-13.5
13.5 cm
2) Paleo irrigation :- Some times in the initial stage before th
crop is sown, the land is very dry. So for proper sowing of
crops , soil is moistured with water . This is known as pale
irrigation.
3) Kharif- Rabi ratio :- The area to be irrigated for rabi crop i
more than that for kharif crop.
• The ratio of area to be irrigated in kharif season to that in
season is called kharif-rabi
rabi ratio.
• This ratio is generally 1:2
• It is also known as crop ratio.
4) Cash crop :- The crop which has to be encashed in the
market for processing is called as cash crop.
• It can not be consumed directly by the farmers.
• Example :- cotton Tobacco, Sugarcane, Tea, coffee, opiu
etc .
Rotation of crop :-
If a farmer plants the same crop in the same place every year , he
continuously draws the same nutrients.
Pests and disease make their permanent home, as their preferred food
sources is guaranteed.
So, increased level of chemical fertilizers and pesticides become necess
for higher production of crop while keeping bugs and diseases at distan
The method of growing different crops in rotation , one after the anoth
the same field is called rotation of crop.
The rotation of crop helps in extracting different food from the soil , an
avoiding the general deficiency of any particular types of elements.
Following rotation of crop may be adopted :- :
Example :- rice-gram, Cotton-gramgram-jwar
 Gross command area :-
• It is the total area bounded within the irrigation bounda
a project .
• It is irrigated through canal system.
• It includes the cultivable as well as uncultivable area .
• Uncultivable area :- Road ,ponds, forest, etc
Cultivable command area :-It It is the cultivable part of G.C.
which cultivation is possible.
Obviously it does not include uncultivable part of G.C.A.
C.C.A < G.C.A
It is the absence of data, C.C.A may be assumed to be equ
80% of G.C.A.
C.C.A = 80% of G.C.A
• Irrigable command area (I.C.A) :- It is that part of C.C.A
which irrigation facility is given .

• Intensity of The Irrigation :-Percentage of C.C.A propos

be irrigated in a given season is called intensity of irriga
of that season or seasonal intensity of irrigation.
irrigation
• The percentage of C.C.A. which may be irrigated annu
called annual intensity irrigation.
ypes of irrigation
here are two types of irrigation:-
irrigation:
urface irrigation
ub surface irrigation

urface irrigation are of two types :-

:
ow irrigation
ft irrigation
Flow Irrigation :- Water available at higher level is supplied to low
level due to gravity.
Lift Irrigation :- Water is supplied for irrigation by lifting up the w
using mechanical or manual system.

There are two types of flow irrigation :-

:
Perennial irrigation
Flood irrigation

Perennial irrigation :- Constant and Continuous water is supplied

per crop requirements through out the crop period.
Flood irrigation:-Flood
Flood irrigation is possible only when there is fl
Irrigation structures are not required in this type of irrigation.
There are two types of perennial irrigation :
Direct irrigation
Storage irrigation

Direct irrigation :- Water is directly taken from river (perennial river) by

constructing a weir or barrage and diverting this water towards canal.
Storage irrigation :- Dam or storage weir is constructed across the river
store water during dry season. Water is supplied through structures as p
requirement.

There are two types of sub surface irrigation :-

Natural sub surface irrigation
Artificial sub surface irrigation
• Natural sub surface irrigation :- water leaked from cana
channel, etc goes underground and passes through the s
soil.
• It irrigated the crop by capillarity .
• Artificial sub surface irrigation :- Perforated or open join
pipes (or drains) are artificially laid below the soil to sup
water by capillarity.
• Surface irrigation :- when water is supplied and distribu
over the soil surface by gravity.
chniques of water distribution in the farms:-
e irrigation water can be distributed efficiently to the farms
eral ways like as:-
e flooding
rder flooding
eck flooding
sin flooding
row flooding
inkler irrigation
p irrigation
NOTE :- The types of method chosen for the
irrigation depends on the soil texture, land
contour, types of crops and slope of the land
 Free flooding :- In this method ditches are excavated in the lan
• From the main supply ditches, water is supplied to the subsidia
lateral contour ditches.
• These ditches are constructed either along the contour or belo
slope of the area.
• Water from the lateral ditches is allowed to flow freely
without any control.
• This method is also called as ordinary flooding/wild flooding.
• These lateral itches are spaced at about 20 m to 50 m apart.
• This method is best suitable for crops that are closely cultivated
Border flooding :- In this method, land is divided into
several strips of width 10 m to 20 m and length of 10
to 400 m.
Each strip is separated by a border or levees.
To prevent water from concentration on either side o
the border, the land should be levelled perpendicula
the flow.
The water is made to flow from the supply ditch into
each strip through gate operated openings. Water flo
slowly toward the lower end of a strip and infiltrates
into the soil.
Check flooding :- It is similar to ordinary flooding exce
that water is controlled by low and Flat levees
around the check area .
leaves are constructed along the contour.
These leaves are connected with cross levees at
suitable Places.
The confined area where is between 0.2 to 0.8 hectar
The check area is filled with water at slightly higher ra
and allowed to stand until the water infiltrates.
suitable for more permeable soil.
Basin flooding :- it is a special type of check
flooding and especially used for
the orchard trees.
In this type of surface irrigation, water is direc
and rapid apply at a uniform rate.
 Furrow irrigation:- In this method only one fifth to the
half of the land surface moist with water, while as in ot
methods, irrigation water covers the whole area.
• furrows are made between rows of plants.
• Furrows are narrow field ditches that carry water with
length of 400 m and a depth of 0.8 to 30 cm.
• Furrow s are used for row crops.
• example:- potato, sunflower, pea, Maize etc.
• Long length of furrows may result in high water at uppe
end and less water on the down slope/end
due to percolation.
• It results in Less evaporation and less puddling of soil.
Sprinkler irrigation method :- It is a method of applying irrigatio
water in a manner similar to rainfall.
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping.
It is then sprayed into air and irrigate the entire area through sprinkler.
It efficiently covers small to large area.
It is suitable for all types of soil.
In following conditions sprinkler method is preferred :-
when land topography is irregular
when land gradient is steeper (dhalan)
when the land soil is excessive permeable
when water is available with difficulty
when the need of water for the crop is less
Advantages of sprinkler method
Seepage losses completely eliminated
Water logging is prevented
Land levelling is not required
No agriculture land is lost from making ditches
Less number of labour is required
Up to 80% efficiency can be achieved
Disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation
Initial cost is more
Skilled labour is required for operating piping system
Electricity is required
Drip irrigation :- it is also called as trickle irrigation.
It is suitable for places where there is scarcity of wat
and other soil problems.
In this method, water is slowly and directly applied
the root zone of the plant.
A network of pipes (head, main, sub main, lateral, d
nozzle) is established, water comes out from drop no
uniformly and at a slow rate.
Drop nozzles are fixed on lateral pipes, which are pla
at an interval of about 0.2 m to 1 m. Water is dischar
at a small rate of 2 litre/hour to 10 litre/hour..
 Assessment of irrigation water :-
:
1. Volumetric assessment :-:
• Charges are fixed on actual volume of water suppli
outlet head.
• For this purpose, water meters are installed at the
outlets in canal system .
• It is one of the best method for economical use of
water in field which prevents over irrigation by farm
2. Assessment on area basis :-
Charges are fixed on actual area which is under
irrigation .
Points on which this assumption is made are :-
:
Cash value of the crop
Crop paying capacity
Water requirement of crop
Time and demand of irrigation
The charges are fixed crop wise
. Assessment on seasonal basis :-
:
Assessment is based on the type of crop grow
in that area in crop season.

. Permanent basis :-
The farmer pays a fixed rate every year
irrespective of the fact weather they use can
water or not.
Difference between assessment of water
revenue on Area basis V/s Volumetric basis
 AREA BASIS
harges are fixed on the Actual area
igated.
ossibilities of excess use and
astage of water.
No discharge measuring device are
quired.
kill staff is not required.
nitial cost is less
VOLUMETRIC BASIS
•Charges fixed on the volume of th
water used.
•Optimum use of water.
•Discharge measuring device are
required.
•Skilled staff is required.
•Initial cost is high due to installat
water metre.
 Area-Capacity Curve
The area capacity curve is useful in :-
:
1. Deciding capacity of reservoir
2. Water spread of reservoir
3. Elevation of water at any point can be calculated
4. Determining control levels of dam
How to interpret various parameters from this curve :-
Area-capacity
capacity curve is a curve in which two curves are plotted
graph having area(in hectares) of water spread & reservoir cap
plotted at X & y axis respectively.
The area curve gives information about area under submergen
useful in determining control level of dam.
The capacity curve provides the information about capacity of
reservoir which is useful in deciding capacity of reservoir.
From the contour map of reservoir area, the water spread of th
reservoir at any elevation is directly determined by measuring
at that contour with the help of planimeter.
• The capacity may be determined by taking contour
areas at equal intervals & summing up these areas
following methods :-
Trapezoidal formula
Prismoidal formula