North South University

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering
Quiz# 02

Student name: Avijit saha

Student ID No: 1430899625

Course teacher: Professor Dr. Md. Rafiqul Hoque (Rqq)

Section: 01

Course name & code: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (CEE 467)

Date: 07/08/2020
1. Describe in brief, the ‘Base’ ‘Duty’ and ‘Delta’. Establish a Mathematical Relation
between them.

Answer:

Base Period: Base Period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time when
irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground for planting the crop, to its last watering
before harvesting.

Duty: The term duty means the area of land that can be irrigated with unit volume of irrigation water.
Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit. It is the relation the between the area of a crop
irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire period of the growth of that
crop. For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown in an area of 5100
hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3 = 1700 hectares/cumecs, and the discharge of 3
cumecs will be required throughout the base period.

Delta: It is the total depth of the water required by a crop during the entire period the crop is in the
field and is denoted by the symbol ∆. For example, if a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval
of 10 days, and a water depth of 10 cm. If the area under the crop is A hectares, the total quantity will
be 1.20 X A = 1.2 A hectare-metres in a period of 120 days.

Relation between Duty and Delta

D= duty in hectares/cumec
∆= total depth of water supplied in metres
B= base period in days
i. If we take a field of area D hectares, water supplied to the field corresponding to the water depth ∆
metres will be = ∆ x D hectares-metres = D x ∆ x10 4 cubic-metres. .... (1)

ii. Again for the same field of D hectares, one cumec of water is required to flow during the entire
base period. Hence, water supplied to this field. = (1) x (B x 24 x 60 x 60) m 3 .... (2)

Equating Equations (1) and (2), we get D x ∆ x 10 4 = B x 24 x 60 x 60

∆ = (B×24×60×60)/D×104
=(8.64×B)/D metres.

1 hectare = 10,000 m2
cumec-day = 8.64 hectare-metres
2. Describe in short, the Factors the factors affecting, ’Duty’. What are methods of
improving ‘Duty’?

Answer:

Factors Affecting Duty of Water

The Factors Affecting Duty of Water in Irrigation are described below:

• Soil Characteristics: If the soil of the canal bed is porous and coarse grained, it leads to more
seepage loss and consequently low duty. If it consists of alluvial soil, the percolation loss will be less
and the soil retains the moisture for longer period and consequently the duty will be high.

• Climatic Condition: When the temperature of the command area is high the evaporation loss is
more and the duty becomes low and vice versa.

• Rainfall: If rainfall is sufficient during the crop period, the duty will be more and vice versa.

• Base Period: When the base period is longer, the water requirement will be more and the duty will
be low and vice versa.

• Type of Crop: The water requirement for various crops is different. So the duty varies from crop to
crop.

• Topography of Agricultural Land: If the land is uneven the duty will be low. As the ground slope
increases the duty decreases because there is wastage of water.

• Method of Ploughing: Proper deep ploughing which is done by tractors requires overall less
quantity of water and hence the duty is high.

• Methods of Irrigation: The duty of water is high in case of perennial irrigation system as compared
to that in inundation irrigation system.

• Water Tax: If some tax is imposed the farmer will use the water economically thus increasing the
duty.
Methods of Improving Duty:

Various methods of improving duty are:

 Proper Ploughing
 Methods of supplying water: The method of supplying water to the agriculture land should be
decided according to the field and soil conditions. For example,

 Furrow method For crops sown ion rows

 Contour method For hilly areas
 Basin For orchards
 Flooding For plain lands

 Canal Lining
 Quality of water
 Crop rotation

 Implementation of Tax

5. What do you mean by Consumptive use of water? Describe the methods of determining
Consumptive use of water?

Answer:
Consumptive use of water: Water requirement of crop is the total quantity of water from the time
the crop is sown to the time it is harvested. This water requirement may vary from crop to crop, from
soil to soil and period to period. Water required to meet the demand of evapotranspiration and
metabolic activities of the crop to-geather is known as consumptive use (CU) of water.

Methods of determining Consumptive use of water:

Lysimeter method: Cu is determined by irrigating a small plot with no lateral inflow. Cu is the
difference of water applied and that collected through pervious bottom and collected in pan/bottle.

Field experimental plots: A more dependable method. Water application with no runoff and deep
percolation Usual trend: initially, yield increases with application then, yield decreases Irrigation vs.
yield is plotted. Optimum Cu is breaking/peak point of the curve.

Soil moisture studies: suited where soil is faily uniform & GW is deep soil moisture measured
before and after each irrigation. water consumed per day is calculated rate of use vs. time is plotted
6. Define the following terms:

a) Salinity: Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is
known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by
natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also
come about through artificial processes such as irrigation.

Alkalinity: soils are clay soils with high pH, a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity is
called Alkali or alkaline. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 meter depth.

b) Water Conveyance Efficiency: It is the ratio of the water delivered into the fields from the outlet
point of the channel, to the water pumped into the channel at the starting point. It takes the
conveyance or transit losses into account.

c) Water Application Efficiency: It is the ratio of the quantity of water stored into the root zone of
the crops to the quantity of water delivered into the field. It may also be termed as farm efficiency, as
it takes into account the water lost in the farm.

d) Water Use Efficiency: It is the ratio of the water beneficially used, including leaching water, to
the quantity of water delivered.
3. An Irrigation channel is to be designed for irrigating 4000 hectares in the ‘Kharif’
season and 3000 hectares in ‘Rabi’ season. The water requirements for ‘Kharif' and
‘Raby’ seasons are 70cm and 30 cm respectively. The Base period for Kharif is 5 weeks
and for Raby is 6 weeks. Determine the discharge of the channel for which it is to be
designed.
So, the channel is to be designed for the maximum discharge of 9.26 cumec, because this discharge
capacity of the channel will be able to supply water to both the seasons.