Extensive Survey Camp PDF

EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT
1. INTRODUCTION
This extensive survey project is conducted to acquire a practical

knowledge and application of theory and over come the difficulties that
could arise in field during surveying. We also learn the use of different
survey instrument and to develop the team spirit at work. It also helps to
develop the confidence in handling of survey project. We conducted survey
for a new tank project, Highway project, water supply scheme and sewerage
project. This survey is conducted at S.S Ghati located at Honnenahalli
which is 56 Km away from Bangalore.
1.1 Objects of Extensive Survey Camp:
In order to acquire a sound knowledge of both theory and in practical

way and also the difficulties that could arise during surveying.
The object of this survey project is as follows:-
1. To impart training in the use of survey instruments and to acquire a

comprehensive idea of the project.
2. To train the students under difficult and realistic situation of the

surveying project.
3. To develop team spirit in practical work.
4. To impart confidence in the management of the survey project.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

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1.2 Technical aspects of a project:
The design and construction of any project such as dam, road

alignment requires a thorough investigation of the site as regards to its
stability and feasibility. The preliminary investigation starts from the
reconnaissance work, study of top sheets, proposal of alternate sites etc.
The second stage work of investigation includes the survey work at the
site in order to collect the data necessary for the design of project elements,
preparation of drawings, estimates etc. the office work is confined to the
designs, drawings and estimates of the project.
1.3 Historical background of the place:
The famous Sri.Ghati Subramanya temple is located at the limit of

Honnenahalli of Doddaballapura taluk, Bangalore district. It is 56 km. away
from Bangalore with good transportation facilities from all round the corners
of the state
The temple comes under the jurisdiction of Muzrai of Revenue

department. The temple is an ancient one, which is believed to be 80 years
old. The famous cart festival including cattle fair is also held every year.
2.0 STUDY OF TOPO SHEET
This sheet gives the topographical features of the locality like

alignment of a railway line, roadway, streams and its distributaries and
permanent structures located in that locality. This map helps in selecting the
site for a new tank and also gives clear picture of transportation to the
proposed area in proposed site for the transportation of men and material for
their construction. From this we can know the approximate catchment area
of site. This map has to be study before reconnaissance survey.

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2.1 Calculation of yield at site.
The catchment area of proposed New Tank determined from the toposheet is
14 Km2.
The rainfall of a bad year is always taken as 2/3 of mean amount of rainfall.
Average annual rainfall for Doddaballapur area from Meteorological

department data is 80 cms.
Bad year rainfall is 2/3 of 80cm = 53cms.
Runoff coefficient is usually assumed as 15 % to 20%
Assuming as 20%
Annual Yield = 20 x 53cm = 10.6 cms
100
Yield from catchment (14X106) x 10.6 cum/year
100
= 1.48 X 106 cum/year.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION FOR IRRIGATION
Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water

to soil for rising crops. India is basically an agricultural country and its
economy depends to a great extent on the agricultural output. Water is
evidently the most vital element in the plant life. Water is normally supplied
to the plants by nature through rains.
However, the total rainfall in a particular area may be either

insufficient or ill timed. In order to get the maximum yield, it is essential to
supply the optimum quantity of water and to maintain correct timing of
watering. This is possible only through a systematic irrigation system that
is Collecting water during the periods of excess rainfall and releasing it to
the crop as and when required.
The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following four points:
Less rainfall:
When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial
supply of water is necessary. In such a case, irrigation system should be
developed at the place where more water is available and then, the means to
convey water to the area where there is deficiency.
Non-uniform rainfall:
The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the

crop period. During the early periods of the crop rains may be there, but no
water may be available at the end, with the result, that either, the yield may
be less or the crop may wither. But the accumulated or stored water during
the excess rainfall period may be supplied to the crop during the period
when there may be no rainfall, but there is a need for watering.

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Commercial crop with additional water:
The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the

usual crops, but more water may be necessary for raising commercial or
cash crops, in addition to increasing the annual output by adopting multiple
cropping patterns distributed throughout the year.
Controlled water supply:
By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be

increased. Application of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation
serves the following purpose:
 It adds water to the soil to supply moisture essential for the plant
growth.
 It washes out all diluted salts in the soil.
 It reduces the hazard of soil piping.
3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION
Duty:
Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the

relation between the area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation
water required during the entire period of growth of that crop.
For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown

in an area of 5100 hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3 =
1700 hectares/cumec, and the discharge of 3 cumecs will be required
throughout the base period.

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Delta:
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire
period from the day of sowing to harvesting.
For example, if a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10

days and a water depth of 10 cm in every watering then the delta for that
crop will be 12x10 = 120 cm = 1.2 m. If the area under that crop is A
hectares, the total quantity will be 1.2 x A = 1.2A hectare-meters in a period
of 120 days.
Crop period:
Crop period is the time, in days, that a crop takes from the instant of
its sowing to its harvesting.
Base period:
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from
the time of first watering for sowing the crop, to the last watering before
harvesting.
The duty of water is reckoned in the following four ways:
 By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during

the base period, i.e., 1700 hectares per cumecs.
 By total depth of water, i.e., 1.20 meters.
 By number of hectares that can be irrigated by a million cubic meter
of stored water. This system is also used for tank irrigation.
 By the number of hectare meters expended per hectare irrigated. This
is also used in tank irrigation.

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Relation between duty (D), delta (D) and base period (B) in metric
system
Let there be a crop of base period b days. Let one cumec of water be
applied to this crop on the field for B days.
Now, the volume of water applied to this crop during B days (V)
V = (1x60x60x24)m3
= 86,400 (cubic meter)
By definition of duty (D), one cubic meter supplied for B days matures D
hectares of land.
Therefore this quantity of water (V) matures D hectares of land or 104 D

square meters of area.
Total depth of water applied on this land
= Volume/Area
= 86,400 B/104 D meters
= 8.64 B/D meters
By definition, this total depth of water is called delta (D).
Therefore
D = 8.64 B/D meters
Or
D = 864 B/D cm.
Where, D is in cm or m, B in days, and D is duty in hectares/cumec.

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Cultivable commanded area:
The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land,

alkaline soil, local ponds, villages and other areas as habitation. These areas
are known as uncultivable areas. The remaining area on which crops can
be grown satisfactorily is known as cultivable commanded area. The
cultivable commanded area can be further classified as cultivable cultivated
area and cultivable uncultivated area.
Gross commended area:
An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage

valleys. The canal usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from
it, on both side, due to gravitational action only up-to drainage boundaries.
Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the irrigation can be
done only up-to the drainage boundaries, which can be commanded or
irrigated by a canal system.
Cultivable commanded area:
The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land,

alkaline soil, local ponds, villages and other areas as habitation. These areas
are known as uncultivable areas. The remaining area on which crops
growth, including water consumed by accompanying week growth.
Gross commanded area:
An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage

valleys. The canal usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from
it, on both sides, due to gravitational action only up-to drainage boundaries.
Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the irrigation can be
done only up-to the drainage boundaries. The gross commanded area is
thus the total area lying between drainage boundaries, which can be
commanded or irrigated by a canal system.

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Consumptive use:
Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water by a crop is

the depth of water consumed by evaporation & transpiration during the crop
growth, including water consumed by accompanying weed growth.
3.2 INVESTIGATION FOR A NEW TANK PROJECT
The design and construction of any dam whether earthen masonry or

concrete has to be preceded by a thorough investigation to select the most
suitable and economical site. The thoroughness of the investigation depends
upon the size of the project.
3.3 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Before taking up a detailed survey of project, it is essential to carry out

considerable reconnaissance work. The topo sheet study of the probable
project area gives possible sites in that area and the catchment area of the
site. This reconnaissance survey was carried out by us the day before we
started the actual survey. During this survey, we decided the site for the
construction of bund, weir & canal alignment. Using chain or tape rough
data regarding the level and the length of the dam are collected. The
preliminary investigation should include.
1. A rough levelling work to give the topography of the site.
2. A study of the rocky out crop and a few boring is done to note the nature
of the foundation.
3. Availability of construction materials such as Earth and good quarry etc.
4. Nature and extent of land, roads, bridges, etc. that would be submerged by
the construction of the dam.
5. Benefit the dam would give to the people.
6. Collection of hydrological data like rainfall, floods discharge etc.
7. Facility for discharging the floodwater.

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Keeping the above points in view, a thorough study was done were the final
choice of the site was made.
3.4 FACTORS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF SITE FOR EARTHEN

DAM.
The following topography and geological features affects the selection of site
for earthen dam.
1. The water storage should be largest for the minimum possible height and
length. The site should be located in a narrow valley.
2. Good impervious strata [foundation] should be available at moderate

depth.
3. Good and suitable basin should be available.
4. Material for construction should be available locally.
5. There should be suitable site available for waste weir.
6. Value of the property and land likely to be submerged by the proposed dam
should be sufficiently low in comparison with the benefit expected from the
project.
7. Dam should be accessible in all season.
8. Overall cost of construction and maintenance is to be taken into
After selection the site, final and precise investigation was carried out. In the
present survey work it was assumed that a choice of site was made and the
type of dam to be constructed is of earthen dam, with this assumption the
detailed survey were carried out which includes.
A. Longitudinal and cross section along the centre line of the bund.
B. Block levels at the waste weir site.
C. Water spread contours.

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3.5 FLY LEVELLING
It is one type of method to determine the R.L of required point. This

levelling work is carried from the nearby permanent B.M for example from a
railway station or other permanent structure. In this project we established
T.B.M near the bund.
The field work is carried as follows:
1. Set the levels near the P.B.M and carry out temporary adjustment.
2. Keep staff on permanent B.M and take readings and enter it as back sight
in the field book.
3. Take intermediate points towards the direction of required point is reached.
4. If the staff is invisible shift the level and note down the last reading as fore
sight, after shifting the level and temporary adjustment take readings of that
point and note down it as back sight.
5. Continue this procedure until the required point is reached.
6. The R.L of the point is determine by using these formula
1. P.C= P.B.M +B.S
2. R.L = P.C-I.S or P.C-F.S

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3.6 LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS & CROSS SECTIONS ALONG THE

PROPOSED CENTRE LINE OF THE TANK BUND:
Object: -
 To obtain the Profile of the valley along the assumed center line of the
dam.
 To estimate the quantity of earthwork for the proposed construction of
the bund the following points should be considered:-
TOP WIDTH
Top width of earth dam should be sufficient to keep the seepage line
well within the body of dam. It should withstand earthquake and wave
action. For small dams, top width is generally governed by minimum road
way requirements.
Top width of earth dam can be selected as per the following

recommendations.
1. T = 0.2 x Z+3 for very low dams (<15 m)
2. T = 0.55 x (Sqrt Z) + 0.2 x Z for height less than 30m
3. T = 1.65 x (Sqrt (Z + 1.5) for height greater than 30m.
where Z is the max height of dam in metres.
T = 0.55 x (Sqrt Z) + 0.2 x Z
= 0.55 x (Sqrt 21.80) + 0.2 x 21.80
= 6.973m say 7.0 m

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FREE BOARD:-
Free board of an earth dam is the height provided above MWL/FRL

upto TBL in order to prevent over topping of water due to wave action.
“Minimum free board” is defined as vertical distance between max reservoir

level and top of dam. The vertical distance between full reservoir level and
top of dam is called “Normal free board”.
The Minimum height of free board for wave action is 1.5hw where hw =
max.ht. of wave.
The wave height (hw ) in meters can be calculated according to
1. Molitor’ s formulae (British Practice)
hw metres = 0.032 x Sqrt (V x F) + 0.763 – 0.271 x sqrt (Sqrt (F))
where F is fetch in kms and F<32 Kms
Fetch is defined as the longest unobstructed distance for wind to blow from
one edge of reservoir up to the dam on u/s side of the dam. (Fetch can be
measured from capacity contour sheet) V is wind velocity in kms/hr.
(The max wind velocity in any area is 60 kmph according to meteorological

data)
1. Molitor’s formula
hw = 0.032 x sqrt (v x F)+0.763-0.271 x sqrt (sqrt(F))
where F = fetch in kms and F<32kms
F = 0.32km
v = 40kmph
hw = 0.673m
( hw )max = 1.5 x 0.673
= 1.01 m so provide FB=1M

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Earth dams are classified into following.
1. Homogenous earth dam: A purely homogeneous earth dam is composed

of single kind of material {Exclusive of the slope protection}.Shown below
is a typical cross-section of a purely homogeneous type earth dam.
h/3
2. Zoned embankment type earth dam: It is the one in which the dam is
made up of more than one material. The most common type of a rolled
earth dam section is that in which a central impervious core is flanked by
zones of material considerably more pervious. Shown below is a typical
cross-section of a Zoned Embankment type earth dam.
TRANSITION
FILTER
RIP RAP
ROCK TOE
CORE
(IMPERVIOUS)

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3. Diaphragm Embankment type: This is a modification over the

homogeneous embankment type, in which the bulk of the embankment is
constructed of pervious material and a thin diaphragm of impermeable
materials is provided to check the seepage. The diaphragm may be of
impervious soils, cement concrete, bituminous concrete, or any other
material, and may be placed either at the centre of the section as a
central vertical core, or at the upstream face as a blanket. Shown below
is a typical cross-section of a Diaphragm Embankment type earth dam.
DIAPHRAGM
PERVIOUS FOUNDATION
IMPERVIOUS

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RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL HOMOGENEOUS EARTHFILL DAMS

ON STABLE FOUNDATION:
Cas Type Purpose Soil Upstream Downstream

e Classificati Slope slope
on
1) Homogene Detention GW GP SW Previous Not suitable

ous or or Storage SP
2.5:1 2:1
Modified
GC GM SC
Homogene 3:1 2.5:1
ous SM
3.5:1 2.5:1
CL ML
CH MH
2) Modified Storage GW GP SW Previous Not suitable

Homogene
SP 3:1 2:1
ous
GC GM SC 3.5:1 2.5:1
SM 4:1 2.5:1
CL ML
CH MH

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RECOMMENDED SLOPES FOR SMALL ZONED EARTHFILL DAMS ON

STABLE FOUNDTION:
Cas Type Purpos Shell Material Core Materials U/s D/s

e e Classification Classification slope slope
A Zoned Any Not critical, Not critical GC, 2:1 2:1

with rock-fill; GM, SC, SM, CL,
“Minim GW,GP,SW,SP ML, CH, MH
um”
B Zoned Detenti Not critical, GC,GM, 2:1 2:1

with on OR rock-fill:
SC,SM, CL,ML, 2.25:1 2.25:1
“Maxim Storage GW,GP,SW,SP
CH,MH
um” 2.5:1 2.5:1
Core 1
3:1 1:1
C Zoned Storage Not critical, GC,GM 2.5:1 2:1

with rock-fill,
SC,SM 2.5:1 2.25:1
“Maxim GW,GP,
um” CL,ML 3.0:1 2.5:1
SW,SP
Core1
CH,MH 3.5:1 3.0:1
Note; 1. Minimum and maximum size cores shown in Fig:
2. CL and IH soils are not recommended for major portions of the

cores of earth fill dams Pt soils are unsuitable.
Though any one of the tables can be used for preliminary selection of
the bund section the current practice has been in favour of Strange’s table.

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Core (Hearting): Core or Hearting is clay type of material provided mainly to

prevent seepage through the body of the dam. The different types of clay silt
for suitability of construction or core is provided in Table No.1 under the
heading “Rolled Earth Dams.”
Rip Rap or u/s Revetment is coarse material placed on the embankment

to prevent erosion of soil is termed “Rip Rap”
Rip Rap is of two types
1. Dumped
2. Placed (also called “Pitching”)
The minimum weight of each rock for rip rap is calculated by using
Iribarren – Hudson formula.
K 'S 3h3
W
(Cos  Sin )3 (S  1)3
W= Minimum weight of Rock to be placed on rip rap in kN.
K’= A coefficient taken = 0.02
 = Specific weight of water =9.81 kN/m3
S= Specific gravity of rip rap material ( 2.45 to 2.2)
 = Coefficient of friction of rip rap material (1 to 1.1)
h= effective wave height in meters, calculated using Sverdup –Munk formula
h= 0.0045 x F 0.423 x U1.154
F= fetch in kilometer, U =wind velocity in kilometer per hour
β= Angle of u/s slope made with horizontal.
RIP rap is placed in layers. The innermost is the “cushion“acts as filter to

prevent washing of the soil in the shell zone. It also prevents sinking of the
coarse rock into the softened surface of the shell.

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The following table gives the dimension of riprap as a function of wave

height.
Max. Wave Minimum rip Min thickness of cushion

height rap Thickness
Fine Thickness
0 to 1.5 300mm 150mm 150mm
1.5 to 3.0 150mm 150mm 150mm
> 3.0m 600mm 150mm 150mm
Cut off wall
When river bed is having thick stratum of sand, an impermeable

structure is constructed within the stratum to reduce seepage through the
foundation.
There are two types of cut off wall:
1) If the bottom of the cut off wall permeates into the impermeable layer
then cut off is called positive cut off wall. This type has the advantage of
reducing seepage loss, but the disadvantage of increasing neutral stress
due to water thus decreasing the factor of safety of slope – stability on u/s
side.
2) If the bottom of cut off wall does not permeate into loose stratum
completely, cut off is called “ Partial cut off wall”
The Minimum bottom width of cut off wall is 4m, side of at least 1:1 or
flatter slope may be provided in case of overburden. ½:1 or ¼:1 may be
provided in soft rock and hard rock respectively. It also prevents seepage,
erosion, and mass, instability, boiling and piping.
Internal drainage system:
The drainage system consists of two components.
a) Protective filter which is in contact with core.

b) The conduits, which collect & dispose off seepage water.

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Minimum thickness of protective filter is provided as follows
Thickness for given head (M)

Filter Material
0 to 22m 22 to 46m 46 to 92m
Fine sand 150mm 300mm 450 mm
Coarse sand 200 mm 450 mm 650 mm
Gravel 300mm 600 mm 750mm
Rock toe/ toe drain
The toe drain is placed at D/s side toe of each dam. In small dams
only drains are provided. In large dams embankment will be saturated
below the phreatic line. And tow drain acts as a disposal zone of the
drainage water. Its height varies from 5% of dam height (above tail water
level), with external drainage system, to as much on 20% in small dams
with no internal drains. The Rock toe designed like protective filter except
for the gravel zone. The top width of rock toe will have the dimension same
as of berm.

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3.7 WATER SPREAD CONTOUR:
This survey is necessary to draw the capacity contours by the help of

witch the storage levels of the tank are fixed. This can be carried out by the
following methods.
1. One set of levels is taken along the course of the river on the up stream
and another set at right angle to it at the widest region and counters are
interpolated.
2. The F T L counter is traced directly and cross section at suitable intervals
are taken across this until F T L on the other side is reached. The lowest
point of main valley is met and the contours’ are interpolated
3. The entire water spread is covered by block leveling and any number of
contours is interpolated.
Of the above three methods the third method is most accurate but it is
tedious. Any of the above methods may be adopted depending upon the
degree of the accuracy required and the size of the project.
Calculation of the storage capacity of reservoir:
Areas of successive contours are measured using planimeter or by

constructing squares.
If A1, A2, A3 … An, are the areas of successive contours, H being the
contour interval, then by Prismoidal rule. The storage capacity can be
calculated.
Using Prismoidal rule
V=
H
( A1  An )  4( A2  A4  A6  ......) 2( A3  A5  A7  .......) cubic meter.
3
A = in sqm.

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CAPACITY OF RESERVOIR BETWEEN RL'S-793.000 & RL'S-808 (F.T.L)
V=H/3((A1+An)+4(A2+A4+A6+...)+2(A3+A5+A7+...))
H/3 0.333333333
(A1+An) 17.02498046
4(A2+A4+A6+...) 173.222217
2(A3+A5+A7+...) 67.210416
858192.04 cum
85.82 ha-m
3.8 BLOCK LEVELS AT THE WASTE WEIR SITE.
WASTE-WEIR: Similarly, as in case of all dam reservoir projects, tanks are

provided with arrangements for spilling away the excess water that may enter
in to the tank, to avoid over–topping of the tank bund. These escape
arrangements may be in the form of a surplus escape weir or waste weir,
provided in the body or at one end of the tank bund. The weir is a masonry
weir with its top level equal to the Full tank level (F.T.P). When the tank is full
up to its FTL and extra water comes in and discharges over the waste weir.
The capacity of the weir is so designed that the water level in the tanks does
not exceed the maximum water level (M.W.L). The top of the bund will be kept
at a level so as to provide suitable freeboard this M.W.L.
A detailed survey at the waste weir site is necessary to design the body wall of
waste weir, the approach and draft channel and other protective works and to
arrive at the cost of their work. In choosing the site for waste weir the
following points must be borne in mind:-
1. A saddle disconnected from the tank bund is the best site for a surplus
work.
2. The natural ground surface at the weir site should be approximately at

F.T.L.

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3. The height of body wall must be minimum possible and should be located
as far as possible in cutting.
4. The soil should be hard both at the weir site and along the draft channel.
5. There should be natural diversion to lead the water safely from the bund.
6. Cost of protective work should be minimum.
Design of Surplus Weir or Waste Weir:
Ryve’s formula: Qmax = CM2/3
C: Ryve’s Coefficient = 10.1
M: Catchment area = 14KM2
Discharge Qmax = 58.67 m3/Sec
Assuming it as broad crested weir.
Discharge Q = 1.022 LH3/2
H : Head over the weir = (MWL - FRL) = 1 m
L : Length of weir L= (58.67/1.022) = 57.40m say 60m
3.9 CHANNEL ALIGNMENT

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A canal is provided on the downstream side of the bund, taking off

from the sluice points at a gentle bed slope. This is the paths along which
water stored in the tank is supplied to the command area for the purpose of
irrigation.Based on the alignment, canals are classified as:
a) Ridge or watershed canal

b) Side slope canal
c) Contour canal
In contour canals, gravity flow of water is made use of to irrigate the area on
the lower side, down to the valley whereas in ridge canals irrigation is
possible on either sides of the canal.
A contour canal has been provided for the proposed bund. Its alignment is
similar to the figure shown below.

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Channel alignment is meant to estimate the cost of the channel and cross
drainage works, and also to determine the gross command area.
The following points were kept in view while aligning the channel.
1) The channel should as far as possible be aligned in a straight line.

2) A channel in embankment is less desirable when compared to a channel
in cutting.
3) A channel should be aligned as a ridge channel wherever possible but
the main channels are usually aligned as contour channels.
4) There should be as few cross drainage work as possible. If cross
drainage is necessary then channel should cross the valley or the river
at a point where the width is least and the foundation soil is good for the
cross drainage works.
5) If there is only one channel, the channel should preferably be aligned on
the flank opposite to the one where the waste weir is located.
Calculation of Ground level for starting channel alignment
Sluice level : 807.000 m

Full supply depth of water : 0.430 m ( According to Channel design)
Free board : 0.320 m (Assumed)
Ground level : 807.750 m @ 0 chainage.
Calculation of actual gross command area:
The area enclosed between center line of bund, the mother valley and the
final alignment is defined as gross command area. This area can be
calculated by using Planimeter or by constructing squares.

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Design of Channel Section:
Determination of Irrigable area:
The yield of catchment has been found to be 1.48 X 106 cum

Assuming 10% for evaporation loss and 15 % of conveyance loss i.e., 25% as
total loss in reservoir storage capacity.
Volume of water available for irrigation is = 0.75 X 1.48 X 106 cum
= 1.11 X 106 cum
Assuming average duty of 286 Hectares million cum for mixed crop pattern.
Area that can be irrigated: 1.11 x 106 x 286 hectares
106
= 317.46 Hectares.
Actual canal network provided for an area of 83.09hectares.
 f 5/3 
   1 / 2392
Longitudinal slope of channel S=  3340Q1 / 6 
Hence assumed slope of (1/2000) is correct.
3.10 PARTICULARS AND SALIENT FEATURES OF THE NTP
1. Place of the project Sri Subramanya Ghati
Doddaballpur Taluk,
Bangalore district.
2. Distance from Bangalore 52 Km.
3. Nature of Project New tank Project
4. Type of Bund Earthen Bund.

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5. Bund
 Length of Bund 320 m
 Deepest Streambed 792.800m
812.00 m.
 T.B.L.
811.00 m.
 M.W.L.
810.000 m.
 F.T.L.
4. 19.20 m.
 Max height of Bund
6. Length of Weir 60m
7. Capacity contour 85.82 hactare-m.
8. Canal
 Length of the Canal 330.00 m

 Bed Width 0.300 m.
 F.S.D.
0.430 m.
 Free Board
0.320 m.
Earth work required for channel alignment :
Area of channel section = 0.7875 m2.
Length of channel = 330 m.

27
HIGHWAY PROJECT
4.1 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT:
The positioning or the laying out of the center line of the highway on
the ground is called the alignment. The horizontal alignment includes the
straight path, the horizontal deviations and curves. Changes in gradient
and vertical curves are covered under vertical alignment of roads.
A new road should be aligned very carefully, as improper alignment

would result in one or more of the following disadvantages:
 Increase in construction cost

 Increase in maintenance cost
 Increase in vehicle operation cost
 Increase in rate of accidents
Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change the
alignment due to increase in cost of adjoining land and construction of
costly structures by the road side.
Hence the importance of careful considerations while finalizing the

alignment of a new road should be overemphasized.
Requirements:
The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between two terminal

stations are that is should be:
 Short
 Easy
 Safe
 Economical

28
4.2 Need for Highway Planning:
In the present era, planning is considered as a pre-requisite before

attempting any development program. This is particularly true for any
engineering work, as planning is the basic need for highway development.
Particularly planning is of great importance when funds available are

limited in contrast to the amount required which would be very high. This is
actually the most important problem that has to be addressed by the
developing countries like India as funds have to be utilized in the best
possible and economic way.
4.3 The objects of highway planning are as follows:
 To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operation, but at a
minimum cost.
 The cost of the construction, maintenance and renewal of pavement
layers and the vehicle operation costs must be given due considerations.
 To arrive at a road system and lengths of different categories of roads,
which could provide maximum utility and can be constructed within the
available resources during the plan period under consideration.
 To fix up date wise priorities for development of each road link based on
utility as the main criterion for phasing the road development program.
 To plan future requirements and improvements of road in view of
anticipated developments.
 To work out financing system.
4.4 Factors controlling alignment:
For an alignment to be shortest, it should be straight between the

terminal stations. This is always not possible due to various practical
difficulties such as intermediate obstructions and topography.
A shortest route may have very steep gradients and hence not easy for
vehicle operation. Similarly, there may be construction and maintenance

29
problems along a route, which may otherwise be short and easy. Roads are
often deviated from the shortest route in order to cater for intermediate
places of importance of obligatory points.
A road which is economical in the initial construction cost need not

necessarily be the most economical in maintenance or in vehicle operation
cost. It may also happen that shortest and easiest route for vehicle
operation may work out to be costliest of the different alternatives from
construction view point. Thus it may be seen that an alignment can seldom
fulfill all the requirements simultaneously hence, a judicial choice is made
considering all the factors
The various factors controlling the alignment of the highway are:
 Obligatory points
 Traffic
 Geometric design
 Economics
 Other constructions
In hilly areas, additional care has to be given for setting up the
alignment and the factors governing are as follows:
 Stability
 Drainage
 Geometric standards of hill roads
 Resisting length
STEPS INVOLVED IN A NEW PROJECT REPORT
 Map Study
 Reconnaissance Survey
 Preliminary Survey
 Location of Final Alignment
 Detailed Survey

30
 Materials Survey
 Design
 Earth Work
 Pavement Construction
The following points may be kept in mind while aligning any type of
road:
1. Cutting and embankment must be balanced.
2. Curves of larger radius should be used in no case; the radius of curves

should be less than 16m.
3. A flat gradient as far as possible should be used, only when unavoidable

conditions, the ruling gradient has to be given.
4. Super elevation has to be given for all the curves.
5. Transition curves should be provided between curve and a straight

alignment.
6. Vertical curve should be provided whenever the gradient changes.
7. The alignment should be the most economical with economical with

minimum drainage crossing, so it should follow the ridge
GRADIENTS FOR ROADS IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS
Ruling Limiting Exception

Terrain
Gradient Gradient al gradient
Plain or Rolling 1/30 1/20 1/15
Mountainous & steep terrain with 1/20 1/16.7 1/14.3
elevation more than 3000m above MSL
Step terrain upto 3000m Height above 1/16.7 1/14.3 1/12.5
MSL

31
WIDTH OF ROADWAY FOR VARIOUS CLASSES OF ROADS
Roadways width in meters

SL
Road classification Plain & Rolling Mountainous &
No
Terrain Steep terrain
1 National & State Highway
a) Single lane 12.00 6.25
b) Two lane 12.00 8.60
2 Major District Roads
b) Two lanes 9.00 --
3 Other District Roads
b) Two lanes 9.00 --
c) Village Roads 7.50 4.00
DESIGN SPEEDS
Plain Rolling Mountain Steep

Classificat
Minimu
Minimu
Minimu
Minimu
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
Road
ion
m
NH&SH 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30
MDR 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20
ODR 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20
VR 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20
MINIMUM RADII OF ROADS
Mountain Steep
Classification of
Plain Rolling Area Not Snow Area Not Snow

affected by bound affected by bound
Road
snow area snow area

Absolut
Absolut
Absolut
Absolut
Absolut
Absolut
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
Ruling
e
NH&SH 36 23 23 15 80 50 90 60 50 30 60 33
0 0 0 5
MDR 23 15 15 90 50 30 60 33 30 14 33 15
0 5 5
ODR 15 90 90 60 30 20 33 23 20 14 23 15
5
VR 90 60 60 45 20 14 23 15 20 14 23 15

32
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE
While undertaking the initial alignment of the new highway project , it was
required that in the final alignment , we provide a smooth curve between 150
m chainage and 210 m chainage and another curve between 480m chainage
and 540m chainage. we have designed the curve as follows.
e+f= v^2/127 R;
where
e is the maximum super elevation that can be provided which is taken as

0.07,
f is the maximum value of lateral friction which is equal to 0.15,
v is the design speed taken as 40 kmph for other district roads,
R is the radius of curve to be provided.
Curve 1: (360 m to 420 m)
0.22= 40*40/(127*R)
R req= 57.27 m
R Provided = 200m.
L= 104.55 m
O0= 7.27 m O10 = 6.818m O20 = 6.23 m
O30=4.72 m o 40 =3.180m o50 = 0m

33
HIGHWAY PROJECT
EARTH WORK CALCULATIONS
Chainage Filling area in Cutting remarks

in m sqm area in sqm
0 0.180 0.00 A1
60 0.00 7.87 A2
120 1.32 0.00 A3
180 0.00 1.10 A4
240 0.320 1.89 A5
300 0.00 6.00 A6
360 0.00 5.59 A7
420 3.810 0.00 A8
480 0.00 5.4 A9
540 5.200 0.00 A10
600 3.600 0.00 A11
VOLUME OF EARTH WORK IN FILLING IN 'cum'

V=H/3((A1+An)+4(A2+A4+A6+...)+2(A3+A5+A7+...))
H/3 20
(A1+An) 0.00
4(A2+A4+A6+...) 36.04
2(A3+A5+A7+...) 3.28
872cum

34
VOLUME OF EARTH WORK IN CUTTING IN 'cum'

V=H/3((A1+An)+4(A2+A4+A6+...)+2(A3+A5+A7+...))
H/3 20
(A1+An) 0.000
4(A2+A4+A6+...) 59.88
2(A3+A5+A7+...) 25.76
1718.2 cum
Balance earth required 846.2 cum
5.0 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROJECT FOR S.S.

GHATI.
1. Water Supply project:

a) New source project
(b) Augmentation scheme.
c) Water treatment system
d) Pumping system
e) Distribution system.
2. Sewerage project:
a) Sewerage system
b) Sewage Treatment facility.
5.1 WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR S.S.GHATI.
DATA:
a) Geological
b) Hydrological
c) Sanitary conditions

35
d) Topography showing elevations of various points, density of population in

various zones. This map helps in positioning intake works, treatment
plant and type of system to be adopted for conveyance and distribution
of water.
e) Legal data of lands
f) Public opinion.
FACTORS:
Population P 2001, as per census = 4115;
P 2020, assuming an annual increase of 1.9% = 6000.
Per capita requirement: 175 lpcd is to be provided as per Indian standards.
Q required=(6000 x 175)/(1000*24*60*60) = 0.0122 cumecs
Assuming a peak factor of 3
Max. flow = 0.0122*3=0.0365 cumecs =3153.6 m3/day
Proposing slow sand filter & chlorination for the treatment of water.
Slow sand filters are designed for 100-200 lit/hr/m2
Assuming 150 lit/hr/m2
Q max
Water surface area of filter =
Filtration rate
3153 .6
=  876 m2
150
Propose 4 units of filter each of area 219 m2.
Assuming L/B ratio of 2.0
The dimensions of each filter:
L x B = 219
2B x B = 219
B = 10.46 m, say
B = 11.0 m, L = 22 m

36
Providing filter sand depth of 1 m, gravel depth varying from 30-75 cm say
50 cm, 50 cm free board and water depth of 1 m.
Therefore Total depth = 1+1+0.5+0.5 = 3.0 m
Design of pump capacity
WQH
BHP  where W= 1000 kg/m3(unit weight of water)
75 c
Q = discharge m3/sec H = Head in m
 c = combined efficiency of pump and motor =
m x p = 80%
Friction loss (hf) = flv2
2gd
= flQ2
12.1 d5
= ( 0.01 x 884 x 9460.82)
(12.1 x .2255)
hf = 15.19 m
‘Q’ for 8 hours pumping will be maximum flow rate x 3.
Providing a pipe of 22.5 cm & adding 10% minor loss due to valves.
‘H’ = Suction head (3m) + Delivery head (13.12 m) + Friction loss (hf) = 4.316
m + 3.0 m
= 23.436 m
BHP = (1000 x 5043 x 23.436)
(75 x .8)
BHP = 7.6 KW

37
6.0 ABBREVIATIONS:
P.B.M : Permanent Bench Mark
T.B.M : Temporary Bench Mark
R.L : Reduced Level
P.C : Plane of Collimation
B.S : Back sight
I.S : Intermediate Sight
F.S : Fore sight
T.B.L : Tank bund level
M.W.L : Maximum water level
F.T.L : Full Tank Level
F.S.L : Full Supply Level

38

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EXTENSIVE SURVEY PROJECT

This extensive survey project is conducted to acquire a practical

1.1 Objects of Extensive Survey Camp:

In order to acquire a sound knowledge of both theory and in practical

The object of this survey project is as follows:-

1. To impart training in the use of survey instruments and to acquire a

2. To train the students under difficult and realistic situation of the

3. To develop team spirit in practical work.

4. To impart confidence in the management of the survey project.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

1.2 Technical aspects of a project:

The design and construction of any project such as dam, road

1.3 Historical background of the place:

The famous Sri.Ghati Subramanya temple is located at the limit of

The temple comes under the jurisdiction of Muzrai of Revenue

2.0 STUDY OF TOPO SHEET

This sheet gives the topographical features of the locality like

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

2.1 Calculation of yield at site.

Average annual rainfall for Doddaballapur area from Meteorological

Bad year rainfall is 2/3 of 80cm = 53cms.

Runoff coefficient is usually assumed as 15 % to 20%

Annual Yield = 20 x 53cm = 10.6 cms

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

3.0 INTRODUCTION FOR IRRIGATION

Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water

However, the total rainfall in a particular area may be either

The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

Commercial crop with additional water:

The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the

Controlled water supply:

By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be

3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION

Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the

For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

For example, if a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10

The duty of water is reckoned in the following four ways:

 By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

= 86,400 (cubic meter)

Therefore this quantity of water (V) matures D hectares of land or 104 D

Total depth of water applied on this land

= 86,400 B/104 D meters

= 8.64 B/D meters

By definition, this total depth of water is called delta (D).

D = 8.64 B/D meters

D = 864 B/D cm.

Where, D is in cm or m, B in days, and D is duty in hectares/cumec.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

Cultivable commanded area:

The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land,

Gross commended area:

An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage

Cultivable commanded area:

The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land,

Gross commanded area:

An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING R.V.C.E, BANGALORE

Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water by a crop is

3.2 INVESTIGATION FOR A NEW TANK PROJECT

The design and construction of any dam whether earthen masonry or