PRELIMINARY SAFETY CASE:

In considering the design of the UAV all major and minor aspects of safety have been extensively
scrutinized. All the aspects have been covered by analyzing their likelihood of happening and there risk
to life or property.

OVERVIEW:
The UAV is prone to cause safety concern for both people and property in the case of failure or misuse,
thus failsafe measures are put in place, complying with the following internationally accredited
guidelines:

UK Air Navigation Order 2016 (S.I. 2016/765)

Civil Aviation Rules, 1994 (Updated) Civil Aviation Authority Pakistan
CAP 1627, 2018 Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
Civil Aviation Safety Regulations, 1998 (Updated) CASA Australia
Directive 2014/53/EU, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority

The guidelines set by “The Drone Code” (CASA Australia) to be met are:
1) The UAS should not be operated near airports or airfields.
2) The maximum flight ceiling for the UAS should be 100m.
3) The UAS should always be within visual line of sight of the operator.
4) The UAS should always maintain at least 30m distance between itself and other people or property.
5) Should never be operated near other aircraft.

RISK IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT:

Hazard Probability Severity Safety Required
Battery Improbable Major The biggest combustion risk is during recharging od
Combustion batteries, so batteries are designed to be recharged
in charging bags to avoid the risk of leakage or
exposure to toxic vapors.
Battery Remote Minor Making sure that the batteries are properly secured
Detachment in place during all times during the flight and the
connections are properly joined.
Direct Hit on a Improbable Catastrophic Operate atleast 30m away from any people and
person within visual line of sight so that controls can be
manually over-ridden
Bird Strike Improbable Marginal Cannot be avoided, however use of bright flashing
lights may deter birds from approaching the UAS.
Motor Failure Occasional Minor Programming of flight controller to cope for the
loss of a single or multiple motors, initiating return
to base functionality
Radio Frequent Minor Adherence to PTA standards, initiating return to
Communication base functionality if connection is not possible.
loss
Human Error in Frequent Catastrophic Using a predefined checklist after assembling and
Assembling preflight.
 Breakage of Improbable Catastrophic Usage of high strength materials with high
rotor blades tolerances, ensuring the operator maintains
adequate distance while operating.
Spray Tank Remote Major Since the spray is toxic for humans any contact
Failure would not be suitable, a double layered spray tank
is designed with materials up to the specifications
required to hold the spray.
Spray Remote Major Failure of the designed mechanism to spray due to
Mechanism any reason will automatically cause the mechanism
Failure to stop and trigger return to base functionality.

HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS:
High Speed Propellers: Failure of propellers either due to breakage or detachment can cause severe
injury to people, animals and may also cause severe property damage. Carbon fiber is used as the
material for the propellers due to its strength, stiffness, and performance relative to its weight. Use of
carbon fiber greatly reduces the risk of propeller breaking, the assembly checklist ensures that the
propellers are safely secured into place, regardless of all the safety measures the UAS maintains a
minimum distance of 50m to any person or property as to eliminate this risk altogether.

Batteries: The batteries might explode or leak due to either overheating, short-circuit, manufacture
defects or excessive moisture exposure. The batteries must be in a bright color to identify them in case
of a crash or emergency, they must be properly secured so that they do not disturb the center of gravity
of the UAS or fall out during flight. The batteries are to be always placed in a protective casing to avoid
over exposure to moisture and the temperature of the assembly will be continuously monitored.

Spray Mechanism: The spray may be injurious to people if it comes into contact. Ensure proper wearing
of safety equipment i.e.: gloves and mask while dealing with spray components. The spraying assembly
must be adequately colored and easy to identify in case of a crash.