Volumes Finis 21-22

« Finite volume » methods
http://www.hach.ulg.ac.be
ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

« Finite volume » methods : introduction
Finite difference methods Finite element methods

• Discretization of the • Discretization of integrated
equations over a structured equations over elements
chartesian mesh • Existence of a weak solution
• Simplified method • Robustness and flexibility
• Simplified computation of (any mesh) of the method
derivatives • High computational time
• No « weak » solution (matrix inversion)
• No flexibility in the mesh
construction
Volumes finis
• Existence of a weak solution

• Any mesh
• Explicit method, smaller computational
time than EF

« Finite volume » methods : introduction
• Basic principle:
– Discretization of domain in control volume
– Integration of equations over each volume
• Several sets of finite volumes


Different approaches : mainly two sets of FVM
• Formulation « cell-centered » • Formulation « node-centered »

– Control volume – unknowns to mesh apexes
= mesh cells – control volume to be rebuilt
– unknowns « adequately positioning » – necessary to rebuild the mesh
– No overlapping or open domain – overlapping risk

Principles of FVM
• Let be a system of n transitory equations in conservative form

∂s ∂f ∂g
+ + =b
∂t ∂x ∂y
  
• The integration over a control surface, Green theorem:  ( )
n. Ω dS =  ∇. ΩdV
σ S
σ
∂s  ∂f ∂g 
S ∂t dS + S  ∂x + ∂y dS = S b dS
S n
∂
s dS +  ( f nx + g n y ) dσ =  b dS
∂t 
S σ S
• Mean values of s and b over volume,

∂s n
+  ( f nx + g n y ) Δσ c = S b
c
• Approached computation for S

∂t c =1
• Example : explicit time discretization – structured mesh

σ
1  nc
l
s l +1 − s l 
Δyc +   ( f Δy − g Δx )c  + b = 0
S
nxc Δt S  c =1 
n yc 
Δxc

Method’s order of precision : unsteady term
• Let integrate f over the surface S

I =  f dS
S
• By Taylor, if P is the center of gravity of S :


4
f dS = f P S + O ( h )
S
•  for unsteady term, second order of precision if the

unknowns are places in CG
1 ∂s  ∂s 

S S ∂t
dS =   + O(h ²)
 ∂t  P
Inconnue au centre de gravité

Method’s order of precision : convective term
• Conservative form
• Theorem of Green
 ∂f ∂g 
S  ∂x + ∂y  dS = ∂S ( fnx + gny ) d ∂S
• Flux computational problems at interface


Fi , j+½
ht
ht+1
 
Fi −½, j Fi +½, j
(i,j)
qi-1/2 qi+1/2

Fi , j−½ i

Typical structure of a FVM code
Read data and initializations

Computation of weighting parameters for derivatives
Loup over time steps
Time step assessment

Unknown reconstruction at edges
Flux assessment (FVS, FDS, …)
Budgets computation
Update the unknown in the nodes

Variables reconstruction  determine the flux precision
• Constant reconstruction : • Linear reconstruction :

values at edges values at edges
= value at center of gravity of neighbor = value at CG of neighbor element
element linearly extrapolated
Constante Linéaire

Variables reconstruction  determine the flux precision
• Constant reconstruction :
   
u ( r ) = U j ∀r ∈Ωj  u ( r ) = u ( r ) +  ( Δs )
• Linear reconstruction :
   T   
u ( r ) = U j + ( r − rj ) ⋅ [∇u ] j ∀r ∈Ωj  u ( r ) = u ( r ) +  ( Δs 2 )
Sur maillage structuré régulier, on a Sur maillage quelconque,

O(h²) si : on a O(h²) si :
– 1 point de Gauss – 2 points de Gauss
– reconstruction linéaire – reconstruction quadratique

on a O(h) si : on a O(h) si :
– 1 point de Gauss – 1 point de Gauss
– reconstruction constante – reconstruction linéaire

• Flux integration over the edges

– Use of nG points of Gauss :
nc nG
σ ( fn x + gn y ) d σ ≅  ω ( f n
c =1 p =1
p x + g ny )
p ,c
Δσ c
– Exact integration for polynomial of degree 2nG-1 over one interval

– Total precision : summing the error on each subinterval
– The order of error is 2nG
• Flux computation
– Addition of an error due to approached computation of flux over the edges

If the flux is computed for the order O(hn)  the additional error of order O(hn-1)
– Over a regular mesh, the error is reduced at O(hn)

Addition of an error due to the computation of flux over the edges
• Let be an 1D pure convective equation

n
u c,bordi +1/2
¶u ¶u
+a =0
¶t ¶x u n i −1 u ni u n i +1
hi −1
• Solve by FVM : hi hi +1
(Constant reconstruction)
VFi VFi +1
¶u ïüï
hi + a(u nc→ n
→
,bord i +1/2 - u c,bord i -1/2 = 0
→
ïï "what
¶t VFi ï leaves from i
Fi −1 F ý Fi +1
¶u n i ï arrives in i+1"
n
hi +1 + a(u c,bord i + 3/2 - u c,bord i +1/2 ) = 0 ïï
¶t VFi +1 ïï
þ
If a > 0  u nc,bord i -1/2 = u n i -1, u nc,bord i +1/2 = u n i , u nc,bord i + 3/2 = u n i +1
¶ui a(u n i - u n i -1 ) ¶ui +1 a(u n i +1 - u n i )

+ =0 + =0
¶t hi ¶t hi +1
 first order of accuracy only for uniform mesh, otherwise inconsistent

(upwind scheme with 2 VF values)
Second order of accuracy on non-uniform mesh
• Using the following series, the accuracy of the approximation

can be determined :
¶f ¶2 f Dx i2-1 1
fi -1 = fi - Dx i -1 + + O ( Dx i3-1 ) Dx i -1 = x i - x i -1 = ( hi + hi -1 )
¶x ¶x 2 2 2
fi = fi
¶f ¶2 f Dx i2 1
fi +1 = fi + Dx i + + O ( Dx i3 ) Dx i = x i +1 - x i = ( hi +1 + hi )
¶x ¶x 2 2 2
¶f
= ai fi -1 + bi fi + gi fi +1
¶x i
ì
ï
ï Dx i -2 ( hi + hi +1 )
ï
ï a = - =
i
Dx i -1(Dx i -1 + Dx i ) ( hi -1 + hi )( hi -1 + 2hi + hi +1 )
ìï a + b + g = 0 ï
ï
ï i ï
ïï -a Dx
i i ï
ï b = Dx i - Dx i -1 = 2 ( hi +1 - hi -1 )
í i i -1 + g Dx = 1  í i
ïï i i
ïï ai Dx 2i -1 + gi Dx 2i = 0
ï
ï
ï
Dx i -1Dx i ( hi -1 + hi )( hi + hi +1 )
î ï
ï Dx i -1 2 ( hi -1 + hi )
ï
ï gi = =
ï
ï D x (Dx + Dx ) ( hi + hi +1 )( hi -1 + 2hi + hi +1 )
ï
î i i -1 i
ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH) 13

Addition of an error due to the computation of flux over the edges
• Let be an 1D pure convective equation

n
u
∂u ∂u c,bordi +1/2
+a =0
∂t ∂x u n i −1 u ni u n i +1
hi −1
• Solve by FVM : hi hi +1
(linear reconstruction)
VFi VFi +1
¶u ¶u a n
hi + a(u nc→
,bord i +1/2 - u n
c,bord→
i -1/2 ) = 0  → + (u c,bord i +1/2 - u nc,bord i -1/2 ) = 0
¶t VFi ¶t VFi hi
Fi −1 Fi Fi +1
h ¶f hi ¶f
If a > 0  u nc,bord i -1/2 = u n i -1 + i -1 , u nc,bord i +1/2 = u n i +
2 ¶x i -1 2 ¶x i
1æ Dx i ¶u n Dx i -1 ¶u n ö÷
1 n
( )
u c,bord i +1/2 - u nc,bord i -1/2 = ççç u n i + - u n i -1 - ÷÷

hi hi èç 2 ¶x i 2 ¶x i -1 ø÷÷
1 é Dx i Dx i -1 ù
= ê uni + (ai u n i -1 + bi u n i + gi u n i +1 ) - u n i -1 - (ai -1u n i -2 + bi -1u n i -1 + gi -1u n i ) ú
hi êë 2 2 ú
û
1 ê é D x n ç
æ D x D x ö
÷ D x D x D x i -1 ù
= i n
gi u i +1 + u i çç 1 + i
bi - i -1
gi -1 ÷÷ - u i -1 (1 -
n i
ai + i -1 n
bi -1 ) - u i -2 ai -1 ú
ê
hi ë 2 èç 2 2 ÷
ø 2 2 2 ú
û
1 éê Dx i -1 n n ç
æ D x i - D x i -1 D x i -2
ö
÷ D 2
xi Dx i -1 - Dx i -2 D2x i -1 ù
ú
= ê u i +1 + u i çç 1 + - ÷ - u i -1 (1 +
÷
n
+ ) + u n i -2
hi êë 2(Dx i -1 + Dx i ) ç
è 2Dx i -1 2(Dx i -2 + Dx i -1 ) ø ÷ 2Dx i -1 (Dx i -1 + Dx i ) 2Dx i -2 2Dx i -2 (Dx i -2 + Dx i -1 ) úúû
 for uniform mesh

1 n
hi
(
u c,bord i +1/2 - u nc,bord i -1/ 2 =
1 é n
4h ê
ë )
u i +1 + 3u n i - 5u n i -1 + u n i -2 ùú
û

Second order of accuracy on non-uniform mesh
• Using the following series, the accuracy of the approximation

can be determined :
ì
ïï 1 æç ¶f ¶2 f 2 8 3 ¶ 3 f ö÷
ï çç fi -2 = fi - 2h + 2h + h ÷÷
ï
ïï 4h è ç ¶x ¶x 2 6 ¶x ÷ø 3
ï
ïï -5 æç ¶f ¶2 f h 2 h 3 ¶ 3 f ö÷
ï ç f = f - h + - ÷
ïï 4h ççè i -1 3÷ ¶f 1 2 ¶3 f
¶x ø÷ 1
i
¶x ¶x 2 2 6  = (f - 5 fi -1 + 3 fi + fi +1 ) - h
í
ï
ï 3 ¶x 4h i -2 3 ¶x 3
ï
ï ( f = f ) i i
ï
ï 4h i i
ïïï 1 çæ ¶f ¶2 f h 2 h 3 ¶ 3 f ÷ö
÷÷
ï ï ççç fi +1 = fi + h+ +
3÷
î è
ï 4h ¶ x ¶x 2 2 6 ¶x ø
 Second order of accuracy for uniform mesh (“full” upwind scheme with 4
VF values)
ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH) 15

• Total order of precision

Constant 1
– Variable reconstruction Linear 2 eVR
Quadratic 3
1 point 2
– Gauss integration 2 points 4
eGI
3 points 6
Unstructured 1
– Flux computation (correction)
Regular 0
b
min (eVR , eGI ) - b

• Total order of precision (in the sense of finite difference)

min (r + 1, 2nG ) - b
With :
• r = the order of the Taylor polynomial reconstruction phase
(0 = constant, 1 = linear…)
• nG = the number of Gauss points
• b = correction (0 if regular ; 1 otherwise)
Some examples :
• Regular, 1 Gauss point, constant : 1

• Unstructured, 1 Gauss point, constant : 0
• Unstructured, 2 Gauss points, linear : 1
• Regular, 1 Gauss point, linear : 2
• Unstructured, 2 Gauss points, quadratic : 3
• …
Limited variables reconstruction
Monotonicity condition of Harten

min (U j −1 , U j , U j +1 ) ≤ u ( x ) ≤ max (U j −1 , U j ,U j +1 ) ∀ x∈Ωj
      T 
u ( r ) = U j + ϕ K j ( r ) ∀ r ∈ Ω j avec K j ( r )  ( r − rj ) ⋅ ∇ u 
j
 
min (U k ) − U j ≤ ϕ K j ( r ) ≤ max (U k ) − U j ∀r ∈Ωj

k
  
k
 
≤0 ≥0

Limited variables reconstruction
 
min (U k ) − U j ≤ ϕ K j ( r ) ≤ max (U k ) − U j ∀r ∈Ωj

k
  
k
 
≤0 ≥0
 min (U k ) − U j 
ϕ ≤ k  si K j (r ) < 0
 K j ( )
r

 max (U k ) − U j 
ϕ ≤
k
 si K j (r ) > 0
 K j ( r )
ϕ = 1 
 si K j (r ) = 0

Examples of limits
 ∂u ∂v 
u R = ui +  ΔxR

+ ΔyR  ≡ ui + θ R
 ∂x i ∂y i
Barth and Jespersen Vankatakrishnan

  uimax − ui 
 min 1,  θR > 0   uimax − ui 
  θ R  ψ   θR > 0
   θ 
 uimin − ui 
R
 
ϕ R = min 1,  si θR < 0   ui − ui 
min
  θ R  ϕ R = ψ   si θ R < 0
   θR 
 1 θR = 0 
  1 θR = 0

ϕi = min (ϕ R ) z2 + 2z
R
ψ (z) = 2
z +z+2
 uimax − ui
z = si θ R > 0
 θ R
 min
 z = ui − ui si θ R < 0
 θR
Computation of diffusive flux
The estimation of diffusive fluxes requires that the
gradients of the unknowns at edges are known
 The « diamond » model

budget in a defined control volume, marked by two
neighboured mesh centers and two mesh nodes
S Q U
B C


Ω BPCQ
∇φ d Ω = 
Γ BPCQ
φ dΓ R
P
T

Computation of diffusive flux


Ω BPCQ
∇φ d Ω = 
Γ BPCQ
φ dΓ
ΔxΔy  φC + φQ  Δy 2  φQ + φB  −Δy 2  φB + φP  −Δy 2  φP + φC  Δy 2 

[∇φ ]BC  =  +  +  +  
 2  2  Δx 2  2  Δx 2  2  −Δx 2  2  −Δx 2 
φB = (φQ + φS + φR + φP ) 4 φC  (φU + φQ + φP + φT ) 4
 ∂φ  φC − φB (φU + φT ) 2 − (φS + φR ) 2
 ∂x    S Q U
Δ x 2Δx
BC
B C
 ∂φ  φQ − φP R T
 ∂y   Δy P
  BC

Multiblock mesh
a b c
a' b' c'

Domain boundary
Fluxes evaluation
’ Ghost point

Flux computation at edges
∂u
∂t i
=−
1
Δx (
Fi + 1 − Fi − 1 −
2 2
1
Δy ) (
G j+ 1 − G j− 1 −
2 2
1
Δz ) (
Hk+ 1 − Hk− 1
2 2
)
• Essential for the model stability
• It is necessary to consider the direction of waves

Fi+½
i i+1

Flux computation at edges
• Importance of proper evaluation
Let be a 1D pure convective equation with the flux f = a u :
∂u ∂f ∂u ∂u
+ =0  + a + ... = 0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
u n +1i − u n i u n i − u n i −1 aΔt
If a>0, it has to be discretized by: +a + ... = 0 and to satisfy: 0 ≤ ν ≤ 1 with: ν =
Δt Δx Δx
n +1
If a<0, it has to be discretized by : u i − u i + a u i +1 − u i + ... = 0
n n n
Δt Δx
 The discretization of a flux has to take into

consideration the propagation in the vicinity of edges

Inconsistency of a non-conservative form
• Let be an 1D pure convective equation ( a variable)

∂u ∂u
+ a ( x, t ) + ... = 0
∂t ∂x
• Solve by FDM :
u n i −1 u ni u n i +1
a n i −1 a ni a n i +1
f n i −1 f ni f n i +1
∂u a (u − u i −1 ) 
If a in > 0 ∀i → + i i + ... = 0 
∂t i Δx  "what leaves from i


∂u a i +1 (u i +1 − u i ) does not arrive in i+1"
→ + + ... = 0 
∂t i +1 Δx 

Flux in conservative form

∂u ∂f (u ) ∂u ∂u
+ = + a ( x, t ) + ... = 0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
• Solve by FDM :
n
If a > 0 ∀i →
∂u
+
f n
i ( u ) − f n i−1 ( u ) = 0
i 
∂t i Δx
 "what leaves from i


i +1 ( ) i( )
∂u f n
u − f n
u  arrives in i+1"
→ + = 0
∂t i +1 Δx 

Non singularity of flux in conservative form

∂u ∂f (u ) ∂u ∂u
+ = + a ( x, t ) + ... = 0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
• Solve by FDM :
If a in > 0 et a in+1 < 0 →

∂u
+
f n
i ( u ) − f n
i −1 ( u )
=0


∂t i Δx  "what leaves from i

i+2 ( ) i +1 ( )
∂u f n
u − f n
u  does not arrive in i+1"
→ + = 0
∂t i +1 Δx 
 Decoupling !

Singularity of flux forced in finite volume

∂u ∂f (u ) ∂u ∂u
+ = + a ( x, t ) + ... = 0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
• Solve by FVM:
→ → →
Fi −1 Fi Fi +1
VFi VFi +1
∂u 
If a in > 0 and a in+1 < 0 → Δx + Fn bord i +1/2 − Fn bord i −1/2 = 0 

VFi ∂t  "what leaves from i

∂u arrives in i+1"
Conclusions over a bords → Δx + Fn bordi +3/2 − Fn bordi +1/2 = 0 
∂t VFi +1 
 Never decoupling due to flux singularity at edge!

Typical structure of a FVM code
Read data and initializations

Computation of weighting parameters for derivatives
Loup over time steps
Time step assessment

Unknown reconstruction at edges
Flux assessment (FVS, FDS, …)
Budgets computation
Update the unknown in the nodes

Splitting methods
• Flux Vector Splitting • Flux Difference Splitting
fΔ = f + (s− ) + f − (s+ ) f Δ = f ( s − ,s + )
• Solve the Riemann problem for each edge
• Flux splitting in two parts
• Roe : solve the linear Riemann problem
• The convective matrix ∂f+/∂s in the positive or zero eigenvalues
• The convective matrix ∂f -/∂s in the negative or zero eigenvalues
 The information is taken from

« the direction from which it arrives »
i.e. according to the physical direction
of the wave propagation

Quasi-linear form and study of the characteristics
• System of linear equations

   
∂U ∂f ∂U ∂U
+ =0 ⇔ +A =0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂f 
A =  A i, j  =  i
where the jacobean matrix  ∂u j 
• If A is diagonalizable with real eigenvalues
(i.e. the system is hyperbolic)
A = K ΛK −1
λ1  0
où Λ =     
 0  λn 
K = [ r1  rn ]

 
• The quasi-linear equation becomes ∂U + K ΛK −1 ∂U = 0
∂t ∂x
• Multiplying by K −1
 Decoupling of m equations :
 
∂U ∂U
K −1 + K −1 K ΛK −1 =0
∂t ∂x
 
(
∂ K −1U )+Λ ( ∂ K −1U ) =0
∂t ∂x
 
∂W ∂W
+Λ =0
∂t ∂x

Flux splitting method
• Splitting in function of positive and negative eigenvalues
 
∂W ∂W
+Λ =0
∂t ∂x Λ = Λ+ + Λ−
A+ = K Λ + K −1 → f + = A+U
A = K ΛK −1
A− = K Λ − K −1 → f − = A−U
∂u ∂u
• For 1D pure convective equation +a =0 ; a>0

∂t ∂x
Λ = Λ + = a  Fi + 1 = aui
2

« Flux difference splitting » method: Godunov’s method
Algorithm in three steps:

• Mean of u ( x, t ) : Solution
n u ( x, t ) is constant over the finite volume
n
• Develop this solution « constant over part » according to the equation in

order to obtain u ( x, tn+1 )
• Solution at next step = the mean value over finite volume of
u ( x, t n )
x x
Mean Developed
values values
u ( x, t u ( x, t )
n ) n +1

Godunov’s method for 1D pure convective equation

∂u ∂u
+a =0 ; a>0
∂t ∂x
Development of u ( x, tn ) = velocity translation
u ( x, t n )
Δx=aΔt
x x
Developed
Mean
values u ( x, tn ) values u ( x, tn +1 )

The mean of u ( x, tn +1 ) :
xi + 1
1 2 aΔt   aΔt  
u ( x, tn +1 ) =  u ( x, tn +1 ) = u ( xi −1 , tn ) + 1 −  u ( xi , tn )
Δx x 1 Δx  Δx 
i−
2
 
Δ t  
= u ( xi , tn ) −  au ( xi , tn ) − au ( xi −1 , tn ) 
Δx    

 Fi + 1
2
Fi − 1
2 
u ( x, t n )
Δx=aΔt
x x
Developed 
Mean
values u u( x,xtn,)tn
( ) values
u ( x, tn+1 )

Godunov’s method for any system of hyperbolic equations

 
∂U ∂U
+A =0
∂t ∂x
How to develop ?
u ( x, tn )
u ( x, tn )
x x
Mean
values u ( x, tn ) ????

« Flux difference splitting » method : Riemann’s problem
• The principle of Riemann’s problem

– Hyperbolic equation with any initial conditions
 
∂U ∂U
 + A =0 =0
 ∂ t ∂x
  
  U L si x < 0
 U(x, 0) = U 0 (x) =  
u0(x)
  U R si x > 0

uL
– Initial conditions = discontinuity uR
x=0 x
• The Godunov’s method introduces the Riemann’s problem at

each boarder of Finite Volume

• N independent equations :
∂w1 ∂w1
+ λ1 =0
∂t ∂x

∂wn ∂w
+ λn n = 0
∂t ∂x
dx dwi
• Along = λi , it appears =0
dt dt
• The solution : wave propagation at velocity λi

wi ( x, t ) = wi ( x − λi t , 0 ) = wi initial ( x − λi t )

• In the characteristic space :

t
λi
λ1
λn
wi ( x, t ) = wi initial ( x − λi t )
• Along ith characteristic

dx
i.e. along the line dt
= λi , the value wi is constant

 
• As W =K U−1
• The unknown U of the conservative equations is written

 
U = KW
⇔
 n 
U =  wi ( x, t ) ri
i =1
• The solution of a hyperbolic problem is the superposition of

quantity wi to a simple wave which propagates at velocity λi

• Riemann’s problem for pure convective equation

 ∂u ∂u
 ∂t + a =0
 ∂x
 u if x < 0
u(x, 0) = u 0 (x) =  L
 u R if x > 0
– Initial condition = discontinuity

– The propagation in function of celerity
– Splitting of space-time in 2 regions of constant state
u0(x) ut(x) t Characteristic curve
x-a.t=0
uL uL x-a.t<0
x 
uR uR U  =0  x-a.t>0
t  uL
uR
x=0 x x=0 d=a.t x
( )
x
 Fi + 1 = F U  xt =0  = auL

2
• Riemann’s problem for an hyperbolic system

   
∂U ∂U ∂W ∂W
 +A =0 =0  +Λ =0
 ∂ t ∂x  ∂ t ∂x
   ⇔ 
  U L si x < 0    W L si x < 0
 U(x, 0) = U 0 (x) =    W(x, 0) = W 0 (x) =  
 
  U R si x > 0   W R si x > 0
• Diagonalization  N convective equations

t
If λp < 0 then w p,i + 1 = w p,R
2
λ1
If λp > 0 then w p,i + 1 = w p,L
w1L w2R x


   
∂U ∂U  ∂W ∂W
 +A =0 =0  +Λ =0 =0
 ∂ t ∂x  ∂ t ∂x
   ⇔ 
  U L if x < 0    W L if x < 0
 U(x, 0) = U 0 (x) =    W(x, 0) = W 0 (x) =  
 
  U R if x > 0   W R if x > 0
• Space-time divided in (m+1) regions by the carrying characteristics of « Riemann

invariants » Wi
• The unknowns are constant in each region,   x
U ( x, t ) = U ( ), t>0
 solution « auto-similar » t t
λk λk+1
• Solution = linear combination λ m
of m waves from the initial discontinuity. λ1
UL UR x
  x=0 
U ( x = 0, t ) = U ( ) = U (0), ∀t > 0
t


   
∂U ∂U  ∂W ∂W
 + A = 0 = 0  + Λ =0 =0
 ∂ t ∂x  ∂ t ∂x
   ⇔   
  U L si x < 0   W L si x < 0
 U(x, 0) = U 0 (x) =    W(x, 0) = W 0 (x) =  
 
  U R si x > 0   W R si x > 0
• Solution =
 n    x
U =  wi ( x, t ) ri t U ( x, t ) = U ( ), t > 0
i =1
λk λk+1 t
 n  λm
U =  wi ( x − λi t , 0 ) ri λ1
i =1
 n  n 
U=  wi , R ( x, t ) ri +  wi , L ( x, t ) ri
UL UR
x x
i:λ p < i:λ p >
t t
x
  x=0 
U ( x = 0, t ) = U ( ) = U (0), ∀t > 0
t


 n  n 
U=  x
wi , R ( x, t ) ri +  x
wi , L ( x, t ) ri
i:λ p < i:λ p >
t t
 n  n  n  n 
U=  x
wi , R ( x, t ) ri +  x
wi , L ( x, t ) ri +  x
wi , L ( x, t ) ri −  x
wi , L ( x, t ) ri
i:λ p < i:λ p > i:λ p < i:λ p <
t


t

 t t
UL
  n 
U =U L +  ( w ( x , t ) − w ( x, t ) ) r
x
i,R i,L i
i:λ p <
t
 n  n  n  n 
U=  wi , R ( x, t ) ri +  wi , R ( x, t ) ri +  wi , L ( x, t ) ri −  wi , R ( x, t ) ri
x x x x
i:λ p < i:λ p > i:λ p > i:λ p >


t

 t t t
UR
  n 
U =U R −  ( w ( x, t ) − w ( x, t ) ) r
x
i,R i,L i
i:λ p >
t

Riemann’s problem : Euler equations
• Non-linear equations !!
• Decomposition in possible waves, but very complex
• Combination of three types of waves
t Contact
wave
Shock
Expansion
wave
x
!! Possible analytic computation , but very costly !!

« Flux difference splitting » method : Godunov’s flux
• Godunov’s flux for an hyperbolic system

 The flux of the Riemann’s solution at the interface
(
 Fi + 1 = F U  xt =0 
2
)
     
( ) 
n n
= F  U L +  ( wi , R − wi , L ) ri  = F UL + λi ( wi , R − wi , L ) ri
 
 i:λ p < 0  i:λ p < 0
     
( ) 
n n
= F  U R −  ( wi , R − wi , L ) ri  = F UR − λi ( wi , R − wi , L ) ri
 
 i:λ p > 0  i:λ p > 0
• Averaging these two equations :

  
Fi + 1
2
1
( ( ) ( ))
= F UL +F UR
2
1 n
−  λi ( wi , R − wi , L ) ri
2 i
1 1
Ex. 1 inc. : Fi + 1 = ( L
au + au R) − a ( uR − uL )
2 2 2

Volumes Finis 21-22

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« Finite volume » methods

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

Finite difference methods Finite element methods

• Existence of a weak solution

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Several sets of finite volumes

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Formulation « cell-centered » • Formulation « node-centered »

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Let be a system of n transitory equations in conservative form

• Mean values of s and b over volume,

• Approached computation for S

• Example : explicit time discretization – structured mesh

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Let integrate f over the surface S

• By Taylor, if P is the center of gravity of S :

•  for unsteady term, second order of precision if the

Inconnue au centre de gravité

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Flux computational problems at interface

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

Read data and initializations

Time step assessment

Update the unknown in the nodes

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Constant reconstruction : • Linear reconstruction :

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

Sur maillage structuré régulier, on a Sur maillage quelconque,

– reconstruction linéaire – reconstruction quadratique

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Flux integration over the edges

– Exact integration for polynomial of degree 2nG-1 over one interval

– Addition of an error due to approached computation of flux over the edges

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Let be an 1D pure convective equation

If a > 0  u nc,bord i -1/2 = u n i -1, u nc,bord i +1/2 = u n i , u nc,bord i + 3/2 = u n i +1

¶ui a(u n i - u n i -1 ) ¶ui +1 a(u n i +1 - u n i )

 first order of accuracy only for uniform mesh, otherwise inconsistent

• Using the following series, the accuracy of the approximation

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH) 13

• Let be an 1D pure convective equation

u c,bord i +1/2 - u nc,bord i -1/2 = ççç u n i + - u n i -1 - ÷÷

 for uniform mesh

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Using the following series, the accuracy of the approximation

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH) 15

• Total order of precision

min (eVR , eGI ) - b

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

• Total order of precision (in the sense of finite difference)

• Regular, 1 Gauss point, constant : 1

Monotonicity condition of Harten

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

Barth and Jespersen Vankatakrishnan

 The « diamond » model

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

ΔxΔy  φC + φQ  Δy 2  φQ + φB  −Δy 2  φB + φP  −Δy 2  φP + φC  Δy 2 

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

a' b' c'

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)

ArGEnCo – MS²F - Hydrologie, Hydrodynamique Appliquée et Constructions Hydrauliques (HACH)