PHILOSOPHY

Intrinsic value: Independent of their value to any other end. Instrumental value: worth objects have in fulfilling other ends
Deontology ethics: approach to ethics determines goodness or rightness from examining rights rather than consequences of the act. Like if
a nuclear missile is launched don’t hack into the system. Just follow the rules independent of their consequences. Founded by Immanuel Kant.
Consequentialist ethics: actions based on consequence whatever path you may take ie consequence should be good.
Hedonism: Happiness is the highest good. Utilitarianism: Whatever I do that should produce the greatest amount of happiness to
maximum people.
Virtue ethics: emphasizes the character of the moral agent jaise grown up huya hai uske upar depend karta hai Founded by Aristotle habit
and virtues Metaethics: Talks about morality not morals Moral actions: either good or bad Non Moral: neither good or bad Amoral
actions: we don’t care good or bad. Moral dilemma: conflict between two moral actions Relativism: no universal norms of right or wrong.
Subjective relativism: what is right may not be right for me I have set standards for others. Cultural relativism: Judasim: Jewish – Tanuk
God powerful respect him in the ways he commands Christianity: respect form of nature, environment and those who do rewarded Hindu:
worship plant and animal Buddhism: all living being are connected, stop craving greed and other things Islamism: accepting gifts from
others, don’t waste fruit bible: tree of knowledge doomed die, reproduction carry you religion New testament: any tree that doesn’t bear
fruit cut down and thrown into the fire 1935 Monsanto chemical company PCB(Polychlorinated biphenyl) used in capacitors and T 1937
discover toxicity of PCB oil supressed finally banned in 1979 1957 Tahllidomide prescribed 1961 pulled out due to birth defects

Anthropocentric: humans unique nature as other,culture over nature Anthropocentric value: value whichc is human centered and derived
from human judgement Kantianism: Humans have worth as rational other not not rational Singer calls Anthropocentrism as Speciesism
Direct duties: treating as intrinsic good Indirect duties: treating duties to act towards animal for the sake of ourselves society or others
(treating as instrumental good) Sentientism: (part of Nonanthropocentric) all being that have the capacity to feel pleasure and pain are
intrinsically valuable. Biocentric egalitarianism: puts forth the view that all living things have equal worth as and we have duties towards
them. Ecocentric ethics: emphasis on ecological wholes and moves away from plants and animals Aldo Leopold Land ethic (older version)
Bioregionalism: lead a simple life with local production of food and other products from people you know.Animism: every part of
environment living/non-living has consciousness or spirit. Pantheism: identify deities with natural objects and processes hence nature is
sacred and holy Anne Naess: founder of deep ecology 3R=deep ecology Deep ecology: all living things are valuable-harmony with nature
The world is fundamentally egalitarian rather than hierarchiacal Ecofeminism: Nature and women are linked and exploitation by men
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GNP/GNI= GDP+outsidegoods+salary outside citizens Rachel wrote silent spring danger of pesticide DDT Population: lack of well defined
property rights for environment Negative externalities: when social cost>private costs Externalities: effect of one person’s unintended
actions on another CAC(control and command) MBI(market based instruments) public targeted(involving public participation) high CAC or
low sulphur diesel fuel
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Ecosystem people: rural people Wangari maathai: nobel peace prize sustainable development CPR: groundwater basis Tragedy of
commons: Garret Hardin individuals neglect the well being of society in the pursuit of personal gain Elinor Ostrom: Governance of
commons Common pool resources: improve efficiency prevent resource exhaustion avoid ecosystem collapse

Iron Triangle