UNIT III

Class # 13 May 27th

BECAUSE, SINCE, BECAUSE OF

These types of clauses explain the reasons for what happens in the main
clause,
Example: He bought a new home because he got a better job.

Because can be used with a variety of tenses based on the time relationship
between the two clauses.

 They received a high mark on their exam because they had studied hard.
 I´m studying hard because I want to pass my exam.
 He works a lot of overtime because his rent is so expensive

Since: means the same as because “since” tends to be used in more informal
spoken English.

 Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a conservatory.

 They had to leave early since their train left at 8:30

Because of:
 They stayed in because of the bad weather.
 She cannot play sports because of her illness.

EXERCISE

Complete with because, because, of, since

1. This book is very useful,________________it explains everything clearly.
2. Nobody likes Ann at school________________she is always having
arguments with other students.
3. ______________________we have enough time, let´s talk about that.
4. They decided to go to sleep,________________it was very late.
5. The train was delay_________________bad weather.
 6. They had a delay__________________the traffic jam.
7. The baby is crying_________________he is hungry.
8. He won´t understand, ____________________he doesn´t speak
Russian.
9. The unemployment was high_____________________the economic
crisis.
10. ___________________we didn´t have classes on Monday, we went to
the lake.

Because

Because is more common than since, both in writing and speaking. When we

use because, we are focusing on the reason:
She spoke quietly because she didn’t want Catherine to hear.
We’ll come over on Sunday because David’s got to work on Saturday.
We often put the because-clause at the beginning of a sentence, especially
when we want to give extra focus to the reason. We use a comma after
the because-clause:
Because breathing is something we do automatically, we rarely think about it.
We can use a because-clause on its own without the main clause in speaking or
informal writing:
A: Would you like to go to school there?
B: Yes.
A: Why?
B: Because my best friend goes there. (I would like to go to school there
because my best friend goes there.)

Cos

We often shorten because to cos /kəz/ or /kɒz/ in informal speaking and writing:

I’m laughing cos I’m so happy.
See also:
Because, because of and cos, cos of
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ED AND –ING

Many adjectives that are formed with past participles (interested) describe a
feeling or state.

I´m bored= I feel there is nothing that interest me at the moment.

Many adjectives formed from present participles (interesting) describe the

person, thing or topic which produces the feeling.

I´m boring= I´m a very uninteresting person.

Common- ed and –ing adjectives:

- Worried/worrying
- surprised /surprising
- Embarrassed/embarrassing desconcertada
- interested/interesting
- Thrilled/thrilling emocionado (a)
- amused/amusing divertida (o)

EXAMPLE
FEEL –ED DESCRIBE -ING
Annoyed Annoying
Bored Boring
Confused Confusing
Depressed Depressing
Excited Exciting
Frightened Frightening
Frustrated Frustrating
Satisfied Satisfying
Shocked Shocking
 EXERCISES
Choose the correct option (a or b) to complete the sentence.

1. Dogs often feel _________during fireworks.

a. Frightening
b. Frightened

2. The metro can be _____the first time you use it.

a. Confusing
b. confused

3. Mariel was_____to hear about the earthquake.

a. Shocked
b. Shocking

4. I think that rainy days in winter are______.

a. Depressed
b. Depressing

5. She´s _____of doing the same thing every day.

a. Boring
b. Bored

 Write the correct adjective ed or ing.

1. I was ____________________ (annoy) by his attitude. 

2. Are you ___________________ (confuse)? Don't worry, I'll explain. 

3. That movie was really ________________ (depress). 

4. It was an _______________________ (exhaust) day. 

5. The children were __________________ (frighten) by the storm. 

6. You must be _________________ (relieve) now that your exams are

finished. 
7. The news was _________________________ (discourage). 
 8. She is ________________________ (overwhelm) with work. 

9. Could this situation be any more _________________ (frustrate). 

10. I was ____________________________ (interest) in his lecture. 

Conversation

Sue: Hi, Jane. Have you had an (interest) day?

________________________

Jane: I've had a very (excite) day. It's my birthday today.

_____________________

Sue: I'm a little (confuse). I thought your birthday was next month.

_________________

Jane No, that's my brother's birthday. Mine is today.

Sue: Oh! Now I'm (embarrass). I didn't get you a present.

__________________

Jane: That's (disappoint). But it's OK.

_______________

Sue: Now I'm (depress), too.

________________

Hey, I've just had a (fascinate) idea.

__________________

Why don't we go shopping and get you a present right now? That way we can
get you something really (please).

____________________

Jane: What an (enchant) idea. Where shall we start? (encantar)

____________________

Sue: What about right here?