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Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 The total amount of product formed in an enzyme-controlled reaction was investigated at two
different temperatures, 55 °C and 65 °C. The results are shown in the graph.

10 55 °C

8
Total 65 °C
amount
of 6
product
formed /
arbitrary 4
units

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time / hours

(a) (i) Explain how you would calculate the rate of the reaction at 55 °C over the first 2
hours of the investigation.

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(1 mark)

(ii) Explain why the initial rate of this reaction was faster at 65 °C than it was at 55 °C.

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(b) Use your knowledge of enzymes to explain the difference in the two curves between
4 and 6 hours.

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(1 mark)

(c) In this investigation, the enzyme and its substrate were mixed in a buffer solution.
What was the purpose of the buffer solution?

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(1 mark)

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2 A kidney consists of a large number of very small tubes called kidney tubules. Some of the
cells which line these tubules are able to absorb glucose. The diagram shows how these cells
absorb glucose from the contents of the tubule and secrete it into the blood.

Inside of
kidney tubule Cell Blood

Glucose moves into cell by Glucose secreted from cell

facilitated diffusion by active transport

Organelle A

(a) Glucose moves into the cell by facilitated diffusion. Osmosis also takes place across the
plasma membrane.
Give two differences between facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

(b) Explain the link between active transport and the presence of large numbers of the
organelles labelled A in this cell.

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(c) Explain two ways, shown in the diagram, in which the structure and activities of this cell
ensure efficient absorption of glucose from the inside of the kidney tubule.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

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3 (a) Starch is an important storage substance in plants. Give two features of starch
molecules and explain how each enables starch to act as an efficient storage substance.

1 Feature .....................................................................................................................

Explanation .............................................................................................................

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2 Feature .....................................................................................................................

Explanation .............................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

Glucose syrup is used in the production of many human foods. It is produced from starch in
a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.

(b) One way of monitoring the progress of these reactions is to measure the amount of
reducing sugar produced.

(i) Describe a chemical test that would enable you to show that glucose syrup
contained reducing sugar.

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(ii) Suggest how you could use this test to compare the amount of reducing sugar in
two solutions.

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(4 marks)

(c) The progress of these reactions can also be monitored by finding the dextrose equivalent (DE).
Dextrose equivalent can be calculated from the formula:

number of glycosidic bonds hydrolysed ✕ 100

DE =
number of glycosidic bonds present in starch

Explain why pure glucose obtained from starch has a dextrose equivalent of 100.

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(1 mark)
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4 The diagram shows part of a cell that secretes enzymes.

X

(a) Give one piece of evidence, visible in the diagram, which shows that this cell is a
eukaryotic cell.

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(1 mark)

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(b) Some cells similar to that shown in the diagram were grown in a culture. Radioactive
amino acids were added to the solution in which they were being grown. The
radioactivity acts as a label on the amino acid so that it can be detected wherever it is.
This radioactive label allows amino acids to be followed through the cell. At various
times, samples of the cells were taken and the amount of radioactivity in different
organelles was measured. The results are shown in the table.

Time after radioactive Amount of radioactivity present/arbitrary units

amino acids were
added to the solution/ Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic Vesicles
minutes reticulum
1 21 120 6
20 42 68 6
40 86 39 8
60 76 28 15
90 50 27 28
120 38 26 56

(i) What happens to the amino acids in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

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(2 marks)

(ii) Use the information in the table to draw arrows on the diagram showing the path
of radioactivity through and out of the cell at X. (3 marks)

(iii) Name the process which is occurring at point X on the diagram.

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(1 mark)

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5 Ultracentrifugation was used to separate the components of cells from lettuce leaves.
The flow chart summarises the steps in the process.

Lettuce leaves chopped up in an ice-cold buffer solution

Mixture put in a blender and homogenised before being filtered

Filtrate centrifuged at 500g for 10 minutes

Pellet A Supernatant centrifuged at 2000g for 20 minutes

Pellet B Supernatant centrifuged at 10 000g for 20 minutes

Chloroplasts

Pellet C
Supernatant D
Mitochondria

(a) Explain why the mixture was filtered before it was centrifuged.

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(1 mark)

(b) (i) Name the organelle present in the largest numbers in pellet A.

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(1 mark)

(ii) Name an organelle likely to be present in supernatant D.

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(1 mark)

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(c) The mitochondria from pellet C were observed with an electron microscope. They had
all burst and appeared as shown in the diagram.

What does this suggest about the water potential of the solution in which the chopped
leaves were put? Explain your answer.

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(2 marks)

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6 The graph shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle as the heart beats.

140
A

120

100

Volume /
cm3
80

60

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Time / s

(a) (i) The horizontal line labelled A on the graph shows when blood is leaving the
ventricle. Explain, in terms of blood pressure, why blood does not flow back into
the atrium during this period.

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(2 marks)

(ii) Draw a horizontal line on the graph, to show the period in one cardiac cycle when
the muscle in the wall of the ventricle is relaxed. Label this line with the letter B.
(1 mark)

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(b) (i) Draw a horizontal line on the graph to show one complete cardiac cycle. Label
this line with the letter C. (1 mark)

(ii) Use line C to calculate the number of times the heart beats in one minute. Show
your working.

Answer .........................................
(2 marks)

(c) The table shows the blood flow to different parts of the body at rest and during a period
of vigorous exercise.

Rate of blood flow/cm3 minute –1

Part of the body
at rest during exercise
Brain 750 750
Heart muscle 300 1 200
Gut and liver 3 000 1 400
Muscle 1 000 16 000
All other organs (except lungs) 1 550 1 550

(i) Use the figures in the table to calculate the cardiac output at rest.

Answer .........................................
(1 mark)

(ii) Give two ways in which cardiac output is increased during a period of vigorous
exercise.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

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(d) Describe the parts played by the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node
(AVN) in controlling the heart beat.

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(6 marks)

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7 Read the following passage.

Proteins have many different functions. These include catalysing chemical

reactions and transporting substances across membranes. Many of these functions
rely on the specific shape of their molecules. Molecules of a particular protein
always fold into the same shape.

5 Although different proteins have different shapes, they share a number of

structural features. They are formed from 20 different types of amino acid, each
containing the same four chemical elements. Unlike triglycerides, proteins are
polymers. Their chains are linear and never branched. The primary structure is
the term used to refer to the sequence of amino acids which makes up a particular
10 protein. These amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. The side-chains or
R-groups of different amino acids may form chemical bonds with each other. It
is these bonds which allow the formation of protein molecules with specific
tertiary shapes.

The amino acid sequences of over 100 000 proteins are known but, so far, we only
15 know the tertiary structure of about 5000 of these. We have recently discovered
that the folding of polypeptide chains is controlled by a group of proteins called
chaperones. Chaperones bind to unfolded regions of polypeptide chains as they
are being synthesised and prevent them from binding to other proteins. Once
folded, the protein and chaperone separate allowing the chaperone to affect the
20 folding of more polypeptide chains.

Use information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) (i) What are the “same four chemical elements” found in all amino acids (line 7)?

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(1 mark)

(ii) Explain why “unlike triglycerides, proteins are polymers” (lines 7 – 8).

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(2 marks)

(iii) Glycogen is also a polymer. Explain how many different sorts of protein can be
produced but only one sort of glycogen.

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(b) Describe two ways in which chaperones (line 17) are similar to enzymes.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

(c) (i) Explain what causes molecules of a particular protein always to fold into the same
shape.

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(2 marks)

(ii) Describe how molecular shape is important in explaining the way in which
enzymes may be affected by inhibitors.

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(6 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS

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