KNOWN NUMBERS IN

MATHEMATICS AND THE

HISTORY OF THEIR
CALCULATIONS .

Iga Walczak & Kacper Drozd

 AGENDA:

1. Episodes in the calculation of pi.

2. Euler's number.
3. Imaginary number i
4. Golden ratio phi
  By 2000 B.C.E. several cultures we
collectively call the Babylonians
used 3 1/8 as the value of π.

 There is little indication in either

• A LITTLE BIT OF
the Babylonian writings or in
HISTORY the Bible that the values of π
are understood to
be just approximations.
 RHIND PAPYRUS


 ARCHIMEDES OF
SYRACUSE




https://ohistorii.blogspot.com/2015/03/archimedes-i-wdrozenia-nauk.html
 ARCHIMEDES' WORK 
"MEASUREMENT
OF THE CIRCLE."

A picture taken from: http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2012-02

 In an algebraic formulation,
we say that the area of a circle is πr^2
and its circumference is 2πr.
 These are consistent with Archimedes' claim:
πr^2=(1/2)⋅r⋅(2πr).

 But the ancient Greeks did not have algebra,

and they did not have the notion of a
real number that we do.

 Almost all their `formulas' are in the same

style that this one is - they assert that two
areas are equal.
 APPROXIMATION
FOR THE VALUE OF
PI, COUNTED BY
ARCHIMEDES




https://ctsciencecenter.org/blog/archim edes-the-mathematician/
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8te

FRANÇOIS VIÈTE


PROOF OF VIÈTE'S THEOREM
JOHN WALLIS 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_produ ct
 JOHN MACHIN'S
FORMULA

A picture taken from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machin


 JOHN MACHIN'S FORMULA

• The arithmetic required to divide by ascending powers of 5 is easily handled, due to the simple
terminating decimal expansions of such fractions.

• Machin now had a practical formula that could compete with, and defeat all previous methods
dependent on multisided polygons.
• In fact, after significant effort, Machin calculated pi to 100 decimal places.
e is proven to be transcendental . It was proven by Charles Hermit using Lindemann-
Weierstrass theorem in 1873.

From a number theory view e is also a normal number.

a real number is said to be simply normal in an integer base b if its infinite sequence of digits is distributed
uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit values has the same natural density 1/b. A number is said to
be normal in base b if, for every positive integer n, all possible strings n digits long have density b−n.
BRIEF HISTORY




 https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi
 https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_Wallis
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_product
 https://ctsciencecenter.org/blog/archimedes-the-mathematician/
 http://personalpages.to.infn.it/~zaninett/pdf/machin.pdf
