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    Chapter 5 The Philippines Under Spanish Rule

    Uploaded by

    Espiritu, Chriscel
    chap 5

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17
    THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE (1600s - 1800s) SONS FOR SPANISH COLONIZATION When King Charles I decided to send an expedition tot Moluccas, his purpose was primarily commercial. Spices commanded high prices was persuaded to send the Magellan expedition t spice Islands. Later, when Legazpi succeeded in founding Spanish veiclements and in laying the foundation of Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the Spanish claim to the archipelago was sealed based on ‘ons, First, since the “discovery” of the Philippines v Jer the auspices of Spain, the Philippines, therefore v s Tigi cwned by Spain. Second, since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it had the right to cc'oniz pain claimed the Philippines by right of “discovery” and by ight of actual occupation or conquest. As such, the Philippines was « possession or property of the King of Spain and, therefore, a crowa colony. : eit. In other words POLITICAL CHANGES ‘Asa crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the Council of the Indies. Ever 20, the Spanich officials in the Philippines welt > appointed by the King of Spain, who tesued Reyal orders and dec-ees ‘dealing with the proper administration of the colony. In 1863, the Philippines, as a colony, was placed under the jurisdiction of the E Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar) In order to make the administration of the Philippines efficient, the Overseas Ministry was advised and aided in its work by the Council of the Indies. ‘The Central Government Tn organizing the central government of the Philippines, the Spanish authorities saw to it that they would be guided by their experience in e quently, many feacures of the countries were adopted ir the :merica, the Laws of the Indies a ad spanish ave most of them were not even enforced in the Philippines. ‘The Spanish colonizers organized a highly centralized form of government. By this, it meant ‘that the central or national government was so powerful that almost everythinghad tobe done ‘with its knowledge and consent. The central government was headed by the governor and captain-general, or governor general was ay k of Spain. As governor gener t in the colony. He possessed vast executive, legislative, a icial pov There were, however, only two branches of government: the executive and the judicial. There was no legislature or coner: 2 1 for the Pr es were suade by the Spani...ds in Spain and, to a certair | extent, by the governor-general himself. He issued orders with the x 4) force of law, which were called superior decrees. On the other hand, : decrees or orders coming from the King of Spain were called Royal decrees FS oororders. The governor-general was the president o: presiding officer of the Audiencia. He was also the vice royal patron in the Philippines. As the King’s representative, he could appoint minor officials in the government, including the parish priests. He was also the commander. in-chief of the armed forces. Combining all these powers, tle governor. general was truly a powerful official. This power was best shown in the right of cumplase bestowed upon him by the King. The cumplase was the righ of the governor to suspend the operation of a Koyal decree or order relative to the Philippines if in his opinion, the said order or decree would not be beneficial to the administration of the country. The usual formuia in exercising the right of cumplase was do not coraply.” “I obey but The Audiercia The judicial powers of the government were exercised by the Audiencia and the lower courts. The Audiencia was established in the Philippines in 1583 to administer justice to the aggrieved people in the colony. Governor Santiago de Vera was its first president. The Audiencia was the highest court insofar as civil and criminal cases were concerned. Moreover, political and administrative matters were brought before the Audiencia by the governor. In the absence of a governor or when he could not perform his duties, the Audiencia __ exercised political and admin government were against 1¢ Philippines was still small natives were very poor. This a was 2 burden to the Kiag of Spain. Because of this opposition, the sncia was abolished in 1589, In its Place, a council composed of 400 members headed by the governor. general was created. This council, however, was unsatisfactory to many because of its many members. So the King ordered the re-establishment of the Audiencia in 1595. He it actually carried out its function in 1598 when it was inaugurated. Local Government Under the central government was th pacified provinces, which were already recognizing the auth of / Spain, were gcverned by civil provincial governors. Those that were not full n ruted by military officers. The provincia! govesuws was voucu alcalde mayos, He ppeint by the governor-general. His salary was small but he could collect a part ofthe tribute to inerease his income. What made him rich and powerful —— vias the right given to him to engage in trade. This right was called jndulto de comercio. In almost all cases, the provincial governor abused this power so that he committed graft and corruption. It was later polished in 1844 because the alcalde mayor abused his power to the eetent of scandalizing the Spaniards. Another anomalous practice was the provincial governor's role as judge of the province. Since many abuses were committed by the governor-judge, in 1886, the King ay jered that the provincial governor should remain as judge only. An- [7 ether man was appointed as provincial governor whose main duty was to administer the province. Under the provincial government was the municipal government. ‘The town or municipality, composed ct several barrios, was headed by =f the gobernadorcillo (little governor), also called capitan municipal or simply capitan. Today, he is called mayor. The gobernadorcillo was k lected by thirteen electors who were prominent in the town. Six of these electors were former cabezas de barangay; six were actual cabezas de barangay, and the thirteenth elector was the outgoing capitan The one eelected as gobernadorcille had to be approved by the Spanish | Une the friar-curate. If approved, his name was sent to the provincial governor who, in turn, submitted his name to the office of the governor-general in Manila for final approval. The capitan was aided in the administration of the town by deputies called tenientes, a chief of police, and subordinate a rile, there were only two cities: stand settlement continued, the Spanish another. By the sever.teenth century, cities: Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia Lal-lo, Cagayan), Arevalo (now a part of Hoilo City), and Nueva” Caceres (now Naga). The city, then and now, was the center of social, commercial, religious, and cultural life. Its government was different from that of the town. It was called ayuntamiento, equivalent to __ today’s city hall, and consisted of two alcaldes, twelve regidores (now | ___ called councilors), a chief of police, a city secretary, and few other lesser officials. he was considered a member of the | principalia or the aristocracy, together with the town mayor and other ! municipal officials. A sh : gat, or lakar nd political privile | Propagating the Catholic Faith i When Legazpi sailed for the Philippines, he was accompanied by | Some friars belonging to the Augustinian Order. Many Filipinos who | were converted to the Catholic faith by the first Augustinians that came | with Legazpi in 1565, later on returned to their old animist religion. 1 The King then decided that the entire Philippines should he converted | to the Catholic faith. Missionaries were sent to the colony after the | death of Legazpi. The Augustinian Order con- reproduce from parent stock; to disseminate news or ideas supernatural force that ‘animetes thinas Fn she universe, ie, pecple, frees, mountains, aky, etc. tinued to send its missionaries to make converts. The missionaries spread Catholicism in and around Manilz, the Visayas, the Mocos, Pampanga, Pangasinan. In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived and spread the Catholic faith in Manila, in the provinces near ard around Laguna de Bay (pronounced Ba-i), such as the present provinces of Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. They also established missions in Camarines and other Parts of the Bicol provinces. In 1581, the Jesuits, who were not friars, arrived in the Philippines. They spread Catholicism in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, areeserp yr Bohol, Samar, 4 tale (eens, Thetis sve! te Rove Dominican missionaries came to Manila in 1587 to spread che Catholic faith in Manila, the Cagayan region, and Pangasinan, The Recoll the faith in Manila, Bats -Cuyo, Romblon, Ney _ These miss 000." umber rose to alittle less than a million. the middle of the eighteenth century; to about four million in the 186Cs; and to about six and a half million at the end of the Spanish period in 1898. Although the number of missionaries increased between 1591 and 1898, this number was not enough to cover the entire Philippines. The lack of missionaries was responsible for the return of some converts to their old religious practices. The Union of Church and State Because the early Kin, of Spain helpec ir defending the Catholic faith, they became closely identified with the church. There was union of Church and State in Spain. The same 1 eh thatthe off a by the King and by his representative in the colony, were also defe nders ci the faith. On the other hand, the friars and the Jesuits were not only priests, but also agents of the Spanish King. Thus, because of this union, the governor-general had authority to appoint priests to the parishes. The clergy, on the other hand, were active in the government and had political pewers. The fi became members of eome agencies of the Central Government. In the locel government, the triar-curate almost always was the census enumerator, the health officer, the inspector of schools, the examiner of pupils who wanted to study in primary school, the censor who approved or disapproved dramas and other writings to be published, and the auditor of the local guvernment. He alse ce-tified th good physical condition ot a young man who was to become a soldier in the colonial army. ‘fo the people cf every town, the friar-curate perform way, he became very powerful. jn some caves, a high Church official was also eligible to become governor-general during the latter's absence or iliness. Examples of Church officials who became acting governors-general were Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721); Bishop Juan ‘Arrechederra (1745-1759); Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (1759- 1761); and Archbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762). mwas ices pe mary duties. In this ‘The Church Organization ninister the parishes efficiently, the Catholic Church was nto districts. In turn, each district was divided into parishes ts presented geopraphic regions that had On the other hand, the parishes s represented areas or regions that ted to Catholicism. Hi 56 At first, itwas ee years later, Father ingo de st Bishop of Manila. The bi ric of | shopric in 1595 with Fath ’ ‘archbishop. Under the Archbishopric of é bishoprics of Cebu, Nueva Caceres, and Nueva esiastical Government was headed by the Archbishop jointed by the Pope upon the recommendation et jurisdiction — thority to interpret and copply the law oF pronounce lego! heretic ~ one ‘advocating a heresy or an opinion contrary to the doctrine of Serving under him were the bishops who administered the parishe une ir jurisdictior urch, like the civil povernment-had a court of justice called Ecclesiastical Court or/Archbishop's Court and was composed of the archbishop, the vicar-general, a notary, and other officials Cases dealing with the laws of the Church and t Q is court The Inquisition The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for heretics and those guilty of preaching or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to that of the Catholic Church. There was no office of the Inquisition in the Philippines. There was, however, a representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition in the Philip- pines. It was the duty of this representative to ferret out heretics among the Spaniards. The Filipinos were not subject to inquisitor and methods, according to the instructions of King Phi al practice p I. Only Spaniards, the-efore, were subject to arrest by the zepresentative of the Holy Liguisition in Mexico, The Introduction of Printing Most religious works used by the missionaries during the early years of Spanish rule were handwritten. There was no printing press duing those early years. Because it took much time io copy religious books, the Dominicans introduced in the Philippines the art of printing. The first printing press they introduced was called xylography or printing by woodblock, in which a rectangular piece of wood, say, one or two inches thick, was carved out with words. Then the piece of wood was ° covered evenly with ink anda piece of paper was placed on the woodblock and pressed with a heavy object. When the paper is lifted, it has an imprint of the words in the woodblock rate, the two books were 2 ‘same year. 3 Bi ree Printing by woodblock was cumbersome, so the Dominicans improved printing by introducing the use of movable types. In this kind of ——— Tinting, + letter is joined to a small f wooe print t 1 Father Franciscc similar material type of printing (al: Blancas de San Jose, introduced the movabl called typography) in 1602. He became an expert in this kind of ' printing and ~:vi. a grammar Jogan2, inteditinthe — Ff Pominican press. Ii 2606, the,Franciscans pu: «Pp 2 printing E Tayabas (now Quezon Province). The famous book, Vocubulario ela f Lengua Tagala by Father Domingo de los Santos was printed in 1703 in Tayabas. : ‘The Residencia and the Visita Secause of the abuses committed by many Spanish officials who were sent to the Philippines, the King and Ministers of Spain ieroduced two institutions in their colonies, including the Philippines ‘These were the residencia and the visita. These two institutions wit introduced co stop the abuses of high Spanish officials in the colonies. the residencia was the vublic invertigation and-trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain whether tyry Tad commis: d spuses in the performance of their duties. The procedure involved the incoming governor-general to conduct theTrvestigation and trial of his predecessor and other officials of the govdrnment. The result of the imvesdigation and trial was seat to Spain for final decision While the residencia was instituted with a good purpose, in many vices, it was abused by the investigating governor-general and his men, who often harassed the outgoing governcr, Tt was commen during those days for enemies of an outgoing official to invent charges General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera to embarrass him, Governor~ (4635-1644) was a good example when his enemies ffled unfoynded x charges against him, resulting ir. his imprisonment. _ ‘The visita, on the other jnand, was a secret it festigation of "an official’s conduct as a public servant Its purpose was to ensure 2 t will work honestly and efficiently as he was as dore anytime * the : : 7 duration of the _ can best illustrat this polit government of the country: under Spi ¥ were situated around a plaza or town center to “pring them close to the church, the convent, the municipio, the “marketplace, and the cemetery. This setup allowed the Spaniards to effectively administer and contro} the natives. The church easily regulated the activities of the natives, whose residences were “under the peal of bells” or bajo de las campanas. = TE Ploza Salcedo in Vigan, Hocos Sur, 1870 EcoNOMIc CHANGES The Encomienda In order to reward the Spaniards who helped in the conquest and the establishment of settiements in the Philippines, the King of Spain, as early as 1558, ordered that lands be distcibuted to kis Icyal stibjects. In accordance with this order, Legazpr gave lands to those who had helped in the conquest of thie Philippines. The encomienda, in principle, was not actually a piece of land, but a favor from the King, under which the Spaniard receiving the favor was given the right to collect tributes or taxes from the inhabitants of an area assigned to him. The man who received this favor was called encomendero. The encomienda was therefore, a public office. The size of the encomienda was determined by the number of people living in it and the value of the land on which the natives lived. The law limited the number of natives in an area administered by an encomendero to 300, while the value of the land was limited to F 2,000. At first, an encomienda could be heid for three generations, but it was later reduced te only two generations. However, because of the complaints of the holders of ercoméendas, the King in 1635 retun ‘to three generations. in King; (2) the ecclesiastical encomienda, which belonged to the Church; and (3) the private encomienda, which belonged to a private individual. So many were the abuses committed by the encomenderos that the King abolished the private encomienda toward the end of the seventeenth century. Forced Labor In theory, Spain's colonial system was the followed by other European countries like England, France nial system: nd Holland ‘The Laws of the Indies, for example, described how to prevent the pioatinn of nat * str emplovment. While Filininos were required & to render serviccs to the State and the Church, the s Indies provided that the natives, who were ordered to work either for the trate or for the Church, should be paid their wages. The Spanish officials in the Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the constructinn of vhurches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling and cutting timber. However, some conditions were set for forced labor, called polo y servicio, which included the following: (1) that the Filipinos to be drafted for work must he paid for their work; (2) that the Filiping iS laborers should not be made to work in distant places where they could not return to their families; (3) that the drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest seasons; (4) that men who are pay-ically incapable should not be overworked; (5) that forced labor paula be resorted to onty in cases of absolute necessity; and (6) shat the number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon as laborers trom other countries (probably referring to the Chinese) had volunteered to work. On. paper, the provisions of the policy on forced labor protected Filipino laborers from exploitation. In practice, however, it was cruel because the laws regarding forced labor were violated For example, Filipinos weie not paid their wages. They were separated from their families by sending them to far-flung provinces. They were not given food, as required by law, but instead they had to provide for their own food. Moreover, they were overworked and as a result thousands of Filipno laborers died. This was one of the causes of the decrease in the population of the Philippines for some years in the sixteenth and the seventeenth laborer to be exempted from forced labor, he is fee was unreasonably high, and ‘officially in 1570, the amount was small. Those t Oa ae above sixteen years and those below tribute was raised, of which a small portion went to the Church. This was called sanctorum. Becatse-of the op the tribute and to the at connected abolished it in 84 nd the cedula personal was introduced, Thi present equivalent of the residence certificate class “A Taxes Aside from the tribute, the Filipinos also paid other taxes. They included the diezmos prediales, the donativo de Zamboanga, and the vinta The diezmos prediales was a tax which consisted of one-tenth of the Produce of theland, The donativo de Zamboanga, which was introduced in 1635, was a tax specifically used for the conquest of Jolo. The vinta, on the other hand, was a tax paid by the people of some provinces along the coast of western Luzon for the defense of the coasts from Muslin Pirates, who raided the Visayas and Luzon for “slaves” that they needed in their overseas trading. The Galleon Trade Even before the arvival of the Spaniards, the ?! 1es had already ‘been trading with her neighbors. Jclo and Manila were trading centers of the archipelago. After the Spanish conquest and the settlement of a large part of the Philippines, Manila became leading commercial center in the region. The early Spanish colonial officials encouraged trade between Manila and other countries of the East because it was so lucrative that it could make them wealthy within a shor: period of time. Ships from Japan, China, Siain (Thailand), India, Cambodia, Malacca, and what is now Indonesia, anchored in Manila to unload their valuable cargoes. These, in turn, were shipped by Spanish traders to Mexico where they commanded high prices. Later, commercial restrictions were placed on trade due to the complain.ts of the merchants of Cadiz and Sevilla. They complained that their goods were being driven out of Mexico by the oriental goods that came from Manila. ‘The Spanish merchant: of Manila denied the charge. But the King __ consisted of F: s tobe sent to Mexico and 500,000 g ‘0 to Mar . This trade across the the amounts were raised to galleons, were allowed to engage n trade, ictive that the prosperity of the Spaniards in Manila depended solely on the success of the voyage to and oS. from Mexico. In some cases, the galleons were captured by English buccaneers. Others, however, sank in the southern coast of Luzon near Samar. In the nineteenth century when commercial liberty was adopted J jen Tebtees Gath European policy, the monopolistic galléon trade declined. In 1811 leon f h the last g la d for Acapulco, 0 : 1 government's monopoly of the galleon trade came to an end Othe in the Americas, like in Peru and Ecuador, were ope dto Philippine trade a-Ac: the: declined ‘The Mexican Subsidy Because of the poor economic condition of the country, which the spaniards, generally speaking, did not try to improve, the Philippines became a bu:den to Spain. In order to prevent the government from becoming bankrupt, the Mexican government sent to the Philippines an annual subsidy called the situado. This subsidy amounted to ® 250,000. on the average. This amount was enough to save the colonial government of the Philippines from bankruptcy. However, the money received from Mexico was not spent for the improvement of the condition of the Filipinos. A large portion of the subsidy went to the pockets of Spanish officials. emplovees, and priests in the form of salaries. ‘The Mexican p subsidy was finally stopped when Mexico became independent = 1821. t The Economic Society Governor Basco fourded the Econumnic Socisty of Friends of the Country in 1781 to effectively implement an economic policy in the colony. This was according to the King’s decree which gave him the right to establish a society “of selected persons who are capable enough to produce useful ideas.” In order to make it solvent from the start, prominent Spanish traders of Manila gave the Society the sum of 960 a year, a hefty sum during those days. The Society ws divided into sections: (1) factories and manufactures, (2) industr}-énd populyr education, (3) natural history, (4) domestic and foreign commerce, and in Philippine history. This was in 17: were not limited to the encouragement of agriculture / Italso founded the Academy of Drawing in Manila in 1824, nted scholarships to those whowwere interested in the art of In 1861, the Society founded an aye school in Manila the purpose of training farmers in advanced agricultural methods. ' Governor Bascc s also remembered for his ro! tak Bovernment monopolies, the most important of which was the tobacco monopoly. Seeing the advantages of a monopoly in tobacco, Basco recommended to the King that the mononcly be establisued in the Philip-i-es. Consec yy hens da decree 89 ordering the establishment of the tobacco monopoly. It was, however, actually established in the colony in 1782. The following were the provisions of the decree: (1) the cultivation of tobacco was prohibited except for the Provinces selected to grow it; (2) contraband sale of tobacco was forbidden; (3) the government had the exclusive right to purchase all tobacco. Products, to inspect and classify the tobacco plant, and to prepare and manufacture cigar and cigarett-s; and (4) the government had the right ‘o prohibit the exportation or importation of tobacco by any agency not connected with the government. In other words, the government had the monopoly of the planting, inspection, sale and purchase of tobacco, and its manufacture into cigar and cigarette. Pasco’s estimate that increaced goverment revenues would result from the tobacco monopoly was corcect. In 1808, the government realized a net profit of about 590,000, For the planting year 1880 to 188i, the net profit amounted to a staggering 3,500,000. Furthermore, the monopoly led to the development of agriculture in provinces where topacco was grown, like the locos, Nueva Ecija, the Cagayan Valley, and Marinduque. On the other hand, these advantages of the tobacco monopoly were offset by its bad results. For example, the Spanish officials in charge of inspection and classification of tobacco committed abuses like seizing the lands from tobacco farmers who failed to produce the required quota of tobacco. In most cases, inspectors also searched the houses of farmers for alleged contraband tobacco, but in reality the Purpose was to abuse the farmer's family. In other cases, the farmers were not paid the value of the tobacco. but paper promises or pr oni: __ theamount due a. This am ‘opposition to it grew. rdered its abolition, but it was ippines. r monopolies, such as those on wine cards, and buyo or anise. While it was gave the government a big income, at the FP same time, they were a burden to the Filipinos. Many farmers from the Hlocos and the Cagayan Valle left their home disgust Manila. As a result, the population of the tobacco provinces decreased “ch led to the neglect of agriculture and, consequently, to the low income of provinces The Royal Company ‘Governor Basco’s administration was also highlighted by the establishment of the Royal Company of the Philippines in 1785. The ‘Company had a capital of 8,000,000. This amount was divided 32,000 shares costing #250 a share. The aims of the Company were to promote the progress of the Philippines by improving the foreign trade of he colony with Spain and to develop the natural resovxces of the Philippines by encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. Of the expected net profits of the Company, four percent was to be invested in agricultural pursuits. ‘To implement this program, the King granted the Company many privileges. For ‘example, it was given the monopoly of the trade between Spain and the Philippines. Aga'n products thar the Philippines exported to Europe were exenipted from tariff duties. Moreover, the Company's ships were allowed to visit oriental ports and the prohibition that Manila merchants could not trade with China and India was lifted. Because of these privileges, commercial relations between the Philippines and Europe were promoted and, consequently, led to increased vevennes, The encouragemient of the cultivation of indigo, sugar cane, spices by the Company, led to increased agricultural er, foreign capital was encouragec to enter Manila he trade and commercial relations between otner pines. With the influx of foreign capital, the t increased. failed in its two-fold aims. (D) the Spanish nanaged because its officials spent their tt ‘connected with the promotion of the “ana (4) foreign vessels, instead of the Company's ‘such items as groceries, canned goods, wine, facts. Asa result of the failure of the Company for the Philippines, it was abolished in 1834. Economic Development: An Overview The first one hundred and fifty years of Spanish rule w ' characterized by a slow economic development. Population decreased ngs and revolts became problems to the colonial government va factors accounted for the slow dev ment of #.. Philipwine pur ost Spanish officials were ‘zy, ‘competent, and |e ieee inetficient. Instead of developing the natural resources of the colony, ee ioe the Spanish officials and minor employees were interested in enriching tH ln themselves in office. There were many loafer’ among them who ie # depended on government employment to earn a living. Consequently, oe they refused to till the soil. To them, soiling the hands was demeaning, They wanted “white-collar” jobs. Second, there were frequent quarrels among the Spaniards themselves, especially between the clergy and the governors-general, on one hand, and the high-ranking ecclesiastical officials and the friar-curates, on the other. These quarrels sapped their energy and led to demoralization. Instead ot improving the condition of the colony, they helped make things worse by spending their time fighting cach other Incompetence was paramount among Spanish officials, It wa> seldom that one of them cared for the welfare of the Filipinos. For these officials and employees, the Filipinos were there to be exploited. Thus, even the Spanish writer, Tomas de Comyn, said in 1810: In order to Lea chief [governor] of a province of those Islands (Philippines], no training or knowledge or special services are necessary: all persons [Spaniards] ave fit and admissible lt is quite 4@ common thing to see a barber, or = governor's lackey,2 sailor or a deserter, suddenly transformed into an alcalde (provincial governor], administrator, and’a captain of the forces of a populous province without any counselor but his rude understanding, or any guide but his passions, \ STuDY GUIDE 4, Besides the commercial and religious goals spain in colonizing nd legal) why Spain Glaimed the country *

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