Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in 5G

Hager Ahmed 18p6623, Mariam Hany 18p5465

School Of Commuincation Engineering
Ain Sahms Graduate School,Cairo, Egypt
18p6623@eng.asu.edu.eg,,18p5465@eng.asu.edu.eg

Abstract—V2X technology has been demonstrated in
numerous worldwide pilot projects over the past few years that
have proved the economic and environmental benefits that V2X
technology can offer to end-users, the electric power system, the
electric vehicle industry, and infrastructure stakeholders. This
study draws on prior V2X research and the literature review
method from 5G research. In this study, the working principle
of V2X, the advantages of V2X, the disadvantages of V2X
technology,V2X energy consumption, and application using
V2X technology
Keywords—5G, V2X, Latency, format
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of world technology, particularly in the
cellular industry moves quickly. The 5th generation of cellular
technology is in sight. 5G network technology is a fifth-
generation cellular technology development that focuses on
increasing network capacity and faster data transfer speeds for
various application media [1].
The phrase "vehicle to everything" (V2X) describes the
high-bandwidth, low latency, and extremely reliable
communication between a variety of transportation and
traffic-related sensors. The ability to connect vehicles to one
another and to infrastructure will be made possible by 5G
mobile networks. The V2X ecosystem will include a wide
range of transportation-related applications, such as vehicle-
to-vehicle communication, vehicle-to-parking-space
communication, vehicle-to-pedestrian communication, and
vehicle-to-central planning system communication. These use
cases will each have unique requirements that must be
managed effectively and affordably[1].
The V2X ecosystem could experience a wide range of
repercussions from 5G technology. Operators and industry
leaders must become aware of the tools that contemporary
cellular networks offer and comprehend how these tools may
be implemented in end-to-end solutions in order to fully utilize
its possibilities.
The remainder of the paper is outlined as follows. Section
2 discusses the working principle of V2X communication[2].
Section 3 depicts its advantages[3]. Section 4 discusses the
drawbacks for V2X [4]. Section 5 discusses energy
consumption [5]. One application of V2X is discussed in
Section 6 [6]. Finally, the whole paper is concluded in Section
7.
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF V2X
In a V2X system, high-bandwidth, high-reliability links
are used to transmit data between vehicle sensors. Each
automobile contains a sensor that transmits information to
other vehicles as well as to infrastructure, including traffic
signals, parking lots, pedestrians, and more [2].
These V2X systems communicate data on the vehicle's
surroundings, including other objects and its speed. The
driver will be more aware of things like the state of the roads,
nearby accidents, oncoming emergency vehicles, notices of
road maintenance, and the actions of other cars on the same
route thanks to this information. Additionally, it alerts drivers
to any potential hazards and works to reduce the likelihood of
crashes and injuries.by warning drivers of impending traffic
bottlenecks and recommending alternate ways to get to their
destination, the device also increases traffic efficiency
number.
Much like other communication technologies, V2X, in
recent years, has split into 2 varied camps based on varied
technologies. DSRC, Dedicated Short Range Communication
and C-V2X, Cellular V2X.
Fig. 1: DSRC-based communications
A. DSRC Communication
Vehicles may interact with each other and with the
infrastructure using over-the-air messages that are compliant
with the IEEE 802.11P standard thanks to the original V2X
protocol, DSRC. This connects two nearby V2X senders and
permits communication between them without the need for a
particular communication device as seen in Figure 1. Because
of this feature, DSRC is perfect for less developed locations
[2].
The DSRC standard then gives details regarding toll
payments and accident notices. Operating in the unlicensed
5.9GHz band is short-range, meaning less than one kilometer.
The fact that this standard is completely unaffected by the
weather is one of its best features. As a result, it can readily
scan the environment and provide accurate information even
when it's raining.
Figure 2:Cellular-based V2I communications

Fig. 2: Cellular-based V2I communications
B. Cellular V2X
The Cellular V2X is a DSRC substitute that relies on LTE
as its foundational technology. The usage of this technology
is strongly endorsed by Qualcomm and the 5G Automotive
Association [2].
The fact that C-V2X offers a variety of operational
modes to choose from is one of its strongest features. On the
unlicensed 5.9GHz band, the first mode uses low-latency
Cellular-V2X Direct Communications over the PC5
interface. This mode is intended specifically for the exchange
of short-range V2I, V2V, and V2P circumstances as well as
active safety messages like collision alerts. This mode
roughly resembles what the conventional DSRC standard has
to provide.
The second mode operates on the licensed regular band
cellular network via the Uu interface. Managing V2N use
cases like latency-tolerant safety notifications and
infotainment, or traffic conditions are the main uses for this
mode. This mode can only be matched by DSRC by creating
ad hoc connections to base stations along the road because
does not make use of cellular connectivity.
The two competing technologies, DSRC and C-V2X,
compete for the attention of top automakers and regulators as
the V2X market picks up steam. It's important to note that C-
V2X has recently gained endorsement from an increasing
number of automakers, including BMW, Ford, Audi, Jaguar,
Geely, and Daimler.
III. ADVANTAGES OF V2X
With the help of the incredible technology known as V2X,
cars can interact with each other and their surroundings at
about one mile. Here are a few prominent advantages provided
by V2X technology.
A. Increased Road Safety
A significant number of fatalities in car accidents occur
each year as a result of human error. Road accident rates can
be significantly lowered with the help of V2X technology.
Even a simple electrical emergency brake light can be used
with V2X to alert other drivers that a certain car is beginning
to brake. Additionally, V2X can quickly and accurately spot
any vulnerable persons or potential road dangers. Smart cars
can brake well in advance of a human driver's response and
can alert the vehicles following them to slow down. All of this
can dramatically increase traffic safety [3].
B. Time Saving
V2X technology is also useful for streamlining and
reducing transportation congestion. And everyone can truly
save time by doing this. Cars that are connected to traffic
lights, road signs, and traffic control facilities are able to easily
identify the busiest regions and decide the most efficient path
to their destination. A car and traffic light communicating
data, for instance, can help determine the pace at which the
vehicle needs to move in order to catch the green light [3].
C. Cost Effective
With V2X technology in place, it is simpler to create a
transportation system that is effective and safe, which will
ultimately lead to cost savings. According to numerous
research, congested or obstructed roadways reduce
productivity, slow down supply chains, and raise operating
costs. However, using V2X, cars can quickly identify gridlock
and instantly alter their course. This can make transportation
a lot more efficient and well-organized when combined with
simulation models to optimize routes.
D. The Ease Of Driving
Driving has become much more comfortable thanks to V2X
technology because drivers can now see what is normally out
of their line of sight well in advance. They can prepare for
traffic congestion, congested regions, and road risks by
learning about them ahead. This makes driving a lot safer,
more enjoyable, and pleasant.
IV. DRAWBACKS OF V2X
Moving to the V2X drawbacks, Since C-V2X vehicles are
internet-connected, it is vulnerable to hacking. And Due to
the system's collection of users' whereabouts and other
information, the privacy of vehicle users is at danger. Adding
to that the autonomous driver technology malfunctioned,
serious accidents occurred. Before they are deployed for
driving, any autonomous systems utilized for humans must
undergo extensive testing. Also, Communications go away
when sensors or vehicles malfunction [4].
V. V2X ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The term "Vehicle-to-Anything" (V2X) refers to the
usage of electric vehicle (EV) batteries to deliver energy
services and create additional value from the battery asset
while it is not being used. Through dynamic or bi-directional
charge control, V2X services attempt to create money from
the battery asset in order to benefit the electric grid,
lessen/flatten/shift peak energy consumption of buildings and
households, or to supply backup power to a load. Energy
services refer to the sale of this dynamic charge control as
aggregated flexible capacity in the wholesale and ancillary
services markets, which will give system operators and other
key parties the much-needed flexibility they require for the
technical operation of the electric grid. The term "V2X
topology" describes both the electrical connection and the
method of operation [5].
A. Vehicle-to-Load (V2L)
Any instance of a single EV battery powering a load is
considered a V2L, which is the simplest and smallest scale
topology. V2L's principal intended function is to provide
emergency backup power in the event of a failure of the
electrical grid or acting as a source of energy in remote
locations with sparse grid connections. In addition to
powering external electronics and essential equipment in
hospitals and research facilities, V2L can also be used as a
generator for non-emergency recreational purposes such as
camping, building sites, concerts, parties, and other locations
with sparse grid connections.
B. Vehicle-to-Home (V2H)
The next least difficult topology is V2H, which involves
reducing home energy use or using one or more EVs to
provide emergency backup power for residential dwellings.
As seen most prominently in the Tesla Powerwall and in
Nissan's V2H ecosystems, V2H will function with a
connection to a central hub/home energy controller, likely in
conjunction with rooftop solar and maybe with small-scale
battery storage. For instance, a single fully charged Tesla
Model S with a 100 kWh battery pack even at a very low
effective charge rate of 2 kW could provide over 70 hours of
electricity consumption for an average residential home in the
US and roughly 10 days of electricity for an average home in
the European union.
C. Vehicle TO BUILDING
Like V2H, V2B uses a bigger scale and may aggregate
entire fleets or use a few EVs to optimize the energy use of a
building or site (micro-grid). Benefits of V2B are more
noticeable because it targets commercial and industrial
buildings. Additionally, V2B technology can reach grid-
significant capacity through aggregation, opening up new
opportunities that V2H cannot. Commercial and industrial
consumers pay substantially higher capacity fees as well as
additional fees for line phase imbalances brought on by big
inductive loads, which increase line power losses and call for
pricey correction measures.
D. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
The most well-known V2X topology, called V2G,
involves using EV batteries to communicate with and offer
one or more energy services to the electric grid V1G, which
is also known as smart charging, involves mono-directional
charge control while V2G is thought to represent bi-
directional charge/discharge capability. Both operating
modes call for highly developed communications and
controllers that can monitor signals and react to changing grid
conditions by either changing charge power (V1G) or by
changing both charge and discharge power (V2G). With
direct access to the wholesale energy and ancillary services
markets, V2G offers the highest potential overall revenue, but
it also has the most complex topology since it requires
enormous grid capacity [5].
VI. APPLICATION USING V2X TECHNOLOGY
A. V2V Communication For Racecars
V2X solution can alert when a racecar endangers other
drivers on the racetrack-for example when a driver loses
control of the car and stops in a dangerous place. An alert is
immediately sent to all the drivers approaching the danger, in
an attempt to prevent crash.
The alert intensities as the car gets closer to the danger
zone. By providing an instant, clear warning, rather than
waiting for the yellow flag, horrific on- track accidents can
be avoided, which become chain accidents due to high speeds
involved [6].
B. V2V For Heavy Machinery
In agriculture, large vehicles might need to drive in very close
proximity to one another. V2V trials started in the agricultural
field, improving safety and productivity with use of V2X
communication.
In mining, gigantic vehicles have to move in very low
lighting conditions. Mining companies started deploying
collision awareness systems based on V2X technology in
mining sites [6].
VII. CONCLUSION
Several manufacturers have already begun implementing
this technology, even if the Vehicle-to-Everything, or V2X,
business is still in its early phases. On the other side, vehicles
are also becoming smarter as they are outfitted with cutting-
edge systems that demand little from the driver. As a result,
consumers have the potential to gain from safer trips with
lower carbon emissions and better route planning.
It will undoubtedly take some time before the full
potential of V2X systems is realized. In order for a vehicle to
connect with an infrastructure, that infrastructure must be
V2X-enabled. The majority of entities, including traditional
vehicles, parking lots, and traffic signals, do not currently
have any V2X systems, indicating that they are unable to
communicate with the vehicles already on the road.
Nevertheless, V2X technology is utilized in a number of
automotive.
REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-
everythinghttps://www.emizentech.com/blog/v2x-communication-
how-does-it-works.html.
[2] https://parkingtelecom.com/en/v2x-technology-the-future-of-smart-
mobility-smart
parking/#:~:text=The%20main%20aim%20of%20V2X,traffic%20effi
ciency%20and%20energy%20savings.
[3] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/846987
[4] https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-
Disadvantages-of-C-V2X-in-5G-
NR.html#:~:text=Drawbacks%20or%20disadvantages%20of%20C%
2DV2X,-
Following%20are%20the&text=%E2%9E%A8Autonomous%20drive
r%20system%20lead,cars%20lead%20to%20faulty%20communicatio
ns.
[5] https://auto-talks.com/applications/racecars/
[6] https://auto-talks.com/applications/heavy-machinery/