sa oy whehemembers of soclely hove come to accept ab the proper way of dealing with their everyday Wing Gndsocialinteraction. These forms reflect the organized ‘Ond repetitive pattem of Societal behaviors Sociologists use the word “foleways” instead of zeusfom™ fo underscore fhe Idea that these are the the led behavior of he fols or he members of the OC AA soclety has a vorety of foleways weich depend on they ete ‘Tianives the way people ect.cress, commuUnICaTe fad of other behavioral pattems oteways may be Imperaanent or transient. New folvas CS, ond. ona change oF ce natural as member Of sce respond 10 ce cera chelengee ond ethor simul ob Here GORE OY, Se ‘common, Proper falway change technological Ingvar Se the factor of © eeernaaton,@ sgrifeant numberof fOkwas PE people Cont Sozorve wil surely change i the next fen or ffleen YoCs tra norm not observed, people may ext diferent rectors the to Co eel fas tne expetment Gone by socicioge! Hee Garfinkel to test (ee of poopie f other individuals “breached” the NOT Breaching Experiments sociologist Harokd Garfinkel (917~20n) staied peonles mS order to a eal ules and norms nat only infloenced bebevion Pv ‘also shaped social order. socal at member of ocetytogeber rete a soil ores (WS soca ore tang book, Studs in Bvinomethodology, published 2 13967, discusses peu fsasumptons aout te sce makeup of et somnenti Cone of Garin research methods was Known as 0 “reaching in which the researcher behaves in. socially awh re otogicl concepts of social norms and conformity. cents at rte brech i sucessful, however, these “mors padi some way. For etampl, the experiments S570 bystander Weep dow te sieelkrhops on 080% Te PSA Mortal rir re amnall way, to bt roa Ihappens ‘ro conduct his ethnomethodology, Garfinkel deliberately imposed trabes | teteots on unknowing peone- Then he observed ther response, He suspected et a paviors would shatter conventional expectations, bute was not sure ow Tot oe aor up a simple game oftitactoe, One player was asked beforehand ] ea nd OF not inthe boxes bot on te lines dividing the spaces instead. Tbe toma in the dark about the study, was fabbergasted and didnot knoe Wow ‘anger, puzzlement, or other tocar ostated the existence of cultural norms that constitute social fe, These era ens play an important rol. Tey let us know how to behave around cach thor and how to feel comfortable in our community. * hee ae many rules sot peaking with strangers inp. ts OK 0 ¢ ee any aol OK tosifyoucan ty heron, SOK to Hand woman ou ke et he ys nk OK ook overs soe ase aes | inne bend someone cde somemneonscowdedbus sedis beste 2etangrinabal-empty bs | For some breaches, the researcher diretly engage with innocent bystanders, | expenenter might sete upa conereationinapublcbathroon, where ’scomon eet ea e's privacy so fercely a8 to ignore ater people's presence. 16 toes ean experimenter might take a food em out of anober person's roy srocerysor ooks good! UHNK TH uy ik” An cxpeximantr igh it down as] ca Sa rena fat fod restaurant or fllow someone around a museum and tae sane paatngs, In hose caves, the bystanders are pressured respond, | Study he racoraor strates how much we depend on social noms, Breaching 228 Hens uncover and explore the many unwitn socal rules we ie Source Teeducton to Soiogy 2 Openstx CN Inet oo eran ozo 40912 78-4at a6 200524 coy 26 a ap: econg/ontetsoangoate 7ach-4qse 0685 20engsasett 9-9 AScarving.cor/socoogy/chpler/alaments ofc) sacine oF your parents, grandparents of any femiy ekders about the way they + tess up ‘enjoy a party ‘= spend a past time + celebrate c holiday engage in a romantic dateBased on your answers anef ose of your foriy. elders, what are the folways Procticed in you society regarding the manfred crac mores are the Valued fokways that involve moral or Theoretical, eacvaUss.fespecting authorty, mariage and sex harcore eee Crit cmaecan we, misasociated with the society's osearesen of fight and wrong, ree Ree a Tl foc Uke fokwovs, They Gre buy change, though more slowly, though tne ery aC mex that cre lagilated. approved. and implemented asociely are called taws. success, Whereas in an umber of laws evolve So geno? [ows Toque to counter al forms of threats and to cestabish stabilty and order, The enactment of laws relevant to the ives ofa People snot enough. The proper implementation eco 00d as, ‘creating mechanisms so that people wil folow there boxed on fo eee Ove teas tree lawsih the Pilppnes which youthnk ere based on folkways and mores, Do You think these laws ore ‘country? Prove your answer) beleft work on the premio that any event oF Wa logical couse of a preceding event related to It, nol because 6f © supernatural and metaphysical Intervention or being, They are based solely .0n rational ancl logical explanations and the workings of the social institutions ‘and processes where a person belongs. ‘Symbols ‘According fo sociologist Elizabeth Lawey (1994), symbole ore iikstrations Used fo represent o particular meaning of someting. A symbol may be anything that is used fo represent, express, and/or stand for an event, stuation, person, or idea. People who share a cufture atach a speciic meaning to an object (esture, sound or image, For instance, in Asian counties, Kising the hand of an eldery is a symbol of Tespect. Likewise, the rings of a manted Couple denote commitment between, the two Individuals. In a main thoroughfare, a red light is @ symibo! that notifies motorists to stop their vehicles, while the flag represents a particular country Emblems, such os badges, medals, and logas, symbole met, class, and/or Postion in the society, Lae White (1940), a renowned American anthropologst; has proposed that the use of symbols i the ctigin ofall human behavior. According to White — It was the eymbol which transformed our anthroprokd areal ike ‘men and made them human. Allcivilzations have been generated, ‘and are perpetuated, only by the use of symbols. ‘Observe your suroundings. Ust on the table below five symbols that you see and, their corresponding meanings. Symbol ‘Meaning Language is defined as the system of symbols that Individuals utiize to communicate, interact, and share their views, thus, creating an understanding ‘among indviduals iis Consiciered os one of the greatest Inventions of man, shee Ianguage is on eéential tool in teaching and transferring knowledge from one generation fo the other, James Henin, in his book Sociology: A Down-to-Earih Approach (1992), regards language as the primary way by which people communicate wih one another. ‘American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whort believe that Janguoge is used not only fo articulate thinking and perception, but language Itself has the abilty to shape realty as understood by a group of individuals, This [premise is widely known as Sapir-Whort hypothesis, which was developed in the 19308. Whorf, however, has called It the principle of linguistic relativity. ‘Simpl stated, the hypothes's points out that people experience the workd ‘through their language. and that they therefore uncerstand thalr wei Hhraugh the culture embedded in theirlanguoge. namuiti-cutturalsoclety such os the Philippines, with more than 180individual fanguages, its cultural experience Is far diferent compared with a monolingual society. Its rare to find a country that stictly uses a single language since cl countries have minotity groups. italy may be considered as o monalingual country, although it has German and Lattin as minorty languages. Values Psychologists Shalom Schwartz and Anat Bardi in their study Value Hierarchies ‘Gcross Cuftures: Taking a Similarities Perspective (2001), have defined values os destabie, transstuational goals that vary in importance and serve as guiding principles in people's ives, Values as guidlines for socal Ming fallin. consonance “wilh sociologist Wendy Griswold's definition of the concept, In simpler terme, values help shape a society by suggesting what is good and bad, beautiful ond ugly. sought or avoided. BeeneIn Vietnam, it called ét vt in, and is eaten, with ai pinch of sail, lamon juice, ground pepper why many Southeast Asians love eating balut What otoncy, want2s ofthe Southocst Aon societies that made thom Gehght Rina, dlolicacy, while the rest of the world detest? RSet 2 g10UP of people bound together in a more or less permanent ‘olectve activity. Moreover tis ace Up of interacting {Cifues. Horton and Hunt define society as a relatively pOependent.selfperpetucting group of human beings who occupy a tear shore a curr, andl have mest thei esoctatons within is group. @ system of shared behavior while a society Is a Fllpinos stucture are starkly diferent ftom Gach | has been the primary tool in articulating oneself {ake ffom language. the concept of personal names, celobration of biths Mamecangs. and even exchange of jokes exempty cultural unheesoke te RAxCcK, humor a universal way fo reloose tensions end erect iy ‘among with others by using humor since It hols &The world lt composed of many socleties with many afferent cultures. For a ‘human being: Is ust natural fo view other cultures an compare them with his/ her own, Generally, « person uses two orientations In viewing other cultures, Ethnocentrism It has been mentioned earlier in this lesson that many Westerners regard ‘eating bali as weircLortentfying. This s an example of an ethnocentric view of other culture, 77 ethnocentrism basically pertains to the belief that one’s native culture is superior fo oF the most natural among other cultures. An ethnocentic person sees and weighs another culture based upon the values and standards of his/ herown, ‘The word “ethnocentism” was coined by American social scientist Willar Sumner in 1906 to provide a technical term for viewing one’s etfnictty (ethno: in ‘the center of all cultures (cents). Interestingly, many Filpinos oso exhibit ethnocentrism toward nonFlipino ‘cultures. For instance, in most Western cultures, Its normal for a child fo call hi/ hher parents by their fist names. However, in the Philppine setting, this I rude, Flipinos are accustomed to honoring and respecting thei parenis by caling them Nanay, Tatay, Mama, or Papa: and by using po and apo when talking 10 them. The clsplay of respect in two cullures are uiferen, i ih fegurd, many Flipinos tend fo be ethnocentric toword the Westen cutture, Highty appreciating one's own culture Is good for the oneness of « society: but citicing or belting another may cause conflict between two different cuttures. ‘There are even cases where a person imposes his/her own culture upon another person with intentions to “help” him/her detach from what the {former thinks is an essentially inferior culture. This approach is known as cultural imperialsm, or the deliberote imposition of one’s own cultural belief on another culture. A perfect example of such is one motive of the Spaniard in colonizing the Philippines. They regarded the natives ofthe islands as uncivilized savages in need of Spanish governance and practices. The Spaniards forced the natives to adapt fo Spanish culture, which eventually became a part of the Phiippine culture in the modem setting, eee er may result ix rmany other psychological to 1elum to one's own culture, uch ci homesicknoss, othe dese fo retum fo one's home, & _Ethnocentrism has an opposte relative—xenocentrism, of the belie that Jone’s culture i infetior to another. A xenocentric person usually has high regard for other cultures but disclains his/her own or is embarrassed by I. Xenocentrism i evident in many Flipinos, especially those Who are inuenced by other cultures. Many Fiipinos prefer imported products rather than locally- Jmade ones, thinking that the qualty i better i the products made abroad. when al yu Gan see rou apy ih earring ease wo “brouse’ ae opm playlist pke™ Is Yeates wal beady majo oF spule* ew ‘hematelonp acon sew Palos lat na ta ng mgsartang engish maytag dn ew eo “kOrebrecten @ am ew tgalon) EW Tagg cubes Engi pocket bok love ein bok se Engich Boks lt any yn avin st ag ate tan tae owt Soe Ova aN GT Towers Flo cutee mansion chanecertiam a exorooeain he woes above ‘Another example is the penchant of many Fllpinos—espacially teens—for East Aston culture, such os Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese, The wider }populatty of J-pop, K-pop. and the ke, over the Philppine pop culture Is on Jevidence of the high level of xenocentrimn of many Filpinos. To avoid highiighting personal biases and assumptions in studying cute, sociologstshave endegvajedto View other cultures asneither Inferior nor superior his metnod i footed in the idea of cultural relativism, or the practice of viewing Jonother culture by its own context rather than assessing i based on the standards Jof one's own cutture, Cutfural relativism requires an open mind and enthusiasm to adapt to new cultures. An example is an American traveler who encounters bali for the fist Senn