NCMA112: HEALTH EDUCATION PRELIMS

02
Prof. Melanie Concepcion MAN, RN / Second Semester
Transcriber: Kathleen Venus 23

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION

DIMENSION OF HEALTH
OUTLINE BROADER
I. HEALTH - It is a dimension of health in the outer circle which
II. HEALTH EDUCATION are environmental and societal dimensions.
III. DIMENSION OF HEALTH INDIVIDUAL
IV. HEALTH PROMOTION - dimension of health in the inner circle which are:
V. FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM THAT AFFECT THE A. PHYSICAL HEALTH
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING (OLOF) o which refers to the state of one’s body like
VI. HEALTH PROMOTION: ANCIENT TIMES its fitness and not being ill.
A. BABYLONIA (IRAQ) B. MENTAL HEALTH
B. GREECE o which refers to the positive sense of
C. EGYPT purpose and underlying brief in one’s own
D. PALESTINE worth (self-esteem) like feeling good and
E. ROME feeling able to cope.
F. CHINA C. EMOTIONAL HEALTH
VII. HEALTH PROMOTION: MIDDLE AGES o which refers to the ability to express one’s
VIII. HEALTH PROMOTION: RENAISSANCE feelings appropriately and to develop and
IX. PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING sustain relationship.
A. CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS ▪ Is the feeling of being loved.
IIIIITO MEDICINE AND NURSING D. SOCIAL HEALTH
i. ROME o which involves the support system that is
ii. GREECE available from family members and friends.
iii. CHINA Remember “No man is an Island”
iv. AFRICA E. SPIRITUAL HEALTH
v. INDIA o which refers to the recognition of a
X. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING Supreme being or Force and the ability to
i. THE CRUSADES put into practice one’s moral principles or
a. MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS beliefs.
ii. THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS F. SEXUAL HEALTH
iii. EARLY AMERICA o which refers to the acceptance of the
XI. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING ability to achieve a satisfactory expression
XII. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HEALTH of one’s sexuality.
EDUCATION G. SOCIETAL HEALTH
A. FIVE AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF HEALTH o which is the link between health and the
IIIIIEDUCATION way a society is structured. This includes
B. EVOLUTION OF THE TEACHING ROLE OF the basic infrastructure necessary for
IIIIINURSES health and the degree of integration or
C. EDUCATION PROCESS division within the society
i. DIFFERENCE OF NURSING PROCESS AND H. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
IIIIIIIIIIIIEDUCATION PROCESS o which refers to the physical environment
ii. ASSURE MODEL where people live, it involves housing,
iii. THE ROLES OF NURSE EDUCATOR IN transport, sanitation, pollution and pure
IIIIIIIIIIIIIISTAFF AND PATIENT EDUCATION water facilities.
iv. THE BENEFIT OF EFFECTIVE PATIENT
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIEDUCATION HEALTH PROMOTION
- It is any endeavor directed at enhancing the quality
HEALTH of health and well being of individuals, families,
- The condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit; groups, community, through strategies involving
freedom from physical disease or pain. supportive environments, coordination of resources
- It refers to the ability of a person to function and respect for personal choice and values
effectively physically, socially, psychologically, and - The term “Health Promotion” was introduced in
spiritually. 1974 by Canadian Health Minister La Londe
- The WHO (1946) good health is a state of complete (Macdonald & Bunton , 1992. and was not popular
physical, social and mental well-being, and not until the 1980’s when the (WHO) World Health
merely the absence of disease or infirmity Organization began a campaign for global public
- Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object health.
of living, and is a positive concept emphasizing
social and personal resources as well as physical FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM WHICH AFFECT
capabilities. THE OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING (OLOF)
POLITICAL FACTORS
HEALTH EDUCATION - which involves power and authority to regulate the
- It is a tool or mechanism for health-related learning environment or social climate
resulting in increase in knowledge, skill o safety
development, and change in behaviour. o oppression
- It is directed toward changing behaviour toward o people empowerment
Page1

preset goal.
[NCMA112] 2.01 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION – Prof. Melanie Concepcion
BEHAVIORAL FACTORS
- which refers to a person’s level of functioning and is
affected by certain habits, their lifestyle, health care
and child rearing practices which are determined by
one’s culture and ethnic heritage.
o culture
o habits
o ethnic customs
HEREDITARY
- refers to the understanding of genetically influenced
diseases and genetic risks.
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
- which focus of healthcare is in the promotive,
preventive, curative and rehabilitative aspects of
care. Primary health care is a partnership approach
to the effective provision of essential health services
that are community-based, accessible, acceptable
sustainable and affordable.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFUENCES
- refers to the menace of pollution, communicable
disease due to poor sanitation, poor garbage
collection, smoking, utilization of pesticides, lack or
absence of proper and adequate waste and
sewerage disposal system and management, noise,
radiation, air and water pollution are just some of
the factors or situations which exert negative effects
on the environment.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES
- families in lower income group are the ones mostly
served.
HEALTH PROMOTION: ANCIENT TIMES
BABYLONIA (IRAQ)
CODE OF HAMMURABI
- It is established standards and practices of living for
Babylonians.
- It were based on promoting fairness and equality.
- With an “eye for an eye” premise, some of the
regulation seem drastic compared to a present day
standards.
GREECE
- Early Greeks are known for their practice of
worshipping gods and goddesses.
- Apollo was known as the god of health while his son
Asclepius was the god of healing. Hygeia daughter
of Asclepius, was the goddess of health and
another daughter Panacea, was the restorer of
health.
- Greeks focus on health with an emphasis on
personal health, hygiene, exercise, and healthy diet.
- Hippocrates - the Father of
Medicine
- Hippocrates believed health to be
dependent upon equilibrium
among the mind, body and
environment rather than the whims
of the Gods.
- This belief known as the holistic
approach in health care practice
today.
EGYPT
- Ancient Egyptians around 3000 B.C. contributed
significantly to health through progress made in
disease prevention.
- Egyptians are known for their efforts in developing
hygiene and water sanitation.
- Developed sophisticated system to support pure
water and dispose wastes
- They developed stringent regulation related to
cleanliness, food, drink exercise and sexual relation
PALESTINE
- Their greatest contribution was the creation of the
Mosaic Code, about 1500 B.C, reflected in the Old
Testament.
- Under the leadership of Moses, Mosaic Code
differentiated clean from unclean and emphasized
the segregation of those with communicable
disease.
- The principle of quarantine was to be of great
importance in later history.
ROME
- Ancient Romans unlike Egyptians and Greeks they
lacked originality for health promotion and disease
prevention practices.
- Medical practices of the Romans were obtained
from their conquered regions and physicians from
these countries became slaves to the Roman
Empire
- Roman accomplishments were mostly directed at
public health with the establishment of regulations
for sanitation, street cleaning, building construction,
ventilation, and heating among others
- Health promotion practices of ancient Romans,
which included exercise, massage and other
therapeutic baths.
- The Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman
physician Galen both viewed health as an
interaction between a person and his/her
environment.
- Galen created definition of health that emphasized
the ability of an individual to carry out the functions
of daily life without hindrance or pain
CHINA
- The Chinese were perhaps the greatest advocates
for health promotion of all ancient cultures.
- They viewed a healthy lifestyle as one that stayed in
harmony with the universe by maintaining a perfect
balance between the dualistic forces of yin and
yang
o Yin: viewed as the female element
associated with negative energy,
passiveness, destruction, the moon,
darkness and death.
o Yang: viewed as the male element
associated with positive energy, action,
generativity, the sun, light, and the
creativity of life.
- Maintenance of this balance resulted in perfect
health of the mind, body and spirit.
HEALTH PROMOTION: MIDDLE AGES
- After the fall of Rome, during the period known as
the Dark Ages, health and medicines of ancient
worlds was lost
- The Roman Catholic Church claimed authority for
the welfare of society, and purity of the soul became
the highest of priorities.
- Caring for the body such as daily bathing and
exercise, was viewed as a sinful indulgence
resulting in neglect of the soul.
- Illness and death were associated with famine and
infectious disease epidemics.
- After the Dark Ages, shifted into the Middle Ages,
very little was accomplished to promote health or to
treat illnesses.
Page2
[NCMA112] 2.01 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION – Prof. Melanie Concepcion
- Although the emphasis on health by early Christians
was on treating the disease and illness, they did
much to increase the public’s awareness of health.
- This was mainly accomplished with the
development of the concept of quarantine in
response to repeated epidemics during the latter
part of the Middle Ages.
HEALTH PROMOTION: RENAISSANCE
- 1500 – 1700
- The European Renaissance brought about the
return to scientific thought with attempts to
understand and control life.
- This changed the holistic view of health and illness
held by followers of Hippocrates to a disintegrated
view maintaining that the body was separated from
the mind.
- During this time, the responsibility of society for
public health and welfare was at least recognized
- There is improvement of medical technology.
- Colonies in America were being established, the
colonies were sparsely populated and remained
isolated for many years.
- Early colonial health was good compared to that of
the crowded Europeans and the problems with
communicable disease were minimal
PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
TO MEDICINE AND NURSING
ROME
- The first organized visiting of the sick began with
the establishment of the order of the deaconessess.
They endeavored to practice the corporal works of
mercy:
o Feed the hungry
o Give water to the thirsty
o Clothed the naked
o Visit the imprisoned
o Shelter the homeless
o Care for the sick
o Bury the dead
GREECE
- Nursing was the task of untrained slaves
- The Greeks introduced the caduceus, the insignia
of the medical profession today.
- HIPPOCRATES came to be known as the “Father
of Scientific Medicine.
o He made a major advance in medicine by
rejecting the belief that diseases had
supernatural causes.
o He developed assessment standards for
clients, established overall medical
standards, recognized the need for nurses.
CHINA
- Used massage therapy, hydrotheraphy, and
exercise as preventive health measures
- They also used many herbs, minerals & acupunture
to heal the sick
AFRICA
- The nurturing functions of the nurse included
- roles as midwife, herbalist, wet nurse, and carer for
children and the elderly.
INDIA
- Early hospital were staffed by male nurses who
were required to meet four qualifications:
o Knowledge of the manner in which drugs
should be prepared for administration
o Cleverness
o Devotedness to the patient
o Purity of the mind and body
- Indian women served as midwifes and nurses ill
family members
PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING
- This period extends from the founding of religious
nursing orders in the Crusades which began in the
11th century and ended in 1836, when Pastor
Fliedner & his wife established the Kaiserwerth
Institute for the training of Deaconessess (a training
school for nurses) in Germany.
- It is called the period of “on-the-job” training.
- Nursing care was performed without any formal
education & by the people who were directed by
more experienced nurses.
- Religious orders of the Christian Church were
responsible for the deveopment of this kind of
nursing
THE CRUSADES
- The crusade were the holy wars waged in an
attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks
who denied pilgrims permission to visit the Holy
Sepulcher.
- Military religious orders established hospitals that
were staffed with men.
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN)
- Devoted to religious life and nursing
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS (GERMAN)
- Established tent hospitals for wounded.
KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS (GERMAN)
- Was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers
in Jerusalem after Christians had conquered the
city.
THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS
- Were members of a monastic order founded in
1348.
- They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital
School of Nursing, the largest school of nursing
under a religious order.
- It operated exclusively for men.
- In the United States, the school closed in 1969.
EARLY AMERICA
- The Industrial Revolution in the United States
marked the transition of the country’s economic
foundation from agriculture to industry.
- Shifting the population from rural to urban settings
and resulting in inadequate living and working
conditions.
- General public health declined and death from
preventable disease increased, esp. among
children.
NURSING IN AMERICA
A. NURSING DURING THE CIVIL WAR
o The American Medical association during
the Civil War created the committee on
Training of Nurses. It was designed to
study & make recommendations with
regard to the training of nurses. Doctors
realized the need for qualified nurses.
Page3
[NCMA112] 2.01 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION – Prof. Melanie Concepcion
B. IMPORTANT PERSONAGES AT THE TIME EVOLUTION OF THE TEACHING ROLE OF NURSE
o Dorothea Lynde Dix: she was appointed
as Superintendent of Female Nurses for
the US government
o Clara Barton: – founded the American
Red Cross

PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING

- This period began on June 15, 1860 when the
Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at
St. Thomas Hospital in London. The development of
nursing during this period was strongly influenced
by:
o Trends resulting from wars
o An arousal of social consciousness
o The emancipation of women EDUCATION PROCESS
o Increased educational opportunities for EDUCATION PROCESS
women - It is a systematic, sequential, planned course of
action consisting of two major interdependent
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF operations, teaching and learning.
HEALTH EDUCATION - This process forms a continuous cycle that also
involves two interdependent players, the teacher
1990
and the learner, jointly perform teaching and
- Public health nurses in this country clearly
learning activities, the outcome of which leads to
understood the significance of education in the
mutually desired behavior changes.
prevention of disease and in the maintenance of
TEACHING/INSTRUCTION
health
- Teaching is a deliberate intervention that involves
1918
the planning and implementation of instructional
- NLNE in US recognized the responsibility of nurses
activities and experiences to meet intended learner
for the promotion of health and the prevention of
outcomes according to a teaching plan.
illness in such settings as schools, homes,
- Instruction is a component of teaching that involves
hospitals, and industries
the communicating of information about a specific
1970
skill in the cognitive, psychomotor, or affective
- AHA established the rights of patients to receive
domain.
complete and current information concerning
diagnosis, treatment
1993 DIFFERENCE OF NURSING PROCESS AND
- JCAHO. These standards, which take the form of EDUCATION PROCESS
mandates, are based on descriptions of positive NURSING EDUCATION
outcomes of patient care. PROCESS PROCESS
1995 Ascertain
- Pew Health Professions Commission, influenced by Appraise
learning needs,
the dramatic changes currently surrounding health physical and
ASSESSMENT readiness to
care, published a broad set of competencies that it psychosocial
learn and
believes will mark the success of the health needs
learning styles
professions in the twenty-first century Develop
teaching plan
Develop care
FIVE AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF based on
plan based on
HEALTH EDUCATION mutually
mutual goal
PLANNING predetermined
setting to meet
behavioral
individual
- outcomes to
needs.
*
meet individual
> needs
=
Perform the act
- Carry out of teaching
nursing care using specific
interventions IMPLEMENTATION teaching
- The teaching function will always be an integral part using standard methods and
of the duties of a professional nurse. procedures instructional
- Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) in the US universally materials
include teaching within the scope of nursing Determine
practice responsibilities behavioral
Determine
- In 1993, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of changes
physical and
Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) delineated EVALUATION (outcomes) in
psychosocial
nursing standards or mandates for patient knowledge,
outcomes
education which are based on positive outcomes for attitudes, and
patient care. skills
Page4
[NCMA112] 2.01 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND OF HEALTH EDUCATION – Prof. Melanie Concepcion
ASSURE MODEL
- The Assure model is a paradigm to assist nurses to
carry out and organize and Education Process

THE ROLE OF NURSE EDUCATOR IN

STAFF AND PATIENT EDUCATION
1. Provide clinically competent and coordinated care to the
public
2. Involve patients and their families in the decision-making
regarding health interventions
3. Provide clients with education and counseling on ethical
issues
4. Expand public access to effective care
5. Ensure cost effective and appropriate care for the
consumer
6. Provide for prevention of illness and promotion of healthy
lifestyles

THE BENEFIT OF EFFECTIVE

PATIENT EDUCATION
- Increase consumer satisfaction
- Improve quality of life’
- Ensure continuity of care
- Promote adherence to healthcare treatment plans
- Effectively reduce the incidence of complications of
illness
- Decrease patient anxiety

Page5