INTRODUCTION TO

HEALTH EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

COLLEGE OF NURSING

Joyce Anne R. Lalunio, PhD, RN

 SUBTOPICS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ORGANIZATION AND AGENCIES

HEALTH EDUCATION PROMULGATING STANDARDS OF
TEACHING IN NURSING
EDUCATION

LEARNING THEORIES RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING

TO HEALTH CARE PRACTICE
 OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the evolution of patient education in
health care and the teaching role of nurses.
2. Recognize trends affecting the healthcare system
in general and nursing practice in particular.
3. Identify the purposes, goals, and benefits of
patient and nursing staff/student education
 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN
HEALTH EDUCATION
 INTRODUCTION
Nursing is unique among the health
professions in that patient education has long
been considered a major component of
standard care given by nurses. Since the mid-
1800s, when nursing was first acknowledged
as a unique discipline, the responsibility for
teaching has been recognized as an
important role of nurses as caregivers. The
focus of nurses’ teaching efforts is on the care
of the sick and promoting the health of the
well public.
 HEALTH
The condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; freedom from
physical disease or pain.
It refers to the ability of the person to function effectively physically,
socially, psychologically, and spiritually.
The WHO (1946) good health is a state of complete physical, social and
mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object of living, and is a
positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as
physical capabilities.
HEALTH EDUCATION
It is a tool or mechanism for health-related learning
resulting in an increase in knowledge, skill development,
and change in behavior.
It is directed toward changing behavior toward preset
goal.
 DIMENSION OF HEALTH
1. BROADER – it is a dimension of
health in the outer circle which is environmental and societal
dimensions.
2. INDIVIDUAL – dimension of health in the inner circle which
is:
a. PHYSICAL HEALTH – which refers
to the state of one’s body like
its fitness and not being ill.
b. MENTAL HEALTH – which refers to the positive sense of
purpose and underlying brief in one’s own worth (self-esteem)
like feeling good and feeling able to cope.
 DIMENSION OF HEALTH
c. EMOTIONAL HEALTH – which refers to the ability to
express one’s feeling appropriate and to develop and
sustain relationships. (e.g. is the feeling of being loved)
d. SOCIAL HEALTH – which involves the support system
that is available from family members and friends.
Remember “No man is an island”
e. SPIRITUAL HEALTH - which refers to the recognition of
a Supreme being or Force and the ability to put into
practice one’s moral principles or beliefs.
f. SEXUAL HEALTH - which refers to the acceptance of
the ability to achieve a satisfactory
expression of one’s sexuality.
 DIMENSION OF HEALTH
g. SOCIETAL HEALTH - which is the link between health and
the way a society is structured. This includes the basic
infrastructure necessary for health and the degree of
integration or division within the society.
h. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - which refers to the physical
environment where people live, it involves housing, transport,
sanitation, pollution, and pure water facilities.
 HEALTH PROMOTION

It is an endeavor directed at enhancing the quality of health and the

well-being of individuals, families, groups, communities, through
strategies involving supportive environments, coordination of
resources, and respect for personal choice and values.
The term “Health Promotion” was introduced in 1974 by Canadian
Health Minister La Londe (Macdonald & Bunton, 1992. and was not
popular until the 1980’s when the (WHO) World Health
Organization began a campaign for global public health.
 FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM THAT AFFECT THE
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING (OLOF)
1. POLITICAL FACTORS - which involves power and authority to regulate the environment or
social climate.eg safety, oppression, people empowerment.
2 BEHAVIORAL FACTORS - which refers to a person’s level of functioning and is affected by
certain habits their lifestyle health care and child-rearing practices which are determined by
one’s culture and ethnic heritage. eg culture, habits, and ethnic customs.
3. HEREDITARY - refers to the understanding of genetically influenced diseases and genetic
risks.
4. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM - which focuses on healthcare is on the promotive,
preventive, curative, and rehabilitative aspects of care. Primary health care is a partnership
approach to the effective provision of essential health services that are community-based,
accessible, acceptable sustainable,
and affordable.
 FACTORS IN THE ECOSYSTEM THAT AFFECT THE
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING (OLOF)
5. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES - refers to the menace of
pollution, communicable disease due to poor sanitation, poor
garbage collection, smoking, utilization of pesticides, lack or
absence of proper and adequate waste and sewerage disposal
system and management, noise, radiation, air, and water pollution
are just some of the factors or situations which exert negative
effects on the environment.
6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES - families in lower-income
group are the ones mostly served.
 ANCIENT TIMES
BABYLONIA (Iraq)

Code of Hammurabi
It is established standards and
practices of living for Babylonians.
It was based on promoting fairness
and equality. With an “eye for an eye”
premise, some of the regulations
seem drastic compared to present-
day standards.
 ANCIENT TIMES
Greece
Nursing was the task of untrained slaves. The
Greeks introduced the caduceus, the
insignia of the medical profession today.
HIPPOCRATES came to be known as the
“Father of Scientific Medicine.”
He made a major advance in medicine by
rejecting the belief that diseases had
supernatural causes.
 ANCIENT TIMES
EGYPT
Ancient Egyptians around 3000 B.C. contributed
significantly to health through progress made in disease
prevention.

Egyptians are known for their efforts in developing

hygiene and water sanitation.
Developed a sophisticated system to support pure
water and dispose of wastes.
They developed stringent regulations related to
cleanliness, food, drink exercise, and sexual
relation(Ellis& Hartley, 2004)
 ANCIENT TIMES
PALESTINE
Their greatest contribution was the creation of the
Mosaic Code, about 1500 B.C, reflected in the Old
Testament.
Under the leadership of Moses, Mosaic Code
differentiated clean from unclean and
emphasized the segregation of those with
communicable diseases.
The principle of quarantine was to be of great
importance in later history.
 ANCIENT TIMES
ROME
Ancient Romans unlike Egyptians and Greeks lacked
originality for health promotion and disease prevention
practices.
Medical practices of the Romans were obtained from their
conquered regions and physicians from these countries
became slaves to the Roman Empire.
Roman accomplishments were mostly directed at public
health with the establishment of regulations for sanitation,
street cleaning, building construction, ventilation, and
heating among others (Clark, 2003)
Health promotion practices of ancient Romans, which
included exercise, massage and other therapeutic baths.
 ANCIENT TIMES
The Greek physician Hippocrates and the
Roman physician Galen both viewed health
as an interaction between a person and his/
her environment.
Galen created a definition of health that
emphasized the ability of an individual to
carry out the functions of daily life without
hindrance or pain (Moore& Williamson
1984)
 ANCIENT TIMES
CHINA
The Chinese were perhaps the greatest advocates for the health
promotion of all ancient cultures.
They viewed a healthy lifestyle as one that stayed in harmony
with the universe by maintaining a perfect balance between the
dualistic forces of yin and yang(Bright, 2002),
Yin was viewed as the female element associated with negative
energy, passiveness, destruction, the moon, darkness, and death.
Yang was viewed as the male element associated with positive
energy, action, generatively, the sun, light, and the creativity of
life.
Maintenance of this balance resulted in perfect health of the
mind, body and spirit.
 HEALTH PROMOTION
MIDDLE AGES
After the fall of Rome, during the period known as the Dark
Ages, the health and medicines of ancient worlds were lost,
(Cockerham, 1978).
The Roman Catholic Church claimed authority for the
welfare of society, and purity of the soul became the highest
of priorities.
Caring for the body such as daily bathing and exercise was
viewed as a sinful indulgence resulting in neglect of the soul.
Illness and death were associated with famine and infectious
disease epidemics.
 HEALTH PROMOTION
After the Dark Ages, which shifted into the
MIDDLE
Middle AgesAGES very little was accomplished to
promote health or to treat illnesses.
Although the emphasis on health by early
Christians was on treating the disease and
illness, they did much to increase the public’s
awareness of health.
This was mainly accomplished with the
development of the concept of quarantine in
response to repeated epidemics during the
latter part of the Middle Ages.
HEALTH PROMOTION
THE REINASSANCE (1500-1700)
The European Renaissance brought about the return to
scientific thought with attempts to understand and control life.
This changed the holistic view of health and illness held by
followers of Hippocrates to a disintegrated view maintaining
that the body was separated from the mind.
During this time, the responsibility of society for public health
and welfare was at least recognized.
 HEALTH PROMOTION
THE REINASSANCE (1500-1700)

There is improvement of medical technology.

Colonies in America were being established; the colonies
were sparsely populated and remained isolated for many
years.
Early colonial health was good compared to that of the
crowded European and the problems with communicable
disease were minimal (Clarks, 2003).
PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING
Contributions of Ancient Civilizations to Medicine and Nursing

Rome
Greece
China
Africa
India
THE CRUSADES

The crusade was the holy wars waged in an attempt to

recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied pilgrims
permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher.
Military religious orders established hospitals that were
staffed with men.
 MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian).
Devoted to religious life and nursing
Military Religious Orders (German).
Established tent hospitals for the
wounded.
Knights of St. Lazarus (German) Was
founded primarily for the nursing care of
lepers in Jerusalem after Christians had
conquered the city.
 THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS
Were members of a monastic
order founded in 1348.
They established the Alexian
Brothers Hospital School of
Nursing, the largest school of
nursing under a religious order.
It operated exclusively for men.
In the United States, the
school closed in 1969.
 EARLY AMERICA
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
marked the transition of the country’s economic
foundation from agriculture to industry.
Shifting the population from rural to urban settings
and resulting in inadequate living and working
conditions.
General public health declined and death from
preventable disease increased, esp. among children.
NURSING DURING THE CIVIL WAR
The American Medical Association during the Civil War
created the committee on the Training of Nurses. It was
designed to study & make recommendations with regard to
the training of nurses. Doctors realized the need for qualified
nurses.
Important personages a the time:
Dorothea Lynde Dix –she was appointed as Superintendent
of Female Nurses for the US government
Clara Barton –founded the American Red Cross
 HISTORICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
THE NURSE
EDUCATOR ROLE
1800s Nursing as a
unique Discipline,
Nurse as an
Educator

RE
Growth of Patient

CA
Education in

H
LT
Health Care

EA
H
T
EN
TI
PA
FORMATIVE PERIOD
 1854: Florence Nightingale

1860: Develop
the first school of
nursing
C
RE

1894: Authored
M
IA

Health Teaching in
N
W

Towns and Villages

AR

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NIGHTINGALE FUND

 1900s 1940s-1950s: First
Reference in the
Literature to
Public Health Nurses Patient Education

O D
TI IL
understood the significance

CA H

N
of the role of the nurse as a

U DC
teacher in preventing

ED N
H LA
disease and in maintaining
the health of society

LT NA
EA ER
AT
M
PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION

H
 1971: A publication from the U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, titled The Need for Patient Education

NATIONAL HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM

1953: Veterans
Administration (VA)
19
73

Hospital issued Patient

:P
A

Education and the 1968: American Public Health

T
IE

Hospital Program Association recommended a

N
T
'S

more formal approach to

BI

patient education,
LL
O

Educational prescription as
F
RI

part of patient's record.

G
H
T
S

INDIVIDUALIZED PATIENT EDUCATION

20th CENTURY The Joint Commission (TJC)
Accreditation mandates
require evidence of patient
education to improve
outcomes.

S
American Hospital

N
N SIO
Association (AHA)

IO S
PATIENT CENTERED AND
The Patient's Bill of Rights

FE
FAMILY ORIENTED

M RO
ensures that clients receive
complete and current

P
S
IS
H
information.

CO LT

EA
INFORMED CONSENT

H
W
COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS

PE
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000, HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010, AND HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020 ESTABLISHED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.
 USDHHS (2010) OBJECTIVES
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMS TO:

assist individuals to recognize and change risk

behaviors;
adopt or maintain healthy practices; and
to make appropriate use of available services for
health care.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

USDHHS (2010) GOALS
: attaining high-quality and longer lives;
achieving health equity and eliminating
disparities;
creating social and physical environments
that promote good health for all; and
promoting quality of life, healthy
development, and behaviors across the
entire life span.
 21ST CENTURY
ROLE OF NURSE EDUCATOR
Embrace a personal ethic of social
responsibility and service.
Provide evidence-based, clinically
competent care.
Incorporate the multiple determinants
of health in clinical care.
Rigorously practice preventive health
care.
Improve access to health care for those with
unmet health needs.
Practice relationship-centered care with
individuals and families.
Provide culturally sensitive care to a diverse
society.
Use communication and information
technology effectively and appropriately
Continue to learn and help others learn
 THE EVOLUTION OF THE
TEACHING ROLE OF NURSES
 EVOLUTION OF TEACHING
ROLE OF NURSES
1950: NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING
Identified course content in nursing school curricula.

NLN (2006): CERTIFIED NURSE

EDUCATOR (CNE) EXAM
 EVOLUTION OF TEACHING
ROLE OF NURSES

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN, 2012)

Nurse's role as patient educator as an essential component of nursing
care delivery.

AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA, 2015)

Patient teaching is a key element.
 EVOLUTION OF TEACHING
ROLE OF NURSES

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (ACA, 2010)

Comprehensive healthcare reform legislation.

CLIENT HEALTH LITERACY, NURSING RESEARCH, NURSE EXPERTS

Since 2001 Nurses ranked #1 in honesty and ethical standard.

Most highly trusted of all health professionals.
 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR
THE NURSE EDUCATOR
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
"Notes in Nursing and Notes on Hospitals"

LINDA RICHARDS
America's first trained nurse, introduced nurse's notes and doctor's
order, initiated the practice of wearing uniforms.
 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR
THE EDUCATOR
MARY MAHONEY
First African American professional nurse

LILIAN WALD
Founder of Public Health Nursing, first to offer trained nursing services
to the poor in New York slums.
 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR
THE EDUCATOR
LAVINIA L. DOCK
Feminist, prolific writer, political activist, suffragette and a friend
of Wald. Participated in protest movement for woman’s right.

MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER

A public health nurse in New York. Imprisoned for opening the first
birth control clinic in America. Founder of Planned Parenthood.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION FOR
THE EDUCATOR
MARY BRECKINRIDGE
Notable pioneer nurse, Established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
 PURPOSE, GOALS, AND
BENEFITS OF PATIENT AND
NURSING STAFF/ STUDENT
EDUCATION
 PURPOSE GOAL
The purpose of patient To increase the
education is to increase the responsibility and
competence and confidence
independence of clients
of clients for self-
for self-care.
management.
THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT
ACTION OF NURSES AS
EDUCATORS IS TO PREPARE
PATIENTS FOR SELF-CARE.
BENEFITS OF CLIENT EDUCATION
Increase consumer satisfaction
Improve the quality of life
Ensure continuity of care
Decrease patient anxiety
Effectively reduce the complications of
illness and the incidence of disease
Promote adherence to treatment plans
Maximize independence in the
performance of activities of daily living
Energize and empower consumers to
become actively involved in the planning
of their care
HEALTH EDUCATION
is the sum of all experiences which favorably
influence habits and attitudes and knowowledge
relating to individual, community and racial health.
health

NURSING EDUCATION
Professional education which is consciously and
systematically planned and implemented through
instruction and discipline and aims
the harmonious development of the physical
,intellectual, social, emotional and spiritual abilities
of the student in order to render professional
nursing care to people of all ages.
ISSUES AND TRENDS IN
HEALTH EDUCATION
The changes that are occurring in the social and
cultural life of the society as a result of the impact
of advancements in the science based technology
are broadly described as modernization. Since
education is a multipolar process, it is influenced
by the modernization in different ways.
different ways.

A profession is a dynamic integration of various

faculties of knowledge. Since nursing education is
a professional education, it is dynamic by its own
nature and thereby giving rise to trends. A number
of issues and controversies now face educators
and communities: social issues and ethical issues.
ISSUES & TRENDS
EDUCATION NURSING EDUCATION

Pedocentric Emphasis on tech-high touch approach

Teachers Role
Activity centered
Creative Education
Community Participation
Increase acceptance of non-formal
education
Restructuring traditional programs
Increased opportunities to higher
studies
Reliance on Technology
Preparation of global nurses
Transnational acceptance
Ensuring a promising career
The emergence of new specialties
Increased opportunities for higher studies
Potential shortage of nurse educators.
Diminishing government role
Uniformity and standardization
Coping with the impact of globalization
Enhanced student status
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS
TO NURSES IN THEIR
ROLE AS EDUCATORS?
WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY
AIMS OF NURSE
EDUCATORS?
PRIMARY AIMS OF NURSE EDUCATORS

nourish clients
mentor staff, and serve
as a teacher, clinical
instructors, and
preceptors for nursing
students.
"PROVIDE A MAN A FISH
AND HE MAY EAT FOR A
DAY. TEACH A MAN TO
FISH AND HE MAY EAT
Add a little bit of body text

FOR A LIFETIME."
Chinese Proverb
HOW DOES LEARNING
OCCUR?
Describe the basic Develop alternative strategies to
change attitudes, behaviors, and
principles of teaching
skills of learners in different
and learning. settings.
 B-C-C-C-H
[Behaviorism. Cognitive. Constructivism.Connectivism. Humanism]
EDUCATIONAL LEARNING THEORIES RELATED TO HEALTH CARE PRACTICE

J.A.L., RN
APPLYING LEARNING THEORIES TO
HEALTHCARE PRACTICE
BEHAVIORISM LEARNING THEORIES

COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

APPLYING LEARNING THEORIES TO
HEALTHCARE PRACTICE
CONSTRUCTIVISM LEARNING THEORY

HUMANISM LEARNING THEORY

APPLYING LEARNING THEORIES TO
HEALTHCARE PRACTICE

CONNECTIVISM LEARNING THEORY

AMONG THE LEARNING
THEORISTS, WHICH ONE
IS YOUR FAVORITE?
CONCLUSION
Nurses acknowledge the need to expand their
teaching ability in order to meet the needs of patient,
staff, and student education. As they continue to
define their job, body of knowledge, area of practice,
and professional competence, they recognize the
importance of their role as educators more than ever
before. Nurses have several opportunities to provide
health education. They are the healthcare providers
that have the most constant interactions with clients,
are frequently the most easily accessible source of
information for the consumer, and are the most trusted
of all health professionals.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!
REFERENCES
Bastable, S. (2019). Nurse as educator. Principles
of teaching and Learning.
HTTP://SAMPLES.JBPUB.COM/9781284104448/SA
MPLE_CH03_BASTABLE.PDF

HTTPS://WWW.PHOENIX.EDU/BLOG/EDUCATIONA
L-LEARNING-THEORIES.HTML
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