TAGOLOAN COMMUNITY

COLLEGE
Baluarte, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental
Tel.No. (08822)740-835/(088)5671-215

Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 3
COURSE MODULE

SPEAKING MATHEMATICALLY

y2 is positive
Four plus
three For any real
equals seven. number x, x2 ≥ 0
 WEEK 3
TAGOLOAN Community College
Baluarte, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental
Tel.No. (08822)740-835/(088)5671-215

Course: ________________________
Subject Code: GEC 4 Description: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Semester: ______ School Year: ______ Period: ___________

Introduction

This module discusses the language of sets, set notations, relations and functions. Use of the
word set as a formal mathematical term was introduced in 1879 by George Cantor (1845 –
1918). For most mathematical purposes we can think of a set intuitively as simply as a collection
of elements.
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Rationale

1. Describe set Notation and its subsets.

2. Discuss Cartesian product, relations and functions.
3. Explain the language of relations and functions.

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Illustrate sets notation and subsets

B. Examine the Cartesian product
C. Demonstrate the language of relations and functions
Activity

The students will watch video on set notation, relations and functions thru this links given below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX67x1d4k5Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0MtFlLD-k

Discussion

The Language of Sets

Topic 1

Notation
The notation x ∈ S denotes that x is an element of S if S is a set. The symbol x ∈ S denotes that x is
a component of S. The symbol x ∈ S denotes that x is not an element of S.
The set-roster notation can be used to specify a set by writing all of its elements as 1, 2, and 3.
When we write 1, 2, 3,..., 100 to refer to the set of all integers from 1 to 100, we are using a version

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of the notation to represent an extremely big set. When we write 1, 2, 3,.... to refer to the set of all
positive numbers, we are using a similar notation to express an infinite set. (The symbol.... is an
ellipsis, and it means "and so on.")

Example 1 Using the Set-Roster Notation

a. Let X = {3,4,5}, Y = {5,3,4}, and Z = {3,3,4,5,5,5}.

What are the elements of A, Y, and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related?

b. Is {2} = 2?
c. What is the total number of elements in the set {5, {5}}?
d. For each nonnegative integer x, let Ux = {x, -x}. Find U1, U2, and U0

Solution:

a. X, Y, and Z have exactly the same three elements: 3, 4, and 5. Therefore, X, Y, and Z are simply
different ways to represent the same set.
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b. {2} ≠ 2 because {2} is a set with only one element, namely 2, whereas 2 is simply the sign for the
number two.
c. The set {5, {5}} has two elements: 5 and the set whose only element is 5.
d. U1 = {1, -1}, U2 = {2, -2}, U0 = {0, - 0} = {0,0} = {0}.

Set-Builder Notation

Let P(x) be a property that an element of S

may or may not meet, and let S represent
a set. A new set can be defined as the set
of all elements x in S for which P(x) is true.

We denote this set as follows:

{x ∈S | P (x)}

The set of all such that

Example 2 Using the Set-Roster Notation

Describe each of the following sets using R as the set of all real numbers, Z as the set of all
integers, and Z+ as the set of all positive integers.
a. {x ∈R | -3< x < 6}

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b. {x ∈Z | -3< x < 6}

c. {x ∈Z+ | -3< x < 6}

Solution

a. {x ∈R | -3< x < 6} is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) between -3 and 6. It is
pictured as follows:

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
| | | | | | | | | |
b. {x ∈Z | -2< x < 5} is the set of all integers (strictly) between -3 and 6. It is equal to the set
{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

c. Since all the integers in Z+ are positive, {x ∈Z+ | -3< x < 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
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Notations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning Example How to Read

If A = {2, 4, 6, 10} 2∈A
Element
then “2 is an element
2 ∈ A, 4 ∈ A, 6 ∈ A, of A”
∈ Element means that it belongs to a
given set or member of a set. 10 ∈ A.

3∉A
∉ Not an element If A = {5, 10, 15, 20} then
“3 is not
3 ∉ A, and 7 ∉ A. an element of
A”
⊆ Subset a.{ 4,9,12 } ⊆ { 4,9,12 } A⊆B

Every element in A is also an b. If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, …} A is a subset

A⊆B
element in B. and B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…}, of B.
then A ⊆ B.
⊂ Proper Subset A = {d, e, f} and A ⊂B
B = {d, e, f, g},
There is at least one element in B Set A is a
not included in A. Each element in A is also proper subset
A ⊂B
an element in B. There is to set B.
at least one element in B
not contained in A and
that element is “d”.

Example 3 Subsets

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Let A = Z , B = {n ∈ Z | 0 ≤ n ≤99}, and C = {99, 150, 200, 300, 400}. Evaluate the truth and falsity of
+

each of the following statements.

a. B ⊆ A
b. C is a proper subset of A
c. C and B have at least one element in common
d. C ⊆ B
e. C ⊆ C

Solution:

a. False The number zero is not a positive integer. As a result, zero is in B but not in A, and hence
B ⊈ A (read as “B is not a subset of A”).
b. True Although each element in C is a positive integer and so belongs in A, there are some
elements in A that do not belong in C. For example, 1 is in A but not C.
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c. True For example, 99 is in both C and B.

d. False For example, 150 is in C but not in B.
e. True Every element in C is in C. All sets are subsets of themselves, according to the definition
of
subset.

Example 4 Distinction between ∈ and ⊆

Which of the following are true statements?

a. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3} b. {2} ∈ {1, 2, 3} c. 2 ⊆ {1, 2, 3}

d. {2} ⊆ {1, 2, 3} e. {2} ⊆ {{1}, {2}} f. {2} ∈ {{1}, {2}}

Solution:

a. True
b. False The element {2} would have to be present in the set {1, 2, 3} for (b) to be true. However,
{1, 2, 3} has only three elements: 1, 2, and 3, thus 2 does not equal {2}. As a result, (b) is
incorrect.

c. False For (c) to be true, the number 2 must be a set, and every element in the set 2 must be a
part of {1, 2, 3}. Because this is not the case, (c) is incorrect.
d. True
e. False For (e) to be true, every element in the set containing only the number 2 must be an
element of the set having the numbers {1} and {2}. However, because 2 is not equal to either 1 or 2,
{e} is untrue.

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f. True
The Language of Relations and Functions
Topic 2

Cartesian Product

The Cartesian product of A and B, written A X B and read "A cross B," is the set of all ordered pairs
(a,b) where a is in A and b is in B, given two sets A and B.
Symbolically: A X B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

Example 5. Cartesian Products

Let A = {2,3,4} and B = {c, d}

a. Find A X B
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b. Find B X A
c. Find B X B
d. How many elements are in A X B, B X A, and B X B?

Solution:

a. A X B = {2,3,4} X {c, d} {2,3,4} X {c, d} {2,3,4} X {c, d}

{(2,c), (2,d)} {(3,c), (3,d)} {(4,c), (4,d)}
= {(2,c), (2,d), (3,c), (3,d), (4,c), (4,d)}

b. B X A = {2,3,4} X {c, d} {2,3,4} X {c, d}

{(c,2), (c,3), (c,4)} {(d,2), (d,3), (d,4)}
= {(c,2), (c,3), (c,4), (d,2), (d,3), (d,4)}

c. B X B = {c, d} X {c, d} {c, d} X {c, d}

{(c,c), (c,d)} {(d,c), (d,d)}
= {(c,c), (c,d), (d,c), (d,d)}
d. A X B has six elements.
B X A has six elements.
B X B has four elements.

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Relation (R)

A collection of ordered pairs containing one object from each set is a relation between two sets. If
the ordered pair (x,y) is in the relation and the item x is from the first set and the object y is from the
second set, the objects are said to be related. The domain is the set of all x-values, and the range is
the set of all y-values.

Example 1 A Relation as a Subset

Let A = {2,3} and B = {2,3,4} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

Given any (x,y) ∈ AXB,

x− y
(x,y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
2

a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A X B and which are in R.

b. Is 2 R 4? Is 3 R 4? Is 3 R 3?
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c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?

Solution:

Let A = {2,3} and B = {2,3,4}

a. A X B = {(2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4)}. To determine explicitly the composition of R,
examine each ordered pairs in A X B to see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition for R.
substitute

x− y
(x,y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
2

2−2 0
(2,2) ϵ R because = = 0, which is an integer
2 2

2−3 −1
(2,3) ∉R because = , which is not an integer
2 2

2−4 −2
(2,4) ∈ R because = = -1, which is an integer
2 2

3−2 1
(3,2) ∉R because = , which is not an integer
2 2

3−3 0
(3,3) ∈ R because = = 0, which is an integer
2 2

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3−4 −1
(3,4) ∉R because = , which is not an integer
2 2

Thus
R = {(1,1), (1,3), (2,2)} Note: only an integer belongs to R

b. Yes, 2 R 4 because (2,4) ∈ R.

No, 3 not R 4 because (3,4) ∉R.
Yes, 3 R 3 because (3,3) ∈ R.
c. The domain of R is {1,2} and the co-domain is {1,2,3}.

Functions (F)

A function is a relation where each input has only one output.

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Image by
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/relation-function.html

Example 2 Functions and Relations on Finite Sets

Let A = {6,8,10} and B = {5,7,9}. Which of the relations R, S, and T defined below are functions from

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A to B?

a. R = {(6,9), (8,5), (8,7), (10,9)}

b. For all (x,y) ϵ AX B, (x,y) ∈ S means that y = x + 1
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram

A B

Solution:

a. R is not a function: One-to-many

COURSE MODULE

Given: R = {(6,9), (8,5), (8,7), (10,9)}

A B

b. S is not a function
It is not true that every element of A is the first elements of an ordered pair in S.
For all (x,y) ϵ AX B, (x,y) ∈ S means that y = x + 1
Let x = {6,8,10} y=x+1
substitute y=6+1=7 {6,7}
y=8+1=9 {8,9}
y = 10 + 1 = 11 {10,11} no pair
You can also see this graphically by drawing the arrow diagram for S.

A B

c. T is a function: Many-to-one
A B

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T is defined by the arrow diagram

Assessment

Name: ___________________________ Date: _____________________

Course/Year & Section: _____________ Score/Ratings: _________________

Direction: Please write your answers on a yellow paper. Take photos and upload your
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output in ________________. Deadline on _____________.

1. Let X = {a, b, c}, Y = {a, b, c}, and Z = {a, b, b, c, c, c }.

a. What are the elements of X, Y, and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related?
b. How many elements are in the set { a, {a, b}, {a} } ?
c. For each positive integer x, let Ax = {x, x2}. Find A1, A2, and A3.

2. Given that R denotes the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, and Z- the set of
all negative integers, describe each of the following sets.

a. {x ∈RI-5 < x < 1}

b. {x ∈Z I-5 < x < 1}
c. {x ∈Z-I-5 < x < 1}

3. Let A = {2, {2}, (√ 2)2 }, B = {2, {2}, {{2}}} and C = {2}. Evaluate the truth and falsity of the
following statements.

a. A ⊆ B
b. B⊆ A
c. A is a proper subset of B
d. C⊆ B
e. C is a proper subset of A

4. Which are the following are true statements?

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a. x∈ {x,y,z}
b. x⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
c. x⊆{x,y,z}
d. {x} ⊆ {{x}, {y}, {z}}
e. {x}∈ {x,y,z}

5. Let Y = {a,b,c} and Z = {1,2}

a. Find YX Z
b. Find ZXY
c. Find YXY
d. How many elements are in Y X Z, Z XY, and Find Y XY?
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6. Let Y = {0,1,2} and Z = {0,1} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

Given any {x,y} ϵ YXZ
x+ y
(x,y) ϵ R means that is an integer.
2

a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in Y XZ and which are in R.

b. Is 1 R 0? Is 2 R 0? Is 2 R 1?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?

7. Let X = {a,b,c} and Y = {1,2,3,4}. Which of the relations A,B,C and defined below are
function from X to Y?

a. A = {(a,1), (b,2), (c,3)}

b. For all (x,y) ϵ XXY, (x,y) ϵ B means that x is a vowel and y is even.
c. C is defined by the arrow diagram.
X Y

8. Let Y = {0,1,2} and Z = {0,1} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any {x,y}
ϵ YXZ

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x+ y
(x,y) ϵ R means that is an integer.
2

a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in Y X Z and which are in R.

b. Is 1 R 0? Is 2 R 0? Is 2 R 1?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?

9. Which of the following sets are equal?

A = {a,b,c,d} B = {d,e,a,c} C = {d,b,a,c} D = {a,a,d,e,c,e}

10. Write in words how to read each of the following out loud.
a.{x ϵ R+I0 < x < 1}
b.{x ϵ RIx ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1}
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c. { n ϵ ZIn is a factor of 6}
d. { n ϵ Z+In is a factor of 6}

11. a. Is 4 = {4}?
b. How many elements are in the set {3,4,3,5}?
c. How many elements are in the set {1,{1},{1,{1}}}?

12. a. 2 ϵ {2}?
b. How many elements are in the set {2,2,2,2}?
c. How many elements are in the set {0, {0}}?
d. Is {0} ϵ {{0},{1}}?
e. Is 0 ϵ {{0},{1}}?

13. Which of the following sets are equal?

A = {0,1,2}
B = {x ϵ RI-1 ≤ x <3}
C = {x ϵ RI-1< x <3}
D = {x ϵ ZI-1< x <3}
E = {x ϵ Z+I-1< x <3}

14. Let A = {c,d,f,g}, B = {f,j}, and C = {d,g}. Answer each of the following questions.
a. Is B⊆A ? b. Is C⊆A ?
c. Is C⊆C ? d. Is C a proper subset of A?

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15. a. Is 3 ϵ {1,2,3} ? b. Is 1 ⊆ {1} c. Is {2} ϵ {1,2} ?
d. Is {3} ϵ {1,{2},{3}}? e. Is 1 ϵ {1}? f. Is {2} ⊆ {1,{2},{3}} ?
g. Is {2} ⊆ {1,2}? h. Is {2} ϵ {{1},2}? i. Is {1} ⊆ {1,{2}}?
j. Is {1} ⊆ {1}?

16. a. Is ((-2)2, -22) = (-22, (-2)2)? b. Is (5, -5) = (-5,5)?

c. Is (8-9, -13) = (-1,-1)? d. Is (-2/-4, (-2)3) = (3/6, -8)?

17. Let A = {w,x,y,z} and B = {a,b}. Use the set-roster notation to write each of the following
sets, and indicate the number of elements that are in each set:
a. AX B b. BXA c. AXA d. BX B

18. Let A = {2,3,4} and B = {6,8,10} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

Given any (x,y) ϵ AXB,

COURSE MODULE

x
(x,y) ϵ R means that is an integer.
y

a. Is 4 R 6? Is 4 R 8? Is (3,8) ϵ R?

b. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.

c. Write the domain and co-domain of R.

d. Draw an arrow diagram for R.

19. Let E = {1,2,3} and F = {-2,-1,0} and define a relation T from E to F as follows:

Given any (x,y) ϵ E X F,

x− y
(x,y) ϵ T means that is an integer.
3

a. Is 3T0? Is 1T(-1)? Is (2,-1) ϵ T Is (3,-2) ϵ T?

b. Write T as a set of ordered pairs.

c. Write the domain and co-domain of T.

d. Draw an arrow diagram for T.

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20. Let X = {2,4,5} and Y = {1,2,4,6}. Which of the following arrow diagram determine functions

from X to Y?

a. X Y b. X Y
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c. X Y d. X Y

e. X Y

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Reflection

1. Things I Learned in this topic

2. Things I found interesting in this topic

Resources and Additional Resources

 Ronnie O. Alejan/Eliza V. Veloria/Guillermo B. Bonghanoy/ Jed Edward V. Ondario/Joemar D.

Sumalinog, Mathematics in the Modern world, Phillipine Copyright@2018 by Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.
 2018 Cencage Learning, Mathematics in the Modern World @ 2018 Rex Book Store, Inc.

Additional Resources:

Link for video tutorial

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLKf3hYabfA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuIVrwZ-82E

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