Grammar Lessons

 Expressing condition using: providing that, provided that, as long

as.
 Expressing wishes (past-present-future) using: I wish + the form.
 Expressing criticism/desire using: It's high time, It's about time,
It's time+simple past.
 Expressing Result using: So+ adj+that/ such+ noun.phrase+that.
 Expressing concession using: Despite of/ in spite of+ the form.

I. Expressing condition: read the following sentences:

1-Provided that governments punish corrupt people, we will eradicate/stop corruption.
2- Providing that all countries contribute to fight corruption, the world will be a better
place
3- We will stop corruption as long as we whistleblow wrongdoing.
*tp whistle-blow = to report a bad behaviour (wrongdoing).
The rule:
We use “providing that, provided that, as long as” to express condition, and we can replace it by
“ if, even if , and but only if”.
Unless= if not e.g: unless people stop imitating products, we will keep buying the fake brands.

*Combine each pair of sentences with the connectors given between brackets. Make changes
where necessary (collected from different BAC exams)
1- The government grants poor students. They want to go on further studies (as long
as)
……………………………………………………………………………….
2- Our economy flourishes. We enhance agriculture (provided that).
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3- Businesses pay their taxes honestly. The economy will prosper (providing that).
……………………………………………………………………………………….

4- Intellectuals do not leave. The countries improve the socio-economic situation (as
long as).
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5- Your business Prospers. You behave ethically (provided that).
………………………………………………………………………………………
6- The company will act responsibly. It will gain the confidence of its stakeholders
(providing that).
……………………………………………………………………………………….
Reminder:
*The “if” conditionals:
If + present simple + present simple = scientific/general truths.
If + present simple + future simple = real possibility
If + past simple , would+ stem = imaginary/unreal situation.
If + past perfect , would+ have + the “verb” past participle= unreal situation in
the past.
Grammar Lessons

I. Expressing wishes: Consider the sentences 1-3 below:

1- I wish/if only workers had reported the imitation of medicines past wish

I wish/ if only + past perfect

2- I wish/if only government banned cigarettes production present wish

I wish/ if only + simple past

3- I wish/if only I Could be a member in an anti-corruption organization soon F.W

I wish/ if only + Could + stem

We use could ( I/We) and ,would with other pronouns.
*Re-write / complete sentence “b” so that it means the same as sentence “a”: (collected from previous
BAC exams)
a- I have strong desire that governments fight corruption.
b- I wish ………………………………………………………………………….
a- I'm afraid some governments can't stop corruption.
b- I wish …………………………………………………………………………..
a- Not all children can attend school.
b- We wish…………………………………………………………………………
a- I regret my parents did not read my Fairy Tales.
b- I wish ……………………………………………………………………………
a- Many people regret having bought that contaminated milk.
b- Many people wish ………………………………………………………………
a- I have a strong desire to set foot on the moon someday.
b- I wish …………………………………………………………………………..
a- The US.A spends less on education than Denmark.
b- I wish the USA……………………………………………………………………
Task : Give the correct form of the verbs between brackets :
c- 1-Suzy failed most of her exams and now she wishes she ……………………… (To work
harder.
d- 2-The weather is terrible today. I wish it…………………..(To be ) a bit warmer.
e- 3-It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house. I wish
you…………………………… (To) do something from time to time.
f- 4-We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I´ve been feeling sick all afternoon. I wish we
………………………..(To go) there.
g- 5-The sky is cloudy. I wish the sun…………………………. (to shine ) now.
h- 6-Now that Peter is in Japan on a business trip, he wishes he ………………………..(to
understand ) Japanese.
i- 7-I wish I……………………. (to be ) out of the office when the director called me yesterday
j- 8-Jeremy wishes it……………………………(To stop) raining, so he can play basketball with
his friends.
Grammar Lessons

I. Expressing criticism/ desire/ complaint: read the sentences1-3

1- It’s high time governments set stricter laws for criminals.

It’s high time + subject + simple past

2- It’s about time we contributed to fight corruption.

It’s about time + subject+ simple past

3- It’s time the Algerian government banned producing cigarettes.

It’s time + subject + simple past

The rule : we use it’s high time, it’s about time, and it’s time to criticize the delay of
something/ an action that should have happenned earlier. We call it “Unreal past” because it
refers to the present or to the future.
It’s high time/it’s about time / it’s time + subject+ simple past + the rest of the sentence
Re-write sentence “b” so that it means the same as sentence “a” (collected from previous
BAC exams)
1)A- Sports organizations should have passed strict anti doping Laws.
B. ……………………………………………………………………….
2) A- Governments should interfere to ban bad practices in schools.
B…………………………………………………………………………
3) A- They have to work together to put an end to violence.
B…………………………………………………………………………
4) A- African women do not enjoy the same legal rights as men.
B…………………………………………………………………………
5) A- Authorities should ban hazardous sites.
B- ………………………………………………………………………..
6) A- Governments have to protect children from exploitation, and child labour.
B…………………………………………………………………………

II. Expressing result: Consider the following sentences:

1- These products are imitated to such perfection that it is difficult to distinguish between
Main clause= cause Subordinate clause=
the genuine and the fake products. Noun result
Grammar Lessons
2- The loss in profitability is so big that most of the companies have launched advertisement
Main clause =cause Subordinate
Adjective clause=result
against counterfeiting.

The rule:
In order to express result we use:
- So + adjective / adverbs+ that + subordinate clause.
- Such + ( a + adjective+ noun )+ that + subordinate clause .

Noun phrase
*link the pairs of sentences below with “so+ adj+ that” or “such+ noun phrase+
that” :
1- A: There are many imitations of these brands.
B: Consumers have lost confidence in these brands
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2-A: Copies of brands are cheap
B: Some consumers don’t hesitate to buy them
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- A: Counterfeits are of bad quality
B: It is a waste of money to buy them
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
*Rewrite sentence “b” so that it means the same as “a” using the link word between
brakets.
a- A lot of fake products look good. As a result, many people purchase them (so ….that)
b- ………………………………………………………………………………………
a- Counterfeit medicines contain a lack of active ingredients. Consequently, they can cause
serious disease (such ….that)
b-
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..

III. Expressing concession: consider the following sentences:

1- Although counterfeit products lack the safety standards, consumers keep purchasing them.
2-Despite their low quality, counterfeit products are preferable for low income consumers.
3- Counterfeit products are preferable for low income consumers in spite of their low quality.

The rule:
Grammar Lessons
*When we use ( Although/though/ even though/ despite the fact that /in spite of the fact that ), we
use verbal phrase.
e.g: Although Counterfeiters intend to defraud the buyers, fake products have become so pervasive.

Link word of concession+ verbal phrase ( s+v+c) + the unexpected result.

*When we use (despite)(in spite of), we use gerund form, or the noun phrase.
e.g: Despite being copied/ imitated, fake products have become so pervasive.

Link word+ gerund ( stem+ing) + main clause+ unexpected result.

e.g: Despite the bad quality of fake products, they have become pervasive.

Link word + noun phrase

*Link the pairs of the sentences below with words given between brackets:
1- Children have the right to study. Children are exploited at hard labour (Despite) /(Although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Strict laws were legislated by government. Many businessmen still escape from taxes (Although)/
(In spite of)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- Many governments are punishing officials who take bribe. A lot of officials are still taking it (even
though/ despite the fact that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- All sorts of products are imitated. Governments have not made any procedure to stop it. ( though/
despite)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4- Scientists have made a lot of efforts. They have been unable to stop the pandemic. (even though)

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.

5- Some people did not receive enough formal education. They have become famous. (in spite of)

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.

6- Although Muslim countries dispose of considerable resources, they remain underdeveloped.

( despite)

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