ANG 3158:

Grammar for Writing II

CLASS 4
 Today’s class
Class 3 review
Corona paragraph gymnastics
Unit 3: Conditionals
Real and unreal conditional statements (unit 3)
Sentence gymnastics –between present and future conditions
Special cases – even if, only if, unless…
Editing*
Listening*
Cause/effect writing exercises 3 – in class and in pairs
Review homework (look ahead to unit 4 if you finish early)
 Questionnaire review:
 Many of you indicated that you have similar structures in your only language(s)
 HOWEVER, many of you missed this error:
 Only if the current government will adjust its economic policies will strikes be
avoided.
 Only if the current government adjusts its economic policies will strikes be
avoided.
 -Whenever it's possible, I purchase clothing that is made in Canada. -
 -The condition is REAL PRESENT (it DOES happen sometimes- habitually), but
whenever (the words that indicates the conditional) implies that it’s not common.
 -General truth conditions express what always happens when a condition is
present:
 **When red is mixed with yellow, these colors create orange.
 **If red is mixed with yellow, these colors create orange
 **These are the most frequently used conditional statements in academic writing
 Questionnaire comments:
 There are similar types of structures in French and they've got quite the same structure. However,
there is a slight difference with the future conditional between English and French.
 In English, when we use the word ''when'' to introduce the if clause, the simple present is used :
 e.g. When I graduate, I'm going to work as an ESL teacher. --> Graduate is in the present
 When I'm older, I will travel around the world. --> am is in the present
 In French, conversely, the verb in the if clause when using ''when'' is in the future (can be simple or perfect) :
 e.g. Quand j'aurai gradué, je vais travailler en tant qu'enseignant d'anglais langue seconde.
 --> Aurai gradué is in the future perfect tense

 Quand je serai grand, je vais voyager à travers le monde.

 --> Serai is in the simple future tense

 I would like to know, on the previous page, do I have to write separate sentences or a paragraph?
 For the unreal conditional it's said that we should use "were" for singular person, even with
"she/he/it" ?
 Quiz 1 review - (cause/effect structures, units 1-2)
 Grammar concepts are coming along – but review the sentence types we’ve
seen so far (especially simple sentences with prepositions of cause/effect)
 Writing is getting there, but be sure to have long enough responses, identify all
the criteria, and elaborate points (rather than adding new ideas). Develop two
or three ideas.
Sentence gymnastics
In this paragraph, keep the meaning but
change the constructions. Use the transition
words, coordinators, and prepositions given.
 Corona – alternate sentences
 1. Two important marketing choices resulted in Corona’s
success in the U.S. market.
 2. Because of Corona’s distinct looking bottle, it attracts
customers who like brands that are instantly recognizable.
 3. The bottle itself is clear with a long neck; therefore, it
stands out among other brown-bottle beers.
 4. This simple vacation message has a significant effect on
buyers, for Corona equates its beer with a tropical
paradise.
 5. Corona coordinated many aspects of its brand image
so that it could become the number one choice of North
American beer drinkers.
Corona – as a paragraph (adding main support transitions)

Since the 1990s, Corona has become one of the most popular imported beers in the
United States. Two important marketing choices resulted in Corona’s success in the U.S.
market. First, because of Corona’s distinct looking bottle, it attracts customers who like
brands that are instantly recognizable. The bottle itself is clear with a long-neck;
therefore, it stands out among other brown-bottle beers. Corona also launched a very
successful series of television commercials. These advertisements are simple; they
feature the beer, a lime, and a beach. This simple vacation message has a significant
effect on buyers, for Corona equates its beer with a tropical paradise. To sum up,
Corona coordinated many aspects of its brand image so that it could become the
number one choice of North American beer drinkers.
Grammar and Beyond, Unit 3
• Real conditionals – present and future

• Unreal conditionals

• Exclusionary or emphatic conditinals; undesirable results…

 Conditionals and Cause/Effect Writing
How do conditionals show cause/effect (or condition
and result)
What does it mean:
present / future real condition Or unreal condition?
What do you understand by unreal condition and
« something that is not true ».
Unreal conditions typically appear at the beginning or
the end of a cause/effect essay – often as a warning!
 Condition Checklist

Analyze the Condition =

real or
context unreal

Real Unreal

Future = if clause If clause =

Present in if
in present + past tense;
Lastly clause AND
the main
consider degree
of probability in
main clause
expresses
clause the main clause probability
 What is the condition? Present or Future?

 1. If the youth vote, democrats will continue to do well during future

elections.

 2. When the youth vote, election results represent a larger percentage of

the population.

 3. Unless a political candidate attracts the youth vote, voter turn-out is low.

 4. Even if the youth vote is low, democrats should win the next presidency,
too.
 What is the condition? REAL or UNREAL?
 1. If the Covid-19 virus weren’t so deadly, most health restrictions would
not be necessary.

 2. If 90% of the general population is vaccinated, all travel restrictions

will end.

 3. If people did not get together over the Christmas holiday,

hospitalizations would not be so extreme.

 Poll 1
 Real Conditional or Unreal Conditional?
 1. If a company wants to become socially responsible, it should be accountable
to both its employees and the community.
 2. If a company were active in the community but not fair to its employees, it
would not be a socially responsible company.
 3. For example, when a company donates food to local hurricane victims, the
company is acting responsibly.
 4. However, if the same company made its employees work unpaid overtime, it
would not be acting responsibly.
 5. More companies might adopt socially responsible policies if their customers
expected it.
 6. When a new business opens, the business owner may look around the
community for ideas on getting involved.

 ANSWERS: 1. RC, 2. UC, 3. RC, 4. UC, 5. UC, 6.RC

Cause and Effect 3: Real and Unreal Conditionals.
 Only if, even if, unless…
 a) Matthieu won't continue his studies unless he receives a student loan.
 NEGATIVE condition (or UNDERSIRABLE OUTCOME CONDITION)
 Also = IF Matthieu doesn’t receive a student loan, he will not continue his studies. (if..not)

 b) Matthieu will continue his studies only if he receives a student loan.

 EXCLUSIVE condition
 The only condition that will have the result is the receipt of a student loan

 c) Matthieu won't continue his studies even if he receives a student loan.

 EMPHATIC CONDITION – emphasizing that the condition IS COMPLETELY IRRELEVANT AND HAS NO
IMPACT ON THE RESULT

 Which conditions are similar? Which condition is different? Why?

 A and B…
 In C we understand that Matthieu is going to stop his studies no matter what.

Exercise 4.2, page 44

 Exercise 4.1 (page 44)
2. only if
3. unless
4. Only if
5. unless
6. only if
7. unless
8. Even if

Poll 2
 Common errors activity
 1. (a) It won’t be possible for our company to “do good” (b) if our CEO wasn’t (c) concerned about
helping the community.
 2. A corporation might (a) being able to increase its business (b) if it (c) builds public awareness of
its policies.
 3. (a) If a company (b) make an effort to focus on social responsibility, it can (c) make a real
difference.
 4. (a) If Brown Tree Industries, (b) for instance, required its employees to volunteer, it (c) can
change its image.
 5. (a) Even less socially responsible employees (b) will (c) volunteer if companies had a “culture of
volunteerism.”
 6. Companies might (a) work to change public policy if they (b) thinks it (c) will improve their image.
 7. (a) Only if we all (b) refuse to do business with anyone who uses child labor will the practice
finally (c) ends.
 8. Companies should (a) take social responsibility seriously (b) ; unless, they (c) don’t care about
the community.
 Johnny’s chicken shack – sentence gymnastics

 What are some facts about Johnny’s chicken shack?

 The food is not healthy.

 The restaurant doesn’t support local farmers.

 *NOW, convert the information from exercise 2.2 into 4 UNREAL

conditional clauses. Use a range of possible outcomes (page 40)
 For example:
 If the food were healthy, ______________

 Isolate the most important changes that the chicken shack

must make in order to survive.
 Structures in Writing – pages 34-35
 1 Cause and Effect Writing page 35
 Effect of CSR in paragraph 2: Companies can help the environment.
 Effect of CSR in paragraph 23 Companies can have a better public image.

 2 Grammar pages 35-36
 1. If a company does not make money, it will go out of business (line 2).
 The main clause states the effect (result). The writer is certain. The word will gives
the certainty.
 2. They argue that if more companies embraced corporate social responsibility,
there would be more instances of positive social change in the world. (lines 34-35)
 (The effect in the first paragraph seems more likely because it uses will while the
effect in the fifth paragraph uses would.)
 3. The effect in the sentence containing the when clause is more likely to
happen. The word when is more certain than if.

 3 The Writing Process page 36
 In order of importance (from least important point to most important point);
Answers will vary.
 Exercise 2.1B, p.38 (based on your answers from 2.1A )
 Example answers – 2.1B (note punctuation, etc.):
 2. (E; C) - Workers are happier and more productive if companies
offer generous salaries.
 3. (C; E) - If the government gives tax breaks to companies that
donate to organizations, company donations to schools increase.
 *4. (E; C) - If companies encourage their employees to volunteer,
employees feel good about themselves, and the community
benefits.
 5. (E; C) - If companies refuse to do business in countries that allow
child labor, the countries that allow child labor feel more pressure to
change their laws.
 6. (E; C) - Companies help the environment and save money if they
use environmentally friendly (green) technology.
 Exercise 2.2 B, p. 39 (based on your answers from 2.2A)

Example answers – 2.2B (note punctuation, etc.):

 2. If the company donates the profit of a sandwich to a nonprofit organization, it
can/could improve its public image.
 3. If the company has some vegetarian choices, it should attract customers who
don't eat meat.
 4. If the company creates a website, it may/might get more online orders.
 5. If the company installs energy-efficient ovens, it can/could lower its electricity
bills.
 6. If the company uses bikes - not cars - to deliver food, it will save money on
gas.
 7. If the company buys local produce, it will show people that it supports local
farmers.
 Exercise 3.1 (page 41)
 It always feels good to help other people and know that you are making a positive difference in
someone's life. Here are a few tips to get you started. First, decide who you want to help. If you want to
help your community, visit a local school and ask if they need help. The school would probably
appreciate your help. If there were more volunteers in classrooms, teachers could spend more time with
students who need special help. (MEANS - Right now there are not, so the teachers are not able to spend
more time…)If there's a park or other public place near you that is full of trash, get a group of friends
together and volunteer to clean it up. Your actions would have a huge impact. If these places were
cleaned up more, people would visit them. (MEANS = Right now, parks etc. are not cleaned up often, and
not many people visit them). As a result of all these visitors, local shops would get more business and hire
more staff.
 If you want to help people outside of your community or country, find an organization that sends
money, supplies, and clothes to troubled areas. Your contributions are crucial. If these organizations
didn't get donations and help, they couldn't be as effective as they are. (MEANS = Right now, organization
DO get donations and they ARE somewhat effective…).
 You could also spend your time or money helping an organization that works for a special cause like
cancer or heart disease. If you spent time volunteering for one of these organizations, you might learn
more about the organizations and find ways to help them receive more donations. (MEANS = Right now,
you don’t spend time volunteering, so you don’t know much about these organizations now how to help
them get $…)These donations could be used to fund research and lead to breakthroughs or cures. If
you made a donation today, you would know that your money is going toward an important cause.
(MEANS = Right now, you have NOT donated, so you don’t know that your $ could be so beneficial…)
 Listening – page 42
2. If more people donated their old clothes to
community organizations, these organizations could give
them to families who really need them.
3. If more people volunteered at schools, more children
would improve their grades.
4. If teenagers volunteered, they could discover their
talents, learn new skills, and put the experience on
college applications.
5. If more people donated money, the organizations
could buy more supplies for their programs.
 Editing task – page 45
(see answer key in Moodle)
 Writing practice exercise 2– paragraph rewrite + response

 PART A: Create a guided paragraph by responding to questions about the corporate

social responsibility graph from the Moodle homework. Incorporate the given
conditional in the response.

 -PART B: Respond to this question (50-75 words). You must include the following
sentence types in your response, and your language should be academic (use
academic vocabulary; no personal pronouns):
 One read conditional sentence = underlined in the response
 One unreal conditional sentence = bold in the response
 Only if, unless, even if sentence = italics in the response

 Q = What specific socially responsible measures should companies

include in their corporate structure? Elaborate two specific examples and
explain why they can attract more customers.
 You can use your book, your dictionary, and ME
 HOMEWORK
*Next class =
Be sure to review the questionnaires and class activities
(including editing and listening tasks)
Answer keys for units 1-3 in Moodle; unit 4 = after you submit
the questionnaire
Read pages 50-63
Complete grammar comprehension checklist 4 in Moodle
Quiz 2 (units 3-4 - grammar structure activities + writing)
 Unit 4 preview
Having spent millions of dollars in campaign
financing, the investment banker hoped his
candidate would win.