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• Wish usually expresses a desire that is impossible or unlikely to happen. (used with the past or would/could…)
Susan wishes she were rich so she could buy a new car. (very unlikely or almost impossible to happen)
I wish I could speak Japanese. (but it’s really hard for me to do so / very unlikely)
N.b. If only can also be used to express wishes. If only I had enough money to buy a new phone. = I wish.
Expressing Wishes (hypothetical or imagined situations which are unlikely or almost impossible to happen)
Present Wishes Future Wishes
... Wish(es) + subject + past simple ... Wish(es) + subject + would We form wish
We form wish clause using past simple to express clauses using would to express our wishes for the
our wishes or regrets for the present. Examples: • future. Examples: • I wish my son would go to a
I wish I were rich as a princess. • She wishes she good high school. • My mother wishes I would
had a bigger house. • Thomas wishes he weren't become an engineer when I grow up. • the father
a policeman. • They wish they could go to Paris. wishes his son would do well at school this term.
I’ll start by explaining the difference between hopes and wishes - both
functionally/communicatively and grammatically.- Then, I’ll focus more on how
present/future wishes are made. So, good luck and please stay focused throughout the lesson.
Pay attention to the different contexts of hope and wish in these examples.
I hope you pass the test. (possible)
I wish I could fly. (impossible) = If only I could fly.
I hope I get to work on time. (possible)
I wish I were a millionaire. (not likely) = If only I were a millionaire.
Hope
To express that you want something to happen in the future (not wanting a situation to be
different, and not implying impatience or annoyance) hope is used instead of wish.
Examples
• I hope it’s sunny tomorrow. (very likely/possible)
• I hope the students will do well in their finals . (very likely/possible)
• I hope the kids are doing well at school. (very likely/possible)
• I hope I can answer all these grammar questions. (very likely/possible)
we use HOPE when we’re talking about desired outcomes/results that are very likely to
happen. (possible)
Form
Hope + Present Simple /Present continuous /Future simple or can, may, shall, be going
to … (Modals in their base forms)
Wish
We use WISH when we want a change of a circumstance or situation. In other words, when
we want something to be different. (something that is very unlikely/almost impossible to
happen)
• I wish I had a sports car. (It’s a bit hard to get a sports car given your current situation =
possible but very unlikely to happen) / If only I had a sports car.
• I wish people weren’t going around spreading the virus. (This situation is hard to change
since maybe most people are not following the rules/ unlikely to happen).
• I wish/If only I were rich. (But I’m not, and probably not working hard to be rich)
• I wish I didn’t have to wash my hands every 15 minutes. (a situation you have to deal with)
• I wish I could run the marathon. (But I’m usually out of breath running the shortest
distances)
• I wish/If only you would be careful. (But you’re not, as usual)
Form
N. B.
In the examples above (wishes), the situations are related to the present time but we’re
using past forms of verbs to refer to them. (the past here is unreal but it expresses a mood,
noting that these situations are very difficult to change and you just have to deal with/accept
them as they are)
Exception: The way we use wish in some fixed expressions, like when we wish someone a
happy Birthday, is different from the kind of wishes we’re targeting in this lesson.
In some contexts Wish and Hope can be interchangeable. However, Hope usually expresses
desire that is possible. Wish, on the other hand, refers to an outcome that is not likely to
happen.
Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 9 Human Rights
Technical High School Vocabulary Extension / Reading
Monday, April 13th, 2020
Pre-Reading
I. Complete the spidergram:
……………………………………………
……………………………………………. …..
……………………………..
……………………………..
……………………………..
……………………………..
……………………………………………
…..
……………………………..
……………………………………………
…..
II. Fill in the blanks with words from the box. (You may use a dictionary)
Slavery – enslaved – deny – captives – rather – muscles – differences – belong – somehow – ethic – masters
The institution of slavery is as old as civilization. Many nations and empires were built by the
………… of slaves. But what kinds of people were ………………………………, and why? In
ancient civilizations, slaves were usually war ……………………………….. . The victors in battle
might enslave the losers …………………………. than kill them. Over time, people have found
other reasons to justify …………………………………… . Slaves were usually considered
……………………………….. different from their owners/masters. They might
…………………… to a different race, religion, nationality, or ………………………………….
background. By focusing on such ……………………………, slaves owners felt they could
…………………………… basic human rights to their slaves.
‘‘Non-violence in the Civil Rights struggle has meant not relying on arms and weapons. It has
meant non-cooperation with customs and laws which are institutional aspects of a regime of
discrimination and enslavement’’, said Martin Luther King in his 1965 speech. He added
saying ‘‘Non-violence has also meant we do not want to instil fear to others or into the
society of which we are part. it has meant that we don’t seek to win victory over anyone. We
seek to liberate our society and share in the self-liberation of all the people’’.
Sure that violence often brings momentary results. Nations have frequently won their
independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories , violence never brings
permanent peace. It solves no social problems : it merely creates new and more complicated
ones. ‘‘violence is immoral,’’ he said ‘‘It destroys community and makes brotherhood
impossible.’’
According to Martin Luther King, practising non-violence shows that we have reached a
superior level, that we have escaped the blind fear that arouses panic and violence. Non-
violence, for him, requires courage and self-denial. Martin Luther King exposes how useless
and harmful violence is. It is impractical and immoral because it develops hatred and ends in
destruction for all. He pointed out that violence has come to be taken for granted as a means
of solving problems. Yet, violence engenders even more violence, and it will never bring
permanent peace. He also declared that we have to exchange ideas and opinions in peaceful
dialogues. We have to set an atmosphere of understanding and tolerance; an atmosphere of
brotherhood and love.
Struggle: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Instil/Instill: …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Seek: …………………………………………………….…………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Momentary: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Permanent: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Immoral: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
To be taken for granted: …………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. Complete the table with four words related to violence and four to
non-violence.
Violence Non-violence
……………………………………… ………………………………………
……………………………………… ………………………………………
……………………………………… ………………………………………
……………………………………… ………………………………………
III. Answer the following questions according to the text :
1. Did Martin Luther King believe in non-violence to get one’s rights ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why is violence useless and harmful ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What should we do to live in harmony with others ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Find in the text words that are closest in meaning to: (Synonyms)
3. It (Paragraph 2) …………………………………………………………………
A- Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets in the right form.
B- The following are well-known scientific facts or C- Complete the sentences using “if” or “when” and
natural laws. Put the verbs into the right form. the right form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If the temperature of water drops (drop) to freezing 1. If / When you speak (speak) slowly, I can understand
point, it turns (turn) into ice. {Scientific fact} you. (It’s always the case for me)
2. If water reaches (reach) boiling point, it changes 2. If / When the weather is (be) nice, we always go (go)
(change) into steam. to the beach.
3. If we add (add) oil and water together, the oil floats 3. If / When I am (be) late, my parents get (get) angry
(float) on top. with me.
4. If you throw (throw) a stone into the air, gravity 4. If / When I arrive (arrive) home from work, I usually
pulls (pull) it back to earth again. have (have) a cup of coffee.
5. If an iron object stands (stand) in the open air for 5. I stay (stay) in bed If / When I have (have) a
long, it becomes (become) rusty. temperature.
6. If we leave (leave) silver in the sunlight, it goes 6. If / When you study hard, you get (get) good marks.
(go) black. 7. If / When I feel (feel) tired, I go (go) to bed early.
7. If a cloud releases (release) electricity, this finds 8. If / When students don’t do (not/do) their homework,
(find) the shortest way to the ground. the teacher punishes (punish) them.
Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 8: GRAMMAR II
Technical High School
A- Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets in the right form.
If you (mix) mix the red and yellow colours, you (get) get orange.
=You get orange if you mix the red and yellow colours.