Review for Research Statistics First Quarter Exam – Topics 1 – 5, 7 – 11, Probability

Your responses to the questions on this review should be written in your notebook, not on this page. If you’re unsure of
an answer, look for it in your textbook.

In the paper “Reproduction in Laboratory colonies of Bank Vole,” the authors presented the results of a study of litter
size. (A vole is a small rodent with a stout body, blunt nose, and short ears.) As each new litter was born, the number of
babies was recorded, and the accompanying results were obtained.
1 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
2 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
2 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9
3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 10
3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 10
4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 11
The authors also kept track of the color of the first born in each litter. (B = brown, G = gray, W = white, and T = tan)
B B T W T G G G B B
W B W B T T G B T B
B T B B B G W B B G
G G G B B T B W T T
B T B B T W W B G B
B B B G T B B T T G
G B B B B G W G T G
B B B B G G T T W G
G W T G T B B G B B
B G T W B G T W G W

1. Identify the observational units. Identify and classify the variables.

2. How can these data be summarized? Create a summary for one of these variables.

3. Make a bar chart of the colors.

4. Make a histogram of the litter sizes.

5. Are there any outliers?

6. Describe the shape of the histogram.

7. Find the mean of the litter sizes. Is the mean resistant to outliers?

8. What symbol should be used to indicate the value you found in question 7? Explain your choice.

9. Find the median of the litter sizes. Is the median resistant to outliers?

10. Find the range of the litter sizes. Is the range resistant to outliers?

11. Find the five-number summary of the litter sizes.

12. Find the interquartile range. Is the interquartile range resistant outliers?

13. Explain what the interquartile range is to someone who has never studied statistics.

14. Make a boxplot of the litter sizes.

15. If a histogram is skewed to the right, we expect the (mean or median) will be further to the right than the (mean or
median).
16. Make a back-to-back split stemplot of the following data:

Reading Scores
4th Graders 12 15 18 20 20 22 25 26 28 29
31 32 35 35 35 36 37 39 40 42
7th Graders 1 12 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 25
27 28 30 30 31 33 33 33 35 36

17. Is the score of “1” for one of the 7th graders an outlier? Test using the 1.5 IQR rule.

18. Write a paragraph comparing the reading scores of the 4 th graders and the 7th graders.

19. What is the difference between an observational study and an experiment?

20. What do we mean when we say that a sampling method is biased?

21. What do the letters SRS stand for? Define this term.

22. What is the difference between a convenience sample and a voluntary response sample?

23. What is a sampling frame? Is it possible to have a sampling frame, yet have a sample that is not representative of
the population?

24. Explain how to choose an SRS of 4 towns from this list:

Allendale Bangor Chelsea Detour Edmonton Fennville

Gratiot Hillsdale Ionia Joliet Kentwood Ludington

Use the following lines from a random number table.

34030 87519 21344 91784 99735 02638 62351 39879 66672 40370 45325 87102 38882
12514 47539 76504 83617 29086 75756 81243 53759 61156 28296 48499 30260 66953

25. List and define the major principles of experimental design.

26. What is the placebo effect?

27. What is the purpose of a control group?

28. What does double-blind mean, and why would we want an experiment to be double-blind?

29. I want to test the effects of aerobic exercise on resting heart rate. I want to test two different levels of exercise, 30
minutes 3 times per week and 30 minutes 5 times per week. I have a group of 20 volunteers, 10 men and 10
women. I will measure heart rates before and after the experiment. Create a diagram for this experimental
design.

30. If I think that male and females may respond differently in the experiment above, I’ll change the design of the
experiment. Show how the diagram must be altered.

31. What does it mean to say two events are independent. Give two ways (mathematical) to confirm independence.
32. You are going to flip a coin three times. What is the sample space for each flip?

33. You are going to flip a coin three times and note what you obtain on each flip. What is the sample space for the
three flips?
 34. There are three ways I can drive from my home to the Vienna Metro Station, and four ways to drive from Vienna
Metro to Tysons Corner. How many different ways can I drive from my home to Tysons Corner by way of Vienna
Metro?

35. How many different four-digit numbers can you make?

36. How many different four-digit numbers can you make without repeating digits?

37. Any probability is a number between ____ and _____, inclusive.

38. The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of a chance experiment must be ____.

39. If S is the sample space, P(S) = _____.

40. What are complements? Give an example and draw a Venn diagram.

41. What are disjoint (mutually exclusive) events? Give two examples and draw a Venn diagram.

Use the following table for questions 42-44:

M&M Color Brown Red Yellow Green Orange Blue

Probability 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 ?

42. What is the probability that an M & M is blue?

43. What is the probability that an M & M is red or green?

44. What is the probability that an M & M is yellow and orange?

45. Bre can beat Erica in tennis 9% of the time. Erica can swim faster than Bre 8% of the time. What is the
probability that Bre would beat Erica in a tennis match and in a swimming race?

46. What assumption are you making in problem 45? Do you think this assumption is valid?

Use this table for questions 47-51:

Smoking Status
Education Never smoked Smoked, but quit Smokes
Did not complete high school 82 19 113
Completed high school 97 25 103
1 to 3 years of college 92 49 59
4 or more years of college 86 63 37

47. What percent of current smokers did not complete high school?

48. What is the probability that a randomly selected person from those surveyed smokes?

49. Given that the person selected never smoked, what is the probability he/she completed high school?

50. What is the probability a person quit smoking given he had 4 or more years of college?

51. Are smoking status and education independent?

a. Create a graph that shows the conditional distribution of smoking status for each education level.
 b. Give a numerical argument, using probability calculations, to explain why the 2 variables are or are
not independent.

52. Make a Venn diagram to represent the following situation:

45% of kids like Barney 25% of kids like Blue 55% of kids like Pooh
15% of kids like Blue and Pooh 25% of kids like Barney and Pooh
5% of kids Barney, Blue, and Pooh 5% of kids like Blue but not Barney or Pooh

For problems 53-56 consider the process of a drawing a card from a standard deck and replacing
it. Let A ={a heart is selected}, let B = {a king is selected}, and let C = {a spade is selected}.

53. Are the events A and B disjoint? Explain.

54. Are the events A and B independent? Explain.

55. Are the events A and C disjoint? Explain.

56. Are the events A and C independent? Explain.

57. What does the symbol  mean?

58.What does the symbol  mean?

59. There are 7 red balls and 5 yellow balls in a bag. I take one ball from the bag and keep it. I then take another ball from

the bag. What is the probability of choosing two red balls? Draw a tree diagram illustrating the situation and determine

the answer.

Questions 60 – 65 use the following information:

Suppose the durations of human pregnancies follow a mound-shaped distribution with a mean of 266 days and standard

deviation of 16 days.

60. Label the horizontal axis on the given graph with

and the values that are 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations below and above the
mean. See p.182 of your textbook, if needed.

61. Using the empirical rule (the 68-95-99.7 rule), find the length of the longest
16% of all pregnancies.

62. Find the interval that contains the middle 95% of all pregnancies.

63. Find the maximum length of the shortest 2.5% of all pregnancies.

64. What z-score does a pregnancy of 257 days have?

65. What percent of women have a pregnancy lasting between 234 and 282 days?