Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1–2
Correspondence
The notion of Kapwa amid Asian hate
In a letter to the editor, the author has expressed how a Chinese notion of ren is a powerful tool to negate the stigma of racial discrimination
among Asian people. I would argue that within the Filipino psyche, the notion of kapwa or “shared self” can be an equivalent socio-normative
ideal that can be utilized towards not just countering the ill effects of social discrimination but also fostering deep communal and group
solidarity among people, regardless of race, color and ethnicity.
To the Editor person. To see the other not as different but as an essential
Balingue proposes in earlier correspondence the Confucian extension or reflection of oneself allows a more communal-
concept of ren as a cultural parallel to the notion of solidarity oriented disposition that values more the spirit of oneness
which is argued by the author as a powerful counter-response and connectedness rather than differences and social/racial
to the emerging social and racial discrimination against the hierarchy.
Chinese people and those of Asian descent specifically dur- As researches have shown a significant link between anti-
ing the height of the Covid-19 pandemic.1 He believes that Asian discrimination to increased levels of anxiety, depression
embedding the social response within the cultural framework and sleep problems,7 it is important to create an ambiance of
of a Confucian ideal can easily facilitate communal solidarity social connectedness not only within the Asian community
among everyone, especially among the Chinese people. While but also even across all races and ethnicities. One of the
Chinese individuals have reported more hate incidents com- identified strategies to address this problem is to invest in
pared to other Asian Americans in the USA, Filipinos have community-based efforts that will create, develop and increase
also been a target of assault and harassment. In a national awareness on the stigma of hate crimes to its victims, par-
report by the organization Stop AAPI Hate, about 65.2% of ticularly on their mental health and wellness.8 By infusing a
the reported incidents between March 2020 and March 2021 strong kapwa paradigm in any community-based approaches,
are of verbal harassment or name-calling and most of these Filipinos and other ethnicities may look at one another not by
take place in public streets and parks.2 There were reports of hate or through it but by care, compassion, and solidarity with
a Filipino journalist who was verbally harassed in a New York and among them. Any attempt to nurture social connected-
subway3 ; a physical assault involving a 61-year old Filipino ness by treating the other not as entirely different from the self
in a Manhattan subway; and a 65-year old Filipina who was but as an extended self or a shared self allows an ambiance
repeatedly kicked and stomped on her face.4 The rise of Asian of communion which is essential towards communal recovery
Hate-related assaults has already been tagged as a “secondary and healing.
contagion.”5
Within Filipino (indigenous) psychology is a concept called,
“kapwa,” which is roughly translated as the “other.” However, Conflict of interest
its more nuanced translation is a “shared self ” where the very
The author declares no conflict of interest in this paper.
essence of self is tied up with others in an inclusive way. “By
default, the dispositional intention of kapwa is to connect,
relate, and share.”6 It tends to see the person beyond his/her
Acknowledgement
social roles and status; whether or not the kapwa is an Asian or
an American, or rich or poor, but fundamentally as a human No funding was received for this paper.
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com 1
2 JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH