2116923, 355 PM Water Resources in KSA- Fanack Water Menu fanack \\/\ 7. @ ays z WATC; Article menu WATER RESOURCES Water Resources in KSA Published on June 28, 2021 Photol: Nawan Dam Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. (Source: Abdullah Muhammed, Flick) Harsh weather conditions, a high evaporation rate and limited rainfall means KSA does not have any We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our bsite. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy wi ok hitps:waterfanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal 4102116923, 355 PM Water Resources in KSA- Fanack Water Surface runoff at dams is the main surface water resource in KSA. The recorded average rainfall in 2019 was 59 mm, and the surface runoff at dams was estimated at 970 million cubic metres (MCM).(1) There are 522 dams around the country, with a capacity of 2.3 billion cubic metres (BCM) to facilitate the storage and recharge of surface runoff. The total amount of the utilized water from dams is about 1.6 BCM/yr (more information on dams is available in the water infrastructure section). Groundwater Renewable groundwater Most of the runoff infiltrates the ground to recharge the shallow aquifers located along the river valleys and beneath the alluvial fans and plains in various areas. These aquifers are generally unconfined, small in size and have water tables that respond rapidly to local precipitation. Some shallow aquifers are Khuf, Tuwail, Aruma, Jauf, Sakaka, Jilh and Jubaylah.[2] The total renewable groundwater is estimated to be 2.8 BCM/yr[3] Non-renewable groundwater Groundwater in the deep sandstone aquifers is non-renewable or ‘fossil’ water, which is confined in sand and limestone formations of a thickness of about 300 metres at a depth of 150-1500 metres. The deep rock aquifers are sedimentary in origin, usually sandstone and limestone, extending over thousands of square kilometres with poor natural recharge. Among these aquifers, Saq, Wajid, Tabuk, Minjur-Dhurma, Wasia-Biyadh, Umm er Radhuma and Dammam-Neogene are the principal aquifers, Map 1 illustrates the location of the principal aquifers.[4] We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our bsite. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy wi ok tps: water fanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal 2102116923, 355 PM Water Resources in KSA- Fanack Water cia oy state bowers Disputed state borders} Intxmtent vers Neogene Dammam mim erRadhuma Riyadh and Wasia = = anjurand Ohurma Mm thx = = wid The capacity of fossil groundwater reserves has been investigated in many studies and estimated to be between 259-761 BCM with an effective annual recharge of 886 MCM.[5] As shown in Figure 1, fossil groundwater reserves have become exhausted over the past decades. The average annual groundwater withdrawal rate is 20 BCM, while the annual recharge is only 2.8 BCMJ9] The additional quantity of groundwater is extracted from the fossil groundwater in Saq- Ram aquifer, which has a proven reserve of 103,360 MCM,{10} During the last two decades, the water table in this aquifer has fallen by 60 metres due to heavy o ensure that we give If you continue to fe happy ok tps: water fanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal a02182, 355°m Woter Resources in KSA- Fanack Water withdrawal. If current withdrawal rates are maintained, the available reserves will be depleted within 50 years.(12] 20 25 Il 15 | ll ° 1990 1992 1997 2004 2009 Figure 1: Fossil groundwater withdrawal rate in KSA between 1990 and 20096) [7] (8) Non-conventional water resources Desalinated seawater Accounting for 18% of the global production by the end of 2017, KSA is among the top producers of desalinated water.[13] There are 35 desalination plants on the western and eastern coasts. The total capacity in 2015 was estimated at 6.28 BCM/d and was expected to reach 7.4 BCM/d in 2020. [14] Nearly 70% of the national water supply comes from desalination.[15] The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is considered the largest producer of desalinated water and owns the majority of desalination plants in KSA, accounting for 73% of the total production capacity. To meet the potable water demand, which is expected to be 8.5 MCM/d by 2025, the SWCC is aiming to increase its installed production capacity to around 8.8 MCM/d by 2030,{16) ‘Treated wastewater The overall quantity of municipal wastewater production increased from 2,125 MCM in 2007 to 2,884 MCM in 2018, and is expected to reach 5,090 MCM in 2050 due to population growth [17] Wastewater is treated in a total of 99 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The amount of cook If you continue to use this site we will ok hips: water fanack com/saud-arabiatwater-resourcesansal an2116123, 355 PM Water Resources in KSA- ack Water Number Amount of Amount of region | WGP | itty | tented | “ees | Wastewater (mcM/a) (m3/d) Riyadh 15 540.11 1480 137,575 930 Mecca 7 456.263 1.250 64,897 519 Medina 4 105.124 0.288 139,639 48.50 Qassim 5 79.887 0.219 59,819 2733 Eastern 16 423.123 1159 382,846 33.03 Asir 7 76.478 0.210 40,110 1914 Tabuk 3 46.288 0127 2,610 2.06 Hail 2 24.445, 0.067 4,516 673 Northern 3 7.218 0.020 658 0.03 Jazan B 21.749 0.060 8,020 13.46 Najran 3 4.237 0.012 10,621 91.50 Baha 9 0.492 0.001 742 55.03 Jawt 2 16.464 0.045 905 201 Total 99 1801.874 4.936 852,307 17.26 As shown in Figure 2, agricultural irrigation and landscape irrigation consume about 59% and 16% of the TWW, respectively. Industrial water is equivalent to 13% of total water reuse, and 8.5% is used for recharging groundwater aquifers. hitps:waterfanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal uu are happy w ok nour website. If you2116123, 355 PM ‘Water Resources in KSA- Fanack Water WE Agricultural irrigation | mmm Landscape irrigation Industral mmm Groundwater recharge mmm Urban nopotable use i Other Figure 2: Water reuse sectors in KSA,20] — References [1] Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 2019. Statistical book: Year 2019 (1440- 1441). [2] Chowdhury S and Al-Zahrani M, 2015. Characterizi wise water consumptions in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 27(1); 68-82. [3] Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 2018. National Water Strategy 2030. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibi [6] Ministry of Economy and Planning, KSA, 2010. The Ninth Development Plan (2010-2014). [7] Abderrahman, WA, 2000. Water demand management and Islamic principles: a case study. Water Resources Development 16(4): 465- 473. \g water resources and trends of sector cook If you continue to use this site we will ok tps: water fanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal 602182, 355°m Woter Resources in KSA- Fanack Water [9] Chandrasekharam, D, 2018. Water for the millions: Focus Saudi Arabia, Water-Energy Nexus 1(2): 142-144. [10] Chandrasekharam, D et al., 2016. Desalination of seawater using geothermal energy to meet future freshwater demand of Saudi Arabia. Water Resources Management 31: 781-792. [11] Kajenthira, A et al, 2012. A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Bringing energy into the water equation. Journal of Environmental Management 102: 184-192 (22) Ibid. [13] Ng, KC and Shahzad, MW, 2018. Sustainable desalination using ocean thermocline energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82: 240-246, [14] Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 2018, National Water Strategy 2030. [15] Ghanim, AA, 2019. Water resources cri management options: An analytic review. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering 13(2). {16} Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 2018. National Water Strategy 2030. [17] Alkhudhiri A et al,, 2019. Analytical and forecasting study for wastewater treatment and water resources in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Water Process Engineering 32, 100915. [18] Ibid. [19] Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 2019. Statistical book: Year 2019 (1440- 1441). [20] Alkhudhiri A et al,, 2019. Analytical and forecasting study for wastewater treatment and water resources in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Water Process Engineering 32, 100915. in Saudi Arabia, challenges and possible Related Topics Saudi-Arabia | Water Resources | Desalination | Groundwater | Wastewater f#vingag & You may also like sure that we give If you continue to fe happy ok tps: water fanack com/saud-arabialwater-resourcessinssal m02116923, 355 PM Water Resources in KSA- Fanack Water Sutras, _——-- * “ —s ‘Morte Basin = ‘ == sont WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES IN LIBYA AUGUST 25,2020 PUBLICATIONS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE IN MENA COUNTRIES MARCH19, 2017 WATER MANAGEMENT our website. 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