Name: Gealon, Brixston C.

Title: Chapter 05 Imperfections in Solids

I. Introduction
There are two types of point defects, namely: Stoichiometric Defects and
Nonstoichiometric Defects. Stoichiometric defects are those that prevent the
stoichiometry of solids from being altered. After a stoichiometric error, a solid's
cation to anion ratio stays constant. They go by the name’s inherent faults or
thermodynamic flaws. Stoichiometric Defects are further classified into two defects:
A. Vacancy Defect
B. Interstitial Defect
C. Schottky Defect
D. Frenkel Defect

Vacancy Defect Vacant lattice sites lead to the formation of vacancy defects. This
flaw often appears when a solid is heated. The density of the solid is also
decreased by vacancy defect. Interstitial Defect The solid lattice is considered to
have an interstitial defect when additional component particles (Kityk et
al., 2001) are seen in the interstitial locations. The reason for the
substance's increased density is interstitial flaws. Schottky Defect An ionic lattice is said
to contain a Schottky defect if an equal number of cations and anions are absent
from the lattice site. The electrical neutrality is preserved in the Schottky Defect,
which often occurs in ionic materials. The compounds in which the size of cation and
anion are nearly equal tend to show this type of defect. Frenkel Defect
Ionic solids also exhibit the Frenkel defect, which is analogous to the Schottky defect.
Frenkel Defect happens when a smaller ion (often a cation) is shifted from
its usual location to a new interstitial site. This ion dislocation results in
interstitial defect at the ion's new location and vacancy defect at its old
location. In the Frenkel Defect, the density of the crystal lattice stays constant.
Ionic materials that exhibit the Frenkel Defect often have large cation and ion
size discrepancies.(S. & M., 2009)
 II. Analysis
Any abnormality in the pattern of crystal structure in a hard lattice is referred to as
an imperfection in solids. When crystallization—the process that creates crystals—
occurs at a fast or medium rate, defects develop. This is due to the lack of time for
particles to organize themselves in a predictable manner. The significance of
researching defects is to get understanding of the many kinds of imperfections that
occur and how they impact the behavior of the material. For instance, there are
always imperfections in actual crystals. One of material science and engineering's
primary objectives is to control flaws. In addition, the existence of flaws has a
significant impact on a material's characteristics (Stoneham, 1979).
There are several crucial characteristics of materials that exist because of flaws.
The density of the solid is also decreased by vacancy defect. The solid lattice is
considered to have an interstitial defect when additional component particles (atoms,
molecules, or ions) are seen in the interstitial locations. The reason for the substance's
increased density is due to interstitial flaws.

III. Conclusion

Understanding solid-state defects is crucial for identifying any irregularities in the

way crystals are arranged. When faults appear, this is the situation crystallization (the
process of creating crystals) can happen quickly or gradually.

This has to be investigated since it only highlights how important solid-state flaws
are. We are all aware that we are capable of performing this as engineers; thus, if we
study this subject, it will be simple for us to complete the task when we meet anomalies in
certain substances in the future.
IV. Reference

Kityk, I. V., Makowska-Janusik, M., Fontana, M. D., Aillerie, M., & Abdi, F. (2001).

Influence of Non-Stoichiometric Defects on Optical Properties in LiNbO3. Crystal

Research and Technology, 36(6), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-

4079(200107)36:6<577::AID-CRAT577>3.0.CO;2-3

S., C., & M., B. (2009). Effects of stoichiometric defects. IOP Publishing Ltd, 21.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/21/25/255501/meta

Stoneham, A. M. (1979). The theory of defects in solids. Contemporary Physics, 20(5),

535–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107517908210920