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Relationship Of Compression Index And Initial

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International Conference on Advances in Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015
© Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang

RELATIONSHIP OF COMPRESSION INDEX AND INITIAL VOID

RATIO FOR REMOULDED PENANG MARINE CLAY

OSMAN M.H.*, ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S., OSMAN M.

Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM Pulau Pinang,

13500, Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: muhammad517@ppinang.uitm.edu.my

Abstract

When a distributed load from a structure is applied to a soft soil stratum, there will be some
settlement of the structure. The term settlement refers to the vertical downward
displacement at the base of a foundation or other structure due to ground improvement.
This settlement may be due moisture movement, seismic disturbance, and adjacent
excavation and so on. The compressibility characteristic of the marine clays is usually
determined from consolidation test by using an apparatus called an oedometer. In this
paper, test was assist by geotechnical software Data System 7 (DS7) that is functioning to
analysis of test data to produce the data results required by the standards. The remoulded
samples were taking at the Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah as a material
used in consolidation test. The analysis data of consolidation test was used to draw e/logσ '
curve by using Casagrande’s method with only loading stage is carried out. Data result
from the consolidation test was used to find the correlation between compression index and
initial void ratio. Linear equation from correlation for Seberang Perai Utara is Cc =0.3599e0
- 0.1925, for Seberang Perai Tengah is Cc =0.506e0 - 0.5515. Meanwhile, the correlation
for combined area is Cc =0.3685e0 - 0.1984. Linear equation from these correlations will
use to predict the settlement within scope of paper areas. The preconsolidation stress value
from e/logσ' curve also consider used as a useful guide to limit the settlement in over
consolidated clays.
Keywords: marine clay; compression index (Cc); initial void ratio (e0); oedometer test;
consolidation; settlement;

1. Introduction
Compression index is determined by conducting oedometer test. Whereby,
undisturbed specimen is applied with loading plates. These loading plates are
equal to certain pressure According to Balasubramaniam and Brenner (1977), a
lot of correlations regarding compression index and physical properties of soil.
Extensive researches had been carried out to find correlation between

1
2 OSMAN M.H., ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S.,OSMAN M.

compression index and basic physical properties of soil. The compression index
had been correlated with properties like initial void ratio, water content and liquid
limit. The current methods of finding compression index of soft soil are quite
complicated and time consuming. Deformation due to elastic compression and
that due to expulsion of air from voids, take place immediately on application of
load, but deformation due to removal of water takes place gradually. We are left
with only two types of compression deformations, which cause reduction in
volume of soils. Out of these two, the first one is caused by compaction i.e.
change in volume due the removal of air and reduction of pore space and is an
immediate process, whereas the second one occurs due to removal of water from
the pores on sustained loading, and is caused by consolidation, which is a slow
and a gradually process. The soil compression characteristic is a fundamental
mechanical property of the soil that relates the effect of compressive stress on a
soil volumetric parameter. Typically, the characteristic is illustrated by plotting a
logarithm (usually to base 10) of the normal compressive stress (σ') against soil
void ratio (e) or vertical strain (ε). When expressed in this way, the characteristic
has two distinct regions, an elastic rebound curve at low stress and a linear virgin
compression curve at a higher stress. The modulus of the slope of the virgin
compression curve is commonly called the compression index (Cc). Soil
condition are apt to change, often considerably, from before, to during, and also
after construction. Most building damage occurs when unforeseen soil conditions
arise, inadequate site investigation and a lack of understanding of soil behaviour
are largely to blame. Methods are available such as consolidation test by which
both the amount and the rate of foundation settlement can be estimated. These
estimates will remain reasonably reliable providing that the assumed soil
condition represent the actual conditions, and likely to persist throughout the life
of the building. By using Oedometer or Consolidation test, the compressive index
can be estimated. The index is a slope of the normal compression line (NCL) that
measured from the plotting graph e/log σ ' curve. The data collected from the
oedometer test enable changes in void ratio to be related to changes in effective
stress.

2. Soil Profile
According to Bergado et al. (1994), most of the coastal area in Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan and Hong Kong are normally consolidated marine clay.
Hence, this type of soil profile invites many -problems to the construction such as
stability and settlement. According to Abdullah & Chandra (1987), the soil
profiles on the west and east coast of Malaysia consist in most cases of layer of
soft clay, stiff clay, silty clay, sandy clay and sand. A typical soil profile is shown
in Figure 1. The soft clays are generally grey in colour and are marine in origin,
supplemented with the presence of seashell fragments at many locations. Soft
coastal alluvial deposits occur widely in the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia.
Their general distribution is in Figure 2.

The thickness of soft clay sedimentation can reach up to 30 m (Ting & Ooi,
1977). The thickness of soft clay in Peninsula Malaysia is shown in Table 1
According to Flodin and Broms (1981), until 1948, soft clay that have shear force
less than 25 kPa. In terms of their particle size, their size is less than 0.002 mm.
Craig (1993) had classified clay as follows:-

a) Very soft - dripping through fingers when hold

b) Soft - can be shaped with tip of fingers
c) Strong - can be shaped with strong pressure by fingers
d) Stiff - cannot be shaped with fingers but can be bent with thumb

Figure 1: Typical Soil Profile in Peninsular Malaysia (Abdullah & Chandra,

1987)

Figure 2 : General Surface Soil Distribution (Ting & Ooi, 1977)

Table 1 : Thickness of Soft Clay in Peninsula Malaysia (Suria, 2001)

Location Thickness (m)

Perlis-Kedah 5 -12
Sungai Kedah Dam Area 8 -12
Alor Setar Airport Area 12
Perai and Penang Bridge 12 -25
Butterworth – Changkat Jering Highway 5 -15
Sungai Kerian 10
Bagan Datoh – Teluk Intan 5 – 11
Port Klang 8 -30
Kg. Acheh – Merin Port 3-7
4 OSMAN M.H., ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S.,OSMAN M.

Agricultural Development at West Johor 10 – 35

Kuantan 3 – 20
Sungai Kuantan Bridge 5 – 12
Kuantan Port 3 -15
Chukai 4-8
Semerak - Kemasin 3 -10

3. Characteristic of Soft Clay

Soft clay engineering present severe geotechnical engineering problems. By their
very nature, they are of low strength and high compressibility, often with water
contents at or close to their liquid limits. Although they are commonly
consolidated, they nearly always exhibit light over-consolidation caused by
surface desiccation, ground water fluctuations or aging. The apparent over-
consolidation ratio of aged clay can as high as 2.5 and this greatly increases its
critical pressure pc and undrained strength Su. Soft clay is an especially
interesting and rewarding material with which to work. It poses abundant
engineering challenges whereby the designer must often use very low safety
factors and about which the decisions he takes can have large economic
consequences for the project (Brenner et al, 1981).

Soft clay can be physically moulded by light finger pressure. The typical
compression ratio is about 0.2 to 0.4 and coefficient of consolidation, (cv) is about
0.5 to 1.5 m2/year for this type of soil (Neoh, 2000). Soft clay characteristics are
different from normal clay. The depth of the soft clay also affects some portion of
the characteristic.

4. Relationship between Compression Index and Physical Properties of Soft

Soil
In geotechnical, settlement prediction of soft clay is a critical problem and very
crucial. Soil settlement is controlled by it compressibility. Currently, the
procedure to get compressibility characteristic thorough in-situ or in the
laboratory quite complicated and time consuming. In order to get a simple and
quick method but give a significant and trusted result, some researcher had
published a relationship between compression index and basic physical properties
of soil.

According to Balasubramaniam and Brenner (1981), compression index is a

quantity which often determined site investigation. That is why it is ideal to run
statistical analysis on it. Many correlations between compression index or
recompression index with moisture content, initial void ratio and moisture content
had been suggested by previous researchers to determine compression index or
recompression index from simple lab testing and low in cost compare to
oedometer test. A few correlations between compression index and initial void
ratio are shown in the Table 2.

Tsotsos (1977) had made a conclusion regarding the relationship between

compressibility and soil characteristic:-
 a) Soil with moisture more than optimum moisture content always close to
saturated condition. Compressibility of soil like this depends on the
natural characteristic. This characteristic can be pictured with liquid limit
and plasticity index. Besides that, it also depends on moisture content
and degree of saturation. Based on this, a few comments had been made.
The comments are as follows:-
i) For the same type of soil (same liquid limit and plasticity index),
compressibility increase with moisture content increase. The
relationship between compression index and moisture content can be
assume linear which is Cc = a( w-b ), for optimum moisture content
more than 6-12 % until it reach liquid limit which normal scale for
natural soil.
ii) For soil with same moisture content and referring to same point
from line Ip = y(wL 8), a soil with low liquid limit is low
compressibility characteristic.
iii) For soil with same moisture content and liquid limit, the
compressibility is soil with high plasticity index. The decrease of
degree of saturation under the limit of moisture content can lead to
increase in compressibility of soil.
b) The decrease of degree of saturation under the limit of moisture content
can lead to increase in compressibility of soil.

Table 2 : Correlation of Compression Index (Cc) and Initial Void Ratio (e0)
(Sridharan and Nagraj, 2000)

Correlation Type of Soil Researcher

Cc = 0.037(e0 + 0.003LL Clay from Greece and Azzouz et. al
- 0.34) some parts of USA (1976)
Cc = 0.048(e0 + 0.001wn Clay from Greece and Azzouz et. al
- 0.25) some parts of USA (1976)
Cc = 0.37(e0 + 0.003LL- Clay from Greece and Azzouz et. al
0.0004wn - 0.34) some parts of USA (1976)
Cc = 1.15(e - e0) All clays Nishida (1956)
Cc = 0.29(e - 0.5) Inorganic Soils Hough (1957)
Cc = 0.35(e0 - 0.5) Organic Soils Hough (1957)
Cc = 0.246 + 0.43(e0 - Motley clays from Cozzolini (1961)
0.25) San Paulo, Brazil
Cc = 1.21+1.055(e0 + Lowland of Santos, Cozzolini (1961)
1.87) Brazil
Cc = 0.75(e0 - 0.5) Soils with low Sowers (1970)
plasticity
Cc = 0.208e0 + 0.0083 Chicago clays Bowles (1989)
Cc = 0.156e0 + 0.0107 All clays Bowles (1989)

5. Marine Clay Properties

There are two main geotechnical problems in soft clay engineering, namely
settlement and stability. However, many practicing engineers tend to forget about
the importance of settlement problem. Therefore, more effort should be
emphasized in the interpretation of compressibility parameters for settlement
analysis. Compression index, Cc is the slope of the linear portion of the e log s¢
6 OSMAN M.H., ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S.,OSMAN M.

plot and is dimensionless (Tan Y.C et al, 2003). Compression index, Cc is

influenced by the sensitivity of natural clays; it can generally be related to void
ratio and sensitivity (Leroueil et al., 1983). Equaion 1 shows the relationship
between Cc and natural void ratio, e0 by equation below:-

Cc= 0.6le0 - 0.17 (Tan Y.C et al, 2003) Equation 1

This correlation had been obtained by conducting 70 oedometer tests. The

samples which are undisturbed samples had been acquired by using normal boring
machine. The depth of the penetration almost 35 meters. The research had been
conducted to find design parameters of Klang Marine Clay. Some of the
parameters obtained in this paper are basic properties of the clay, correlation
between compression index with liquid limit, water content and others. Not only
that this paper also found the ratio between compression index and recompression
index. Ground improvement may need to be carried out to improve the soil
strength and to reduce the rate. Upper layer of the soil have high initial void ratio
compare to the lower part of the soil. This could be governed the moisture content
of the soil and specific gravity of the soil. Since the upper layer of the soil have
the most potential of exposed to rain and groundwater. It may be also due to
alternate heating and cooling weather, since our country is experienced climatic
weather throughout a year.

Figure 3 : Relationship between Compression Index and Initial Void

Ratio of Klang Clay (Tan Y .C, 2003)

6. Materials and methods

The Oedometer or consolidation test is used to investigate the stress-strain
behaviour of a low permeability soil, in one-dimensional vertical compression. In
this paper 25 samples from Seberang Perai Utara and 25 samples from Seberang
Perai Tengah were tested in laboratory. A soil sample, approximately 50 mm in
diameter and 20 mm in height, is retained in a steel confining ring and immersed
in a water bath. It is subjected to a compressive stress by the application of a
vertical load, which is assumed to act uniformly over the area of the sample. Two-
way drainage is permitted through porous disc at the top and bottom. The soil
does not respond instantaneously to an increase in vertical total stress, but
continues to compress or settle for some time after the load is applied. This is
because any increase in effective stress must be accompanied by the compression
of the soil skeleton, that is, by a decrease in the void ratio. As the void ratio
cannot change instantaneously, neither can be effective stress. The increase in the
total vertical stress that is applied to the Odometer sample at start of a loading
stage is therefore taken initially entirely by an increase in the pore water pressure.
As water then gradually bleeds out from between the pores and the soil skeleton
consolidates, the additional or excess pore water pressure dissipates. The
correlations between compression index and initial void ratio are evaluated
analytically based on the results of oedometer test and by settlement calculation.
This is an experimental research, thus collecting data is the most important work
to do. The procedure of conducting the laboratory tests is based on British
Standard (BS 1377: 1990) standards

7. Result & Discussion

7.1 Moisture Content
The moisture content value is based on the weight of the water in the soil. The
difference between the wet and dry weight reflects the weight of water driven
from the sample. In this paper, samples are from Seberang Perai Tengah and
Seberang Perai Utara were tested. The procedure used to measure the water
content consists of weighing a sample of the soil, drying it in an oven until all of
the water in the sample has evaporated and re-weighing the sample. From the
moisture content test, majority of both area has percentage of initial moisture
content is more than 100 percent (%).Basically, different soil types behave
differently at various levels of moisture. Rate of water content usually is not more
than 100 percent (%). Its mean condition of water content in Penang marine clay
is higher than other clay. The most important geotechnical characteristic in soft
clay soil is that the natural moisture content for this soil is very high.
Environment condition has influence the moisture content percentage. Penang is
an island country and content of it soil is soft. Meanwhile, all percentage of final
moisture content in Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah are not
more than 50 %. It means the different value of initial and final moisture content
show the evaporation of water after drying sample in an oven. The result of initial
and final moisture content are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 : Moisture Content at SPU and SPT (Initial & Final)

Initial Moisture Final Moisture

Content Content
(%) (%)
Site min max min max
Seberang Perai Utara
97 114 43 60
(SPU)
Seberang Perai Selatan
91 139 38 58
(SPT)

7.2 Specific Gravity Test

The specific gravity test choose in this research was small density bottle method.
The remoulded marine clay was drying in an oven until all of the water in the
sample has evaporated. After oven dry, the soil should break all lumps into small
particles. The soil is often then shaken through a stack of sieves with openings of
decreasing size from top to bottom. The specific gravity of soil solids is often
8 OSMAN M.H., ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S.,OSMAN M.

needed for various calculations in soil mechanics. Usually most of the values fall
within a range of 2.50 to 2.90. From the specific gravity test that doing in
laboratory, the values fall in range 2.00 to 2.20 for Seberang Perai Utara and
range 2.00 to 2.30 for Seberang Perai Tengah. It means the overall values for both
locations fall in range 2.00 to 2.30. The types of soil basically were influence the
value of specific gravity. Marine clay is soft clay and basically value of specific
gravity was decrease when soft clay is used. The marine period is known to have
been influenced greatly by the inflow of fresh water. The clay size content,
plasticity and natural water content increase with increasing distance from the
ocean. The results summary are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 : Maximum and Minimum Value of Specific Gravity

Minimum Maximum
Site
Seberang Perai Utara 2.03 2.18
Seberang Perai Tengah 2.03 2.25

7.3 Compressibility Properties

In order to get acquire good result of the compressibility parameters, all factors
and properties of the sample had to know. In this paper, the mineral content of the
sample had not been studied, but it is known that Penang Marine Clay is in
category Illite or Montmorillonite. This can be categorized based on the specific
gravity. Each mineral group have their own way when being subjected to a test.
The content of the clay also affect the compressibility parameters. Contents like
clay, sand and silt give a significant difference in result. If the amount of sand is
high, the soil particle does not effected by the presence of water. The ions that
from the water cannot all be balance with the sand particle. But if the clay content
is high, the ions from it and water can combine to form complete balance ion
group. That is why the sample needs to saturate for at least 24 hours. According to
Tezaghi' s consolidation theory, the assumption made by him said that the soil has
to be in saturated condition. This is made by assume that the condition at the in-
situ is in saturated condition. During conducting the test, distilled water was used.
It is used to top up t in the consolidation cell. By observation method, if the level
of water in the cell has decreased, it has to be refilled until it reaches the surfaces
of the cell. The shape of the clay layer also plays a role in determining
compressibility characteristic. The shape of the clay is rectangle. Originally the
soil particle is dispersed in the soil sample. When the soil is applied by a load, the
clay particle tends to close to each other. The soil particle may result in edge to
edge or edge to face soil particle arrangement.

7.4 Compression Index and Initial Void Ratio

Correlation graph below shown that linear equation for Seberang Perai Utara in
Pulau Pinang is Cc = 0.3599e0 - 0.1925. Meanwhile the value of R- squared is
0.3137 for linear regression. From the analysis data, R-squared value is under
50%. It means the correlation is not strong enough but still considers can used to
predict the settlement for the small distance within scope of paper area only
 Cc versus e0
1.05
1

Comoression Index (Cc)

0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
y = 0.3599x - 0.1925
0.75 R² = 0.3137
0.7
0.65
0.6
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Initial Void Ratio (e0)

SPU Linear (SPU)

Figure 4 : Correlation Cc and e0 for Seberang Perai Utara

Correlation graph below shown that linear equation for Seberang Perai Tengah in
Pulau Pinang is Cc = 0.506e0 - 0.5515. Meanwhile the value of R- squared is
0.6383 for linear regression. From the analysis data, R-squared value is over 50%.
It means the correlation is strong and can used to predict the settlement within
scope of paper area.

Cc versus e0
1.2
Comoression Index (Cc)

0.8

0.6

0.4 y = 0.506x - 0.5515

R² = 0.6383
0.2

0
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1
Initial Void Ratio (e0)

SPU Linear (SPU)

Figure 5: Correlation Cc and e0 for Seberang Perai Tengah

Correlation graph above shown that linear equation for Seberang Perai Utara and
Seberang Perai Tengah in Pulau Pinang is Cc = 0.3685e0 - 0.1984. Meanwhile the
value of R- squared is 0.5626 for linear regression. From the analysis data, R-
squared value is over 50%. This percentage represents how strong the correlation
between compressive index and initial void ratio of the paper area. It means the
correlation is quite strong and can use to predict settlement within scope of paper
area.
10 OSMAN M.H., ALBAR A., MD. HASAN A.S.,OSMAN M.

Cc versus e0
1.2

Comoression Index (Cc)

1

0.8

0.6
y = 0.3685x - 0.1984
0.4
R² = 0.5626
0.2

0
2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5
Initial Void Ratio (e0)

Combined Linear (Combined)

Figure 6 : Correlation Cc and e0 for Combined

In this paper, remoulded sample of marine clay from different location in Penang
which is Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah is tested. From the test
that were done in the laboratory, correlation between compression index and
initial void ratio of samples in Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah
had been acquired. The correlations are shown in Equation 2 and 3. Meanwhile,
combination of correlation for both areas is shown in Equation 4.

Linear equation from correlation for sample of Seberang Perai Utara is:
Cc = 0.3599e0 - 0.1925 Equation 2

Linear equation from correlation for sample of Seberang Perai Tengah is:
Cc = 0.506e0 - 0.5515 Equation 3

Linear equation from correlation for combined of both areas is:

Cc = 0.3685e0 - 0.1984 Equation 4

The compression index, Cc shows the how amount of sample being compressed.
The index was obtained from the calculation the slope of the virgin curve. If the
sample is unloaded to a certain amount, which usually 1/4 of the total pressure,
and load back, the unloading and reloading line can be seen. This line shows the
elastic behaviour of the soil. Theoretically the line should parallel with the line
before the preconsolidation pressure. For this paper, some of the compression
curve from the analysis, some of the unloading line did not parallel with upper
line. This is maybe due to disturbance to loading plate of the consolidation test.
During the test, the particle size is deformed. During unloading, the deformation
of the particle back to the original size. This behaviour is called elastic
deformation. Consolidation test is a test where the water is forced out by the
pressure applied. During it been applied, the water seep out from the specimen.
When the water seeps out, there is a void between the particles. So, with high
amount of pressure, the soil particle to rearrange to fill the void.

The linear equation represents the value of compression index is proportional with
initial void ratio. This equation can be used to predict the settlement. This
Oedometer test and subsequent calculation can be used to predict with some
degree of accuracy, changes in the elevation of building components over time.
As theoretical, when a distributed load from the structure is applied to a soft soil
stratum, consolidation settlement will occur. Because the hydraulic conductivity
of clay is significantly smaller than of sand, the excess pore water pressure
generated by loading gradually dissipates over a long period. Thus, the associated
volume change in the clay may continue long after the immediate settlement. The
settlement caused by consolidation in clay may be several times greater than the
immediate settlement. So this paper as possible will help to predict settlement in
construction.

8. Conclusion
From this research, one of objective that is to find the correlation between
compression index and initial void ratio of remoulded Penang Marine Clay is
achieved. This correlation is proven exist with linear equation from correlation
graph.

1) The linear equation from correlation between compression index and initial
void ratio is useful to predict a settlement in construction especially in
Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah. The linear equation for
combine areas of paper is Cc = 0.3685e0 – 0.1984.
2) This paper also was achieved it second objective to determine the
compressibility characteristics of the Marine clay by using Oedometer test.
As theoretical, when structures are built on soil there will be some settlement
of the structure. This settlement due to several things like moisture content,
seismic disturbance, adjacent excavation and so on, but the most probable
cause is voids between soil grains being eliminated as the weight of the
structure presses down on the soil. The voids between the soil grains are
usually filled with either air or water. As construction progresses, air are
expelled from the void rather quickly, the soil grains move closer together
and settlement reaches its limits.
3) Settlement usually ceases sometimes during construction or shortly after
completion of the structure. In this case, the consolidation is one of the
primary tests that almost used. Along the research is conducted, the
Oedometer test is used to get the result and make some calculation that would
be applied in correlation according to main objective of research.

References
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Subsoil in Peninsular Malaysia, Proc. of the Ninth Southeast Asian
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2) Balasubramaniam and A.S, Brenner R. P. (1981), Consolidation and
Settlement of Soft Clay, Soft Clay Engineering, Elsevier Scientific
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3) Bergado, D.T. et al. (1994), Prediction Of Behaviour Of Reinforced
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