Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim and objective
1.3 Case study area
1.4 Scope of project
Chapter 2 literature
2.1 soil sampling method
2.2 investigation
2.3 testing- practical title
2.4 foundation failure
2.5Different type of foundation design for road and bridge
 Chapter - 1

1.1Introduction
With a population of 7.3 million in 2023, the Greater Yangon is the hub of the
expanding Burma economy and comprises Yangon City and the townships
surrounding it. Yangon City, the hub of Myanmar's economic activity, is
experiencing excessive centralization due to the country's recent rapid economic
expansion, creating a greater need than ever for transportation. To maintain the
economy's rapid development, the current transportation infrastructure is
insufficient. The development of the Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) will be
the primary cause of the significant increase in person trips over the next twenty
years, especially between Thilawa and Yangon CBD. Consequently, the region
requires high-order transit services.The quantity of truck traffic displayed in this
slide indicates that there will be an increase in logistics traffic between Thilawa
and Yangon CBD. There will be a threefold increase in the volume of truck traffic
between Thilawa and the CBD crossing the Bago River. there is an increase in truck
traffic crossing the Bago River between Thilawa and Bago Subcenter.
1.2 Aim and objective
To understand how to learn proposal writing
To analyses the different types of soil property
To understand the effects on the environment
To comprehend the design of the foundation
To study the soil properties, need to test soil

1.2Case study area

The study area is located in-between and surrounding Thanlyin Chin Kat Road in
Taketa Township and that is nearby National Races Village, Thanlyin bridge is
located N -16.79203794827397, E-96.2324200361085.
1.3Scope of project
1.Review of Existing Information and Data
In this proposal the properties and types of soil are known by soil testing.The
foundation of design will be presented. These test results can lessen a variety of
failures and provide solid support for an appropriate solution to address potential
risks and soil embankment problem. The best foundation designs will be chosen
based on the examined soil properties in order to offer structural stability,
durability, and serviceability against failures.
 Chapter 2 literature
2.1 Soil Sampling Method
Soil Sampling
An essential component of ground research is soil sampling, which makes it
easier to analyze the characteristics and makeup of the soil. In trial pits or
boreholes, samples are usually taken at different depths to evaluate the
consistency, moisture content, density, and grain size distribution of the soil. After
that, a number of tests are conducted on these materials in a laboratory
environment, including chemical analysis, sieving analysis, Atterberg limits testing,
and moisture content determination. These tests ensure that the appropriate
measures are implemented to avoid any hazards connected to soil variability by
giving crucial information that is used in engineering design and construction
planning.
Depending on the needs of the project and the properties of the soil,
different techniques are employed while collecting soil samples. Disrupted
sampling methods such as drive sampling and hand auguring are suitable for
obtaining samples of soft or loose soils near the ground surface. Despite being
quick and effective, these methods are unable to produce representative samples
of cohesive or highly compacted soils. In contrast, undisturbed sampling methods
including Shelby tubes, thin-walled tubes, and piston samplers are used to gather
intact soil samples with the least amount of disturbance feasible. Unaltered
samples retain their soil structure and moisture content, allowing for more precise
evaluation of engineering attributes like compressibility and shear strength.

2.2 investigation
Soil property determination, soil sample collection, and site assessment are
critical for long-term and effective infrastructure projects. Above all, conducting a
thorough site survey provides important information about the geology and
surrounding conditions that may affect the project. This involves identifying
potential hazards such as shifting soil, contaminant buildup, or geological features
that may have an impact on building activities. Having a thorough understanding
of the site's attributes in advance allows engineers and planners to make well-
informed decisions, implement effective risk management strategies, and produce
appropriate designs.
Secondly, soil sampling is necessary to collect representative soil samples
from different parts of the site and at different depths. Subsequently, these
samples undergo analysis to determine the soil's composition, density,
permeability, and bearing capacity, among other characteristics. This kind of
information is crucial for designing pavements, foundations, and other structural
components that rely on the stability and support of the ground. Accurate soil
sample ensures that engineering solutions are tailored to the specific conditions
of the site, lowering the risk of structural failures or performance issues over the
course of the project.
By identifying the characteristics of the soil, engineers may also assess the
soil's appropriateness for various construction uses and spot potential problems
during the construction phase. For example, low-bearing capacity soils may
require deep foundations or ground rehabilitation techniques, while high clay
content soils may require further attention to minimize issues like shrinking and
swelling. Early soil property assessment enables planners to make the most of
available funds, resources, and construction methods, leading to more economical
and ecologically friendly infrastructure solutions.
Thorough soil studies are an investment that project stakeholders can make
to reduce uncertainty, improve project outcomes, and ultimately deliver
infrastructure that meets community needs while minimizing environmental
impact. These steps soil sampling, site investigation, and property determination
—are critical to the planning and execution of infrastructure projects because they
offer vital information for identifying risks, designing appropriate solutions, and
guaranteeing the long-term performance and resilience of the infrastructure.
2.3 Testing- practical Title
All field investigation works and laboratory tests were carried out in accordance
with the American Society of Testing and Materials are applied.

In this proposal Soil survey is divided into four subcomponents

 Mobilization and demobilization,
 Borehole drilling on land and in the river
 Laboratory test, and
 Reporting.

The contents of the laboratory test are the following

 Natural moisture content test,
 Specific gravity test,
 Particle size analysis,
 Atterberg limit test
 Consolidation test.

2.4 foundation failure

Foundation failure refers to any situation where a building's foundation is
compromised, leading to structural problems or instability. There are several types
of foundation failure, each with its own causes and potential consequences. Here
are some common types
Expansive soil
Expansive soils, such as clay soils, can cause foundation problems when they
expand and contract with changes in moisture content. This cyclic swelling and
shrinking can exert significant pressure on the foundation, leading to cracking,
heaving, or settling.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure occurs when water accumulates around the foundation,
exerting pressure on the walls and causing them to bow inward or crack. This
pressure can be caused by poor drainage, high water tables, or flooding.

Seepage Failures: Most embankments exhibit some flow. However, this flow
should be controlled in speed and amount. Flow happens through the stuff hill or
dike and/or through its foundation. Seepage, if uncontrolled, will erode fine soil
material from the downstream slope or foundation and continue moving towards
upstream slope to make a pipe or cavity to the lake or lake typically resulting in an
entire failure of hill. This action is understood as “piping”, flow failure account for
about forty of all Embankments or dike failures. Flow may also cause slope failures
by saturating the slope material, thereby weakening the adhesive properties of
the soil and its stability. Burrows or holes created by animals like the woodchuck,
woodchuck, or muskrat produce voids within the hill or dike that weaken the
structure and should functions a pathway for flow. Tree roots will give a swish
surface for flow of travel. Once trees die, their decaying roots might leave
passageways for flow to concentrate in. Pipes through the hill may additionally
give swish surface for flow to concentrate on furthermore.

2.5Different type of foundation design for road and bridge

There are several types of foundation designs used for roads and bridges, each
chosen based on factors such as soil conditions, load requirements, and
environmental considerations. Here are some common types,

Shallow Foundations
Spread Footings: These are the most common type of shallow foundation for
roads and bridges. They distribute the load of the structure over a wider area to
prevent settlement.
Slab-on-Grade: A concrete slab placed directly on the ground surface. It's often
used for lightly loaded structures or where the soil has good bearing capacity.
Deep Foundations
Bored Piles: Holes are drilled into the ground, and then reinforced with concrete.
They are suitable for soils with high water tables or where noise and vibration
must be minimized.
Caissons: Large-diameter concrete cylinders that are poured in place
underground. They are used in areas with deep water tables or in marine
environments.
Retaining Walls
These are used to support soil at a slope steeper than the angle of repose. They
can be made of concrete, stone, or gabions (wire mesh containers filled with
rock).

Pier Foundations
Used for bridge structures, these foundations are similar to spread footings but
are elongated vertically to support piers or columns.
Abutments
These are foundation structures supporting the ends of a bridge or the entrance
and exit of a road. They can be supported by spread footings, piles, or other deep
foundation systems depending on the soil conditions and load requirements.

Embankments and Subgrade

In road construction, the subgrade is the native material underneath the
constructed pavement layers. Embankments are built-up layers of earth that raise
the roadway above the surrounding terrain. Both require careful preparation and
compaction to provide stable support for the road surface.
The selection of foundation type depends on various factors including soil
characteristics, environmental conditions, construction methods, and budget
constraints. Engineers evaluate these factors to determine the most suitable
foundation design for a specific project.

Chapter 3 Soil properties determination and result discussion,