OSH STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

HUMAN HEART

Presented by- Group 9A

Shivesh kumar sharma , Brajesh yadav,
Saurabh arve vinayak
Samyak Lodha Anil, Tejas Awate Babasaheb
 OVERVIEW
heart, organ that serves as a pump to
circulate the blood. It may be a straight tube,
as in spiders and annelid worms, or a
somewhat more elaborate structure with one
or more receiving chambers (atria) and a
main pumping chamber (ventricle), as in
mollusks. In fishes the heart is a folded tube,
with three or four enlarged areas that
correspond to the chambers in the
mammalian heart. In animals with lungs—
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—
the heart shows various stages of evolution
from a single to a double pump that
circulates blood to the lungs and to the body
as a whole.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION

Pulmonary circulation
moves blood between
the heart and the lungs. It
transports deoxygenated
blood to the lungs to
absorb oxygen and
release carbon dioxide.
The oxygenated blood
then flows back to the
heart. Systemic
circulation moves blood
between the heart and
the rest of the body. It
sends oxygenated blood
out to cells and returns
deoxygenated blood to
the heart.
 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

In the systemic loop, oxygenated blood is

pumped from the left ventricle of the heart
through the aorta, the largest artery in the
body. The blood moves from the aorta
through the systemic arteries, then to
arterioles and capillary beds that supply
body tissues. Here, oxygen and nutrients
are released and carbon dioxide and other
waste substances are absorbed.
Deoxygenated blood then moves from the
capillary beds through venules into the
systemic veins. The systemic veins feed
into the inferior and superior venae cavae,
the largest veins in the body. The venae
cavae flow deoxygenated blood to the right
atrium of the heart.
 CONDUCTION SYSTEM

Electrical impulses from your heart muscle

(the myocardium) cause your heart to beat
(contract). This electrical signal begins in the
sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of the
right atrium. The SA node is sometimes called
the heart’s “natural pacemaker.” When an
electrical impulse is released from this natural
pacemaker, it causes the atria to contract. The
signal then passes through the atrioventricular
(AV) node. The AV node checks the signal
and sends it through the muscle fibers of the
ventricles, causing them to contract.
The SA node sends electrical impulses at a
certain rate, but your heart rate may still
change depending on physical demands,
stress, or hormonal factors.
Kyrgyzstan
According to the Republican Medical Informational Centre1 of the Kyrgyz
Republic, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was the leading cause of death in
2011, representing half (50.1 %) of all deaths.In 1991, the death rate from
CVD was 261.9 (per 100,000 population), while in 2011 this reached 326.3, a
24.5% increase.More than eighteen thousand people in Kyrgyzstan die from
CVD each year, over 50 every day.1,2 The primary cause of death as related
to CVD is coronary heart disease (80% of all CVD mortality, including acute
myocardial infarction), followed by cerebrovascular diseases.Kyrgyzstan has
the sixth highest CVD mortality in Eurasia following Russia, Byelorussia,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Moldova. It is first in the Eurasian region on the
standardized parameter of mortality from stroke at 88.5 cases per 100,000.
India
The noncommunicable diseases commonly include cardiovascular disease
(CVD), various cancers, chronic respiratory illnesses, diabetes, and so on
which are estimated to account for around 60% of all deaths. CVDs such as
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular such as stroke account for 17.7
million deaths and are the leading cause.1 In accordance with the World
Health Organization, India accounts for one-fifth of these deaths worldwide
especially in younger population. The results of Global Burden of Disease
study state age-standardized CVD death rate of 272 per 100000 population in
India which is much higher than that of global average of 235. Indians are
known to have the highest coronary artery disease (CAD) rates, and the
conventional risk factors fail to explain this increased risk. There are no
structured data collection methods regarding the cardiac mortality and
morbidity for Indian subcontinent, and also majority of deaths happen at home
without knowing the exact cause of death. Hospital-based CV morbidity and
mortality data may not be representative of overall CV disease burden. In India
in 2016, CVDs contributed to 28·1% of total deaths and 14·1% of total
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) compared with 15·2% and 6·9%,
 QUESTION
The reason why the SA node (sino-
atrial node) is the natural pacemaker
is

(a)generates an action potential

which is more in size than other
parts of the conducting system
(b)only part of the conducting
system generating impulse
(c) located in the right atrium
(d)generates the highest number of
action potentials in the conducting
system