test cope 02220020 FORM TP 2022242 MAY/JUNE 2022 i S&S “] CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION® ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AGRICULTURE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION UNIT 2 ~ Paper 02 2 hours 30 minutes READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. 1. This paper consists of SIX questions in THREE sections. Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. 3. Do NOT write in the margins. 4. Youmay use silent, non-programmable calculator to answer questions | 5. Ifyou need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original answer. 6. Ifyou use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include the question part beside the answer. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Copyright © 2020 Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 img gn ii(a) ) © oe Hel MODULE 1 Answer BOTH questions. Define the following terms: @ —— Mariculture [1 mark] Gi) Aquaculture [I mark] Name ONE example of an organism which may be farmed using mariculture. [1 mark] Table | represents the yield of selected fish and seafood species which were caught using, two methods: wild-caught and farm-raised (aquaculture/mariculture). TABLE 1: YIELD OF SELECTED FISH AND SEAFOOD SPECIES THAT WERE WILD-CAUGHT AND FARM-RAISED IN 2015 Yield Name of Species [Witg-caught/1000 tonnes | Farm-raised/1000 tonnes Skipjack tuna: 3512 2287 Nile tilapia 1376 904 Yellowfin tuna 1214 210 Giant tiger prawn O24 1788 Spiny lobster 351 340. Nassau grouper 72 0 (i) Using the grid provided om page 5, draw a graph to represent the data in Table 1 [5 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE wen | 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ho NOT WRITE IN THIS AREAL.: 5 = g = 2 a DO NOT WRITE INT Figure be secon _DONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE | (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 OL na ait|wi -6- | Using the information in the graph, state TWO conclusions which may be made from the data. [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 Es 8 ea DO NOT WRITE IN THIS REL DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE-IN THIS AREADONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA | DO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA r * 7 (ii) Explain FOUR environmental impacts of EITHER the practice of wild-caught fishing or farm-raised fishing. [8 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE = (02220020/MI/ICAPE 2022e * a (iv) Suggest TWO different environmentally sustainable practices which could be used to address the impacts identified in (c) (iii). Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 Be {Og ih} DO NOT WRITE IN THIS JRE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS ARIEL. hO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA.DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DONOTWRITEINTHISAREA = DO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ad = 5 2, “Agriculture is historically a major sector in the Caribbean region and has evolved to embrace issues including protected fisheries mariculture and aquaculture, herbals, organic agriculture and agro-energy” (CARICOM, 2020). (2) (Complete Table 2 by naming either the agricultural resource or country associated with the agricultural resource. TABLE 2: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES FOUND IN SELECTED CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES Country ‘Agricultural Resource Coffee and cocoa Guyana Black belly sheep [3 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, | 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 a OLiB “w. = Discuss TWO economic and TWO social contributions of argiculture to CARICOM countries. Economie: ... Social: GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, _ (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 = WOINOT WRITE LIN CHES GEL Sap NG ERT EN ES dea DO NOTIVRITE IN THIS AREADO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DONOT WRITE IN THISAREA ue =| (b) “Sustainable agriculture strives for the best long-term outcomes for forests, climate -| stability, gender equality, human rights and livelihoods" (Rainforest Alliance, 2020), Figure 2 shows the percentage of men and women engaged in farming and fishin selected CARICOM states in 2018, Study Figure 2 carefully and answer the questions that follow | Saint Lucia | | | Jamaica | Grenada | Belize ‘Antigua and Barbuda | | 20 ra oo #0 100 Hi Men % Hy Women % | Figure 2, Graph showing the percentage of men and women involved in farming and fishing in selected CARICOM states () State THREE conclusions which may be made from the information in Figure 2 [3 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE =a 02220020/MJ/CAPE 202 ieiE “ a Gi) 1fJamaica has a total of 469 000 persons involved in farming and fishing activities, how many people in the Jamaica population are female? [1 mark] (iii) From the information in Figure 1, state which territory is closest to achieving equality in the number of males and females in its farming and fishing sectors. [1 mark] (iv) Explain why gender equity is critical to ensuring social equity in agriculture. eZ 2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE EI (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 [ae DO NOT WRITEIN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA. ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA PONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA 4 13 = | (©) State TWO ways in which natural disasters such as floods and man-made disasters such as climate change can threaten sustainable agriculture. [2 marks} Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ie 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 1r om a MODULE 2 Answer BOTH questions. 3. (@)_Figure3 illustrates the total consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in the Caribbean from 1990 to 2016. Study Figure 3 carefully and answer the questions that follow. 1000+ 00 + ‘Total energy consumption (trillion BTU) 0} 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015-2020 «20252030 Year —o— Renewable energy sources —e— Nonrenewable energy sources Data obtained from the United States Energy Information Administration, www.eia,gov. Figure 3. Total consumption of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in the Caribbean, 1990-2016 (i) Use the graph to estimate the amount of nonrenewable energy that would be consumed in the Caribbean in 2025 "3 marks} State TWO conclusions that can be made about energy consumption in the Caribbean from the data in Figure 3. “Tz marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ae 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 ie DO NOT WRITEIN THIS AREA BO NOT WRITEIN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA5 -15- oa (iii) Suggest THREE reasons for the pattern of consumption of renewable energy sources in the Caribbean as illustrated in Figure 3. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO.NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA [6 marks] (b) (@_List THREE impacts of the use of energy on the environment. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA [3 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 ee RAR RA ARR nlr “6 a (ii) Between 2010 and 2016, approximatey 63% of the total energy consumption in the Caribbean was derived from petroleum-based liquids. Explain TWO socioeconomic impacts of this trend of energy consumption in the Caribbean. (DO NOT WRITEIN THIS JREA a a 5 & [6 marks} z . Total 20 marks 2 & I = a £ iS < ES & S 2 a GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 i afe -17- | 4 Active solar energy devices are capable of producing very high temperatures and so can be used to generate electricity. Figure 4 is a flow diagram that outlines the process of generating electricity by this method. Study Figure 4 carefully and answer the questions that follow. 0 Cold sun Ue cot | sam 1 ‘Transmission grid ‘Turbine PO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Figure 4. Flow diagram illustrating the process of generating electricity using active solar energy devices @ the energy conversion occuring at Point III in Figure 4. [2 marks} (b) ‘A homeowner in a Caribbean country is considering installing a solar photovoltaic system as a way to reduce her electricity bill. (Explain how a solar panel using photovoltaic technology works to generate electri DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA | NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA [3 marks} : GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, - (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022r om 7 Table 3 contains relevant information pertaining to the planning of a solar installation for a Caribbean homeowner. Study the data in Table 3 carefully and answer the questions that follow. TABLE 3: INFORMATION FOR PLANNING OF SOLAR INSTALLATION FOR A CARIBBEAN HOMEOWNER, System size SkW Annual energy generated (6300 kWh, Cost of solar system $32,000 Annual electricity bill before solar $3 500 ‘Annual electricity bill after solar $1600 ‘Annual tax rebate for solar installation $500 (ii) What does the abbreviation *kWh” mean’ [t mark] (iii) How many watts is 5 kW? [1 mark] (©) @_Using the information in Table 3, calculate the annual savings to the homeowner after installing the photovoltaic system, [2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 |= OQ a el ‘DO NOT WRITEIN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREAWRITE IN THIS AREA DONOT ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA | DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Fe -19- ae] (ii) Based on the annual savings in (c) (i), calculate how long it will take the homeowner to recover the money that was spent on purchasing the solar panel system. [2 marks] Based on your answers for (c) (i) and (c) (ii), suggest THREE reasons that may ‘be used to justify why a homeowner should purchase a solar photovoltaic system and THREE reasons that may be used to justify why a homeowner should not purchase a solar photovoltaic system. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 [ie =|ie 2” a 16 marks} (4) Explain ONE way in which electricity generation capacity from renewable energy sources may be affected by policies implemented by the government. [3 marks} Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ae | (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 ‘DO NOT PRITEIN GDS ee DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA "DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA / i 5 iS =? < | MODULE 3 Answer BOTH questions. (Define the term ‘environmental receptor’. [2 marks] Figure 5 is a diagram showing the surroundings of a municipal landfill, Study Figure 5 carefully and answer the questions that follow. min direction Drinking . Groundwater = . eos aquifer 7 | 2 i Bedrock Figure 5. Diagram showing the surroundings of a municipal landfill (ii) Name TWO different receptors of pollutants in Figure 5. Receptor 1 Receptor 2. [2 marks} On Figure 5 above, use arrows to illustrate ONE potential pathway that could result in ONE of the receptors identified in (a) (ii) being exposed to pollution. [1 mark] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 Le autfe = a iv) A business person wishes to invest in a new housing development at Point X on Figure 5. Suggest TWO reasons why the developer should NOT build houses at Point X. [4 marks] (b) Table 4 below shows the approximate quantity of muni landfilling in selected Caribbean countries. ipal solid waste disposed of by TABLE 4: APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSED OF BY LANDFILLING IN SELECTED CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES (2016) Total Mass of Solid __ | GDP per Capitas* Country Waste Sent to Landfills | Population (USS,201 (tonnes/day)* ij Barbados 350) 283 380 S18 600 Belize 10 344 193 $8300 Jamaica, 4000 2714 734 $9 200 Trinidad and Tobago 2000 1348240, $31 300 * Data obtained from the Inter-American Development Bank, “Solid Waste Management in the Caribbean: Proceedings from the Caribbean Solid Waste Conference”, hitps://publications. iadb.org/publications/english/documents/Sotid-Waste-Management-in-the-Caribbean- Proceedings- from-the-Caribbean-Solid-Waste-Conference.pdf. **Data obtained from the US Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, htips://www.cia.gov, library/publications/the-world-factbook/. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE iia 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 L ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA=| -23- | (Use the information provided in Table 4 to construct an appropriate graph, on the grid provided below, to illustrate the solid waste data ONLY. [5 marks] DO NOT NERITEIN TEIN AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA i | | i = = 2 a 2 S Figure 6. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, _ (02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 LE iehe 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 L -24- a | (ii) Using ONLY the data in the graph on page 23 and Table 4, explain TWO underlying causes of pollution which are likely to arise as a result of the landfill. 16 marks] Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ino NEN _ DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DONOT WRITE IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA E a = z a = : = 8 | | r ra 6. Figure 7 is a photograph of a part of Port of Spain, Trinidad, that is experiencing a particular type of pollution, Study Figure 7 carefully and answer the questions that follow. Source: Photo by Sureash Cholai, Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, 6 June 2019. hnttps://newsday.co.tt/2019/06/06/n0-fresh-air-to-breathe/ Figure 7. Photograph ofa part of Port of Spain, Trindad and Tobago (a) (i) __ State the name of the type of pollution that can be seen in the photograph in Figure 7 {1 mark] (i) Identify ONE source of the pollution that can be seen in the photograph in Figure 7. [1 mark} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE =| 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022fe 1 a [6 marks] (b) The process that produces the pollution in Figure 7 also produces another air pollutant called sulphur dioxide. (Write the chemical formula for the compound sulphur dioxide. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE =| 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 Le DO NOT WRITE IN THIS ARIA DO NOT WRITE-IN THIS AREA ‘DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREAPO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA 5 “OF - =| ‘The Government of Trinidad and Tobago is concerned that the pollution issues shown in Figure 7 may also result in acid rain, (ii) Outline a study that would enable the government to determine whether or not acid rain is a problem in the country. Ensure you state clearly how the results of your study will allow you to come to a conclusion. Procedure ... Conelusion ... [4 marks] ii) State the manipulated variable in the study. [1 mark] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, if (02220020/MI/CAPE 2022c -28- | (©) Your teacher tells you that many air pollution problems require both local and global solutions. () Suggest ONE reason why your teacher made this statement. [3 marks} (ii) The international effort to deal with ozone depletion in the stratosphere is an excellent example of a successful global solution to an air pollution problem. State the name of the international convention that was developed to deal with stratospheric ozone depletion. [1 mark] (iii) Explain how the international convention identified in (¢) (ii) works to mitigate stratospheric ozone depletion. END OF TEST IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST. 02220020/MJ/CAPE 2022 es gt Hal DO NOT WRETEIN THIS dE DO NOT WRITE IN THES AREA OL NOT WRITE IN DIS PE