She said that she didn't feel very well

She said (that) she was very busy They said that they would be home late

She said that she couldn't go to the party She said that she had come back from holiday

He said that he had to go out She said that she was going to buy a new computer

He said that he was learning Russian They said that the hadn't got a key

that she wasn't hungry

that he needed it
that she didn't want to go
that I could have it
that he would send me a postcard
that he had gone home
that he wanted to watch TV
she was going to the cinema

said
told
said
told tell
tell
say say
 her to slow down
her not to worry
asked tom to give me a hand
asked me to open my bag
asked him to repeat what he had said
told her not to wait for me if i was late
asked her to marry him
I told him to mind his own business
 UNIT

ERCISES 2nd CONDITIONAL

37
ut.the uerb into the correct [orm.
1 They would be rather offended if I ... �.i.�n'.1i.!3.Q. ... to see rhem. (not/go)
i If you took more exercise, you �Q.1,1.l.�.f��L .. berter, (feel)
; If I was offered the job, 1 think 1 would take it. (take)
,f I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she refused .
(refuse)
;:� If I sold my car, 1 wouldn't get much money for it. (not/get)
f6, A lot of people would be out of work if the factory closed down (close down}
ü What would happen if 1 pressd that red button? (press)
18 Lizgave me chis ring. She would be very upset if I lost ir, (be)
l9 Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we
.....................................................
didn't come (not/ come)
b Would Tim mind if 1 borrowed his bicycle without asking him? (borrow)
:.1 If sornebody walked in. here with a gun, I'd be very frighrened. (walk)
·:2 I'm sure Sue would understand if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

. ou ask a [riend questions. Use What would you do if ... ?

.'· (Maybe one day your friend will win a lot of money.)
... W.h�t.�!?.1:1.l.�.Y!?.l:I.JIQ. .lf.YQ.1,1..W.<?.O.�. .I.Q.i..m'.m.Q.t:1�Y.7 ..
,_I (Your friend's car has never been stolen bue perhaps one day it will be.)
.. What What would you do if your car were stolen ? .
'\ (Perhaps one <lay your friend will lose his/her passport.]
What would you do if you lost your passport ?
.il,.· (There has never been a fire in the building.)
What woud you do if there were a fire in the building ?
......................................................................................................................................................... ............................

Jnswer the questions in the way shown.

i A: Shall we catch the 10.30 train?
··• .B: No. (arrive I too early) ... l.f.w�.f�."'g�:!t..�h�.,Q,�.Q..;rnJ.r:1•. w.��4J!!'.r.i.Vf.!.:itP.Q.f.!�.r:!)'., ...
;2 A: Is Ken going to take the examination?
No. (fail) If he
B: took the examination, he would fail. .
.s Why don't we stay ata hotel?
A:
No. (cost too much money) If we stay at a hotel, it would cost too much money
B: .
A Is Sally going to apply for the job?
A:
1. No. (noc / get it) If
B: she applied for the job, she wouldn't get it .
;S A: Let's tell them the truth.
B: No. (not / believe us) If we told them the truth, they wouldn't
, believe us ..
� A: Why don't we invite Bill to the party?
B: No. (have to invite his friends too)
If we ivited him to the party, we would have invite his friends too

Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1 If you took more exercise, Y.Q.!/�J��l.!?�r., .
�2. I'd feel very angry if I didn't pass the semester .
) If I didn't go to work tomorrow, I would be failed .
4 Would you goto the party if there were your ex? ..
S If you bought sorne new clothes, you would have a discount? ..
;6 Would you mind if you were my wife? ..

75
 UNIT
·ERCISES 3rd CONDITIONAL 39
P tbe verb into the corre et [orm.
'1 didn't know you were in hospital. If .. .!'.�..�.l'.l.9.'!Y.1:1...• (1/know), ... !.w.q!J,l�.h�.Y�..9�1'.�.... (ligo) to
visir you.
'· l<en got to the station in time to catch bis train. If he had missed ..
'(he/miss) ir, he would have been (he/be) late for bis interview.
• It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday, . I would have forgotten .
'(1/forget) if you hadn't reminded (you/nor/remind] me.
· Unfortunarely, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If
·:_. I had had (1/have) your address, I would have sent .
. (I/send) you a postcard,
· A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?
·· B: It was OK, but we would have enjoyed (we/enjoy) ir more if
............................................................................
the weather had been (the weather/be) better .
., 1 took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. . it would have been .
(it/be) quicker if I had walked (J/walk).
· I'm not tired. If I were (libe) tired, l'd go home now.
', l wasn't tired last night. If I had been (1/be) tired, 1 would have
gone home earlier.

rite a sentence with if [or eacb situation.

I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.
1 ....lf.!'.4..��.h\.!!19.r:Y.,.!.w.iw.l.c;l..
h�.v�..�.���!1.J?.<?.m��hi.�{:J, ...
; Toe accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
·.. If the driver in front hadn't stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn't have happened .
·:. I didn't know that George had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up .
. Ifl had know that George had: to get up early, I would have woken him up .
4 Í was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money .
If Jim hadn't lent me the money, I wouldn't have been able to buy the car
.l5 Margaret wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
If Margaret hadn't been wearing a seat belt, she would have been injured
6 You didn't have any breakfast - thar's why you're hungry now.
If you had had some breakfast, you wouldn't be hungry now
;7 1 didn'r ger a taxi because I didn't have any money on me .
If I had had some money on me, I would have got a taxi

.Jmagine that you are in these situations. Por each situation, u/rite a sentence with I wish ....
You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.
You say: .. ..l..1:VJ.!?.h.!..�.<i'.�1'.Ú�.!il.lil.�0.�9..m.l!.<; .h, ...
There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think
that your decision was wrong. .
You say: 1 wish 1 .
When you were younger, you didn't learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.
You say: .
You've painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn't look very nice.
You say: .
You are walking in the country. You would like to take sorne photographs but you didn't
bring your camera. You say: ..
You have sorne unexpected guests. They didn't tell you they were coming. You are very busy
and you are nor prepared for them.
You say {to yourself): ..
79
3 Rearrange the words to make excuses in the third
conditional.
All conditionals
1 wouldn't ' been ' if ' ill ' hadn't ' shellfish ' had ' I , 6 Revision of all conditionals
I ' have ' the Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense to form
2 phoned' had ' had ' if ' you ' have ' time ' would ' either the first, second, third, or zero conditional. There
1/ the /I are also some examples of mixed conditionals.

3 if ' known ' had ' I ' the jumper ' machine-washable ' 1 If! still _ __ _ (feel) sick, 1 _ _ _ _ (not go)
wasn't ' wouldn't ' I , bought ' have ' it on holiday next weekend.

4 if' it , own' my , eyes' seen ' with ' hadn't ' I , 2 You make such delicious chocolate cakes! If you
wouldn't' believed' I , have' it _ _ _ _ (sell) them, you (make) a
fortune.
4 Complete the second sentence to express the excuse in 3 Hello, Liz. Are you still looking for Pat? If I
a different way. _ _ _ _ (see) her, I (tell) her you
1 I didn't know you had a mobile. I didn't contact you. want to speak to her.
If I'd KHOWH you had a mobile. I Gould/would have GOHtaGted 4 If Alice (go) to Exeter University, she
~ _ _ _ _ (not met) her husband, Andrew.
2 I didn't send you a postcard because I didn't know S A Does she love him?
your address. B Of course she does. If she _ __ _ (not love)
Ifl _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ him, she _ __ _ (not marry) him.
_ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ a postcard. 6 If you _ _ _ _ (buy) two bottles of shampoo, you
3 I didn't remember when your birthday was. That's _ __ _ (get) one free.
why I didn't buy you a present. 7 A What _ _ _ _ you _ _ __ (do) if you
If _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ (see) a ghost?
B I _ _ __ (run) away!
4 I broke the speed limit because I was rushing my 8 If we (bring) the map with us, we
wife to the hospital. _ _ _ _ (not be) lost.
If _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
9 You are lucky to be alive. If you (not
have) a smoke alarm, the house (burn
5 I'm sorry I'm late. I forgot to set my alarm clock. down) with you in it.
If _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 10 You were very rude to Max. If I (be) you,
I (apologize).
11 Ashley is allergic to cheese. If he (eat) it,
he (get) a rash.
12 We've run out of petrol. If you (listen) to
me, you (hear) me saying that we were
running low. Then we (not be) stuck
here now.

Unit 11 • It's all hypothetical! 73

Relative clauses ( 4) - 'extra information' clauses (1)
There are two rypes of relative clause. In these exarnples, che relative clauses are
Compare: ·
Type 1
• The woman who Iives next door is a
doctor.
• Barbara works far a company that makes
washing machines.
• We srayed at the hotel (thatl Ann
recommended to us.
In these examples, the relative clause tells
you which person or thing (or what kind of
person or thing) rhe speaker rneans:
'The wornan who liues next door' tells us
which woman.
'A company that makes washing machines'
tells us what kind of company.
'The hotel (that) Ann recommended tells
us which hotel.
We do nor use commas (,) with these clauses:
• We know a lot of people who live in
London. (what kind of people)
In borh rypes of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:
Type 1 ·
You can use that:
• Do you know anyone who/that speaks
French and Italian?
• Barbara works far a company which/that
makes washing machines.
You can leave out that/who/whicb when ir is
the object
• We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann
recommended.
• This morning I met somebody (that/who)
l hadn't seen for ages.
We do not often use wbom in this type of
clause (see Unit 93B).
In both types of relative clause you can use whose
• We met sorne people whose car had
broken clown.
• What's the narne of the place where you
spent your holiday?
under)jned.
Type2
• My brother Jim, who lives in London, is
a doctor.
• Colin rold me about his new job, which
he's enjoying very much.
• We stayed at che Grand Hotel, which
Ann recommended to us.
In these examples, the relative clauses do not
tell you which person or thing the speaker
means. We already know which thing or
person is meant: 'My brother Jim', 'Colin's
new job' and 'the Grand Hotel'.
The relative clauses in these sentences give
us extra information about che person or
thing.
We use commas (,) in these clauses:
• My brother Jim, who lives in London, is
a doctor. (extra information about Jim)
Type2
Y ou cannot use that:
·• John, who (not 'that') speaks French
and ltalian, works as a tourist guide.
• Colin told me about bis new job, which
(not 'that') he's enjoying very much.
Y ou cannot lea ve out who or which:
• We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which
Ann recommended to us.
You can use whom (when it is the object):
• This morning I met Diane, whom ( or
who) 1 hadn't seen for ages.
and where:
• Amy, whose car had broken down, was
in a very bad mood.
• Mrs Bond is going to spend a few weeks
in Sweden, where her daughter lives.
 UNIT
EXERCISES
94
Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brachets to make a relatiue clause (Type 2).
Sometimes the clause goes in the middl.e of the sentence, sometimes at the end. You will need to
use who( m)/whose/which/wherc.
1 Ann is very friendly. (She lives next door.) ....t>.t1t1,.w.hg..lJ.v�.�..t.1��-�9.Q.r,..l.�.��t:Y..fr.1.<l.t1!4.ly, ...
2 We stayed ar the Grand Hotel. (An9- recommended it to us.) .
.. .W.,;,.�t?!Y�!il.. ?!t�h.(l..G.r�.n{J. .ti.Q.;�!,.w.�!9.h ..Arl.r:i. .r�.c;.Q.mm.,;,ri4.(l!il.'.l;<?..1;1.� ••.•
3 We went to Sandra's party. (We enjoyed ir very much.)
We went to Sandra's party, .' .
4 I went to see the doctor. ·(He told me to resr for a few days.)
..................................................... ······ ········ - ·····� .
5 John is one of my dosest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.)
John : : .
6 Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)
................................................................................................................................................................ , ..
7 The new stadiurn will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.)
The .
8 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (lt is only 30 miles away.)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
9 Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there.)
.................................................................................................................................................................................

Read the information and complete the sentences. Use a relative 'clause. Sometimes the clause
tells us which tbing or person (Type 1}; sometimes it only gives us extra information (Type 2).
Use commas where necessary.
1 There's a woman living next door. She's a doctor.
The woman ... W.!)P..l.1.V.!1.l?..t1��-�g.Q.r..l.�.?! ..�q�,,:-,...
2 I've got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He's a doctor.
My brother Jim .1...�1'.1.Q.).l.v.�.�.in..i�m{il.Q.t1,..!�.fil..M(:�r,...
3 There was a srrike at the car factory. It lasred ten days. It is now over.
The strike at the car facrory : .
4 I was looking for a book this morning. l've found it now. ·
I've found · : : ..
5 London was once the largest city in the world, but che population is now falling.
The population of London r .
6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied .for it. Few of thern had the necessary
qualifications. Few.of .
7 Margarer has a son, She showed me a photograph of him. He's a policeman.
Margaret showed me : , .

In some of these sentences you can use whicb or that; in others, only which is possible. Cross
out that if only which is possible. Also, put comrnas (,) u/bere necessary.
./ ./
1 Jane works for a cornpany which I that makes shoes. (both possible, no commas)
2 Colin told me abour his new job , which / th:;tt he's enjoying very much. (only which is
possible; comma necessary)
3 My office whjch I that is on the second floor of the building is very small.
4 The office whjch / that I'm using at the moment is very small.
5 She told me her address which I that I wrote clown on a piece of paper.
6 There are sorne words which / that are very difficult to translate.
7 The sun which / that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and
light.
189
 THE CAUSATIVE FORM
HAVE+STH+VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
GET+STH+VERB IN SIMPLE PARTICIPLE
 HAVE IT CLEANED
TO HAVE IT REPAIR
TO HAVE MY HAIR CUT

HAD IT CUT
HAD IT PAINTED
SHE HAD THEM MADE

ANOTHER KEY MADE

HAD YOUR HAIR CUT
HAVE YOU HAD YOUR HHAIR CUT
DO YOU HAV A NEWSPAPER DELIVER

ARE HAVING A SWIMMING POOL BUILT

HAVEN'T HAD THE FILM DEVELOP

HAVE IT CLEANED
HAVE YOUR EARS PIERCED

HAD HER BAG STOLEN ON A TRAIN

HE HAD HIS HAT BLOWN OFF IN THE WIND

HAD HER PASSPORT TAKEN AWAY FROM HER BY THE POLICE