ENGLISH

EMPHASIS
Passive voice- The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing
affected by an action. Generally, more emphasis is given to the beginning of a
sentence.
Thing doing the action + verb + thing receiving the action
Thing receiving the action + verb + thing doing the action
Simple Present-roam – is roamed (is + participle)
Simple Past- roamed – was roamed (was + participle)
Simple Future- will roam – will be roamed (will + be + participle)
Present perfect- has/have roamed – has/have been roamed
Past Perfect- had roamed – had been roamed
Future Perfect- will have roamed – will have been roamed)
Present continuous- is roaming – is being roamed
Past continuous- was roaming – was being roamed
Present Perfect Continuous- has/have been roaming – has/have been being
roamed
Sentence order is varied for two reasons:
 variety
 emphasis
Sentence order may be varied by using the inverted order, i.e. the verb comes
before the subject.
Cleft Sentences- It was last night that she read a poem in the cafe.
Cleft sentences is used to focus on a word or phrase and to emphasize the
intention of the message by changing the normal sentence pattern with relative
pronoun “it is” or “it was”.
Cleft Sentences: What- What I’d like you to do is put those cans away.
To emphasize a specific subject or object, write cleft sentences with “What”
clauses.
The clause introduced by “what” is used as the subject or object of the sentence.
Identifying Implicitly and Explicitly
Explicit Information- Explicit information is any idea that is stated.
With explicit information, you see the text explained!
Since you are looking for explicit information in what is read, the explicit
information will be written in the text. There is no need to look for clues. Just
read. If the information is written it is explicit.
Implicit Information = Implied Info!- Implicit information is understood but it is
not stated. To find implicit information in what is read, you will have to think
about what you read. Look for clues as you read.
Implicit information is not written. But the idea is there. Implicit information is
using what is read to make an inference. But what is an inference?
HOW TO MAKE AN INFERENCE…
1. Read the text and find a clue.
2. Analyze the clues - “reading between the lines” strategy.
3. Decide what inference (what conclusion) is justified based on text.
ALERT: Sometimes the operations can go backwards. Sometimes there can be an
inference given to you and you have to decide what clues were given for
someone to have made that inference.
Pride & Prejudice
Elizabeth “Lizzy” Bennet- The novel’s protagonist. The second daughter of Mr.
Bennet, Elizabeth is the most intelligent and sensible of the five Bennet sisters.
She is well read and quick-witted, with a tongue that occasionally proves too
sharp for her own good. Her realization of Darcy’s essential goodness eventually
triumphs over her initial prejudice against him.
Fitzwilliam Darcy- A wealthy gentleman, the master of Pemberley, and the
nephew of Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Though Darcy is intelligent and honest, his
excess of pride causes him to look down on his social inferiors. Over the course of
the novel, he tempers his class-consciousness and learns to admire and love
Elizabeth for her strong character.
Mr. and Mrs. Bennet
Jane Bennet
Mary Bennet
Catherine “Kitty” Bennet
Lydia Bennet
Charlotte Lucas
Mr. William Collins
Charles Bingley
George Wickham
Caroline Bingley
Georgiana Darcy
Lady Catherine de Bourgh
Anne de Bourgh
Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner
Colonel Fitzwilliam
A novel published in 1813 and endured for nearly 200 years ago because it is a
terrific story.
Jane Austen’s first completed novel – a romantic comedy
One of the best loved writers of all time
Original title – ‘First Impressions’
Culture of England Manifested in the Novel
Etiquette did not permit a young lady to go after a gentleman of her choice – at
least not too directly.
Manners demanded delicacy (grace) and restraint (control)
Parents and guardians had a lot to say about matches, and they were usually
concerned with how much money or property the potential spouse would bring
to the union, which gave girls like the Bennet sisters with no property and little
money poor prospects for a good match.
Courtship was a deadly serious business, and the wise took their time about it.
A rush avowal of love could trap one into an unwanted marriage.
Marriage was for life in those days.
Men are considered heirs.
Education is very important. (Reading, Pianoforte, Drawing)
Upbringing and morality are but of high importance particularly to women
Love, Reputation, Social Rank
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good
fortune, must be in want of a wife.
“We are all fools in love”.
Famous Lines
“You are too generous to trifle with me. If your feelings are still what they were
last April, tell me so at once. My affections and wishes are unchanged, but one
word from you will silence me on this subject forever.”
“I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading! How much sooner one tires
of anything than of a book! -- When I have a house of my own, I shall be miserable
if I have not an excellent library.”
“Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used
synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to
our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.”
“From the very beginning— from the first moment, I may almost say— of my
acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of
your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others,
were such as to form the groundwork of disapprobation on which succeeding
events have built so immovable a dislike; and I had not known you a month
before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be
prevailed on to marry.”
“An unhappy alternative is before you, Elizabeth. From this day you must be a
stranger to one of your parents. Your mother will never see you again if you do
not marry Mr. Collins, and I will never see you again if you do.”
“My good opinion once lost is lost forever.”
“I wonder who discovered the power of poetry in driving away love”.
“I thought poetry is the food of love, of a fine stout love but if it is only a vague
inclination one poor sonnet will kill it”.
“Marriage should not be driven by thoughts of money”.
“Only deep love will persuade me to marry which is why I would end up an old
maid”.
“I think a ball is an irrational way to gain new acquaintance. It would be better if
conversation not dancing were the order of the day”.
“Not all of us can afford to be romantic”.
“No excellence can be acquired without constant practice”.
“What are men compared to rocks and mountains?”
“You are all ruined. Who will take you now with a fallen sister?”
“There is nothing so bad as parting with one’s children. One seems so forlorn
without them”.
Context Clues
Context Clues are words that say, “Stop - don’t touch that dictionary! The
definition of the word you don’t know is right here in the text!”
Context Clues - information a reader can get from the reading that helps show
what a word or group of words means.
Like in a mystery, you have to use the clues to find the answer!
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES:
 Definition
 Restatement or Synonym
 Contrast or Antonym
 Comparison
 Example
 Cause and Effect
 Description or Inference
 Etymology
DEFINITION-The unknown word is explained by using a more familiar word or
phrase.
EXAMPLES:
Entomology is the study of insects.
Archaeology is the scientific study of prehistoric cultures by excavation of their
remains.
Definition / Description Clues:
His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see.
The dudeen – a short-stemmed clay pipe – is found in Irish folk tales.
RESTATEMENT OR SYNONYM- The meaning is usually right after the unfamiliar
word and often separated from the rest of the sentence with commas, dashes, or
parentheses;
sometimes, or that is, or in other words is used.
Restatement / Synonym Clues:
Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new Miss America began
her year-long reign. She was the cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening.
The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a snake around
the trees of the mountainside.
COMPARISON- The unfamiliar word is shown to be the same as or like another
word; too, like, as, similar to, or in the same way may be used to signal the
comparison.
EXAMPLE:
*My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the way that I am fascinated by
insects.
CONTRAST OR ANTONYM- The unfamiliar word is shown to be different from or
unlike another word, and is often an opposite; but, however, although, otherwise,
unless, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, while, never, no, or not may
be used to signal contrast.
EXAMPLE:

Mike’s parrot was loquacious, but Maria’s talks very little.

Contrast / Antonym Clues:
When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it grows
darker, they dilate.

The children were as different as day and night. He was a lively conversationalist,
but she was reserved and taciturn.
CAUSE AND EFFECT- The meaning of an unfamiliar word is signaled by a cause-
and-effect relationship between ideas in the text.
EXAMPLE:
Due to a dearth of termites, the aardvark starved to death.
DESCRIPTION OR INFERENCE- The meaning of an unfamiliar word can be inferred
from the description of a situation or experience.
EXAMPLE:
The monkey’s vociferous chatter made me wish I had earplugs.