2021 11 25 LECTURE 7 SoftSwitchingTopologies

Power Electronics – Control, Synthesis, Applications (CSA)
Soft Switching Converter Topologies
25.11.2021
Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck
Institute for Power Electronics

and Electrical Drives 1
Outline and objective
■ Zero-voltage switching of PWM converters

□ Zero current and voltage switching revisited
□ Auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter
■ Load resonant DC-DC converter topologies

□ General structure of resonant power converters
□ Series Resonant DC-DC converter
□ Modeling resonant power converters ■ Objective
□ Understand how ZVS can be obtained with PWM
modulated converters e.g. in electrical drives
■ Phase shifted ZVS topologies
□ Introduction to load resonant converters
□ Single-phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
□ Systematically analyze resonant converters via
□ Three-phase Dual Active Bridge fundamental approximation
□ Review ZVS and phase shift operation of the dual
■ Snubber circuits active bridge DC-DC converter
3 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

Power Electronics (CSA) - Soft Switching Converter Topologies
Zero-voltage switching of PWM converters
Zero-current and voltage switching revisited
■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS)

□ Enabled by topology and operation
□ No turn-on losses and no reverse recovery current
□ Turn-off energies are recovered
■ Zero current turn-off (ZCS)
□ Enabled by …
■ … Device, e.g. SiC MOSFET / IGBT with snubber Cp || Cce
■ … Topology and operation ensure turn-off at nearly zero current
□ Turn-off losses are …
■ … stored in Cds of SiC MOSFET
■ ... negligibly small if turn-off occurs at small current

■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) ■ Zero voltage turn-off

□ Enabled by topology and operation □ Transition occurs between device and anti-parallel diode
□ No turn-on losses and no reverse recovery current ■ e.g. at synchronous rectification
□ Turn-off energies are recovered ■ No losses occur
■ Zero current turn-off (ZCS) ■ No relevant switching action
□ Enabled by …
■ … Topology and operation ensure turn-off at nearly zero current ■ Zero current turn-on (QZCS)
□ Turn-off losses are … □ Topology and operation enable zero turn-on energies
■ … stored in Cds of SiC MOSFET □ But, turn-off energies stored in Cds are dissipated
■ No true soft-switching
■ Example: Turn-on of Flyback at DCM

■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) ■ Zero voltage turn-off

□ Enabled by topology and operation □ Transition occurs between device and anti-parallel diode
□ No turn-on losses and no reverse recovery current ■ e.g. at synchronous rectification
□ Turn-off energies are recovered ■ No losses occur
■ Zero current turn-off (ZCS) ■ No relevant switching action
Soft-switching is enabled by ZVS turn-on and
□ Enabled by …
ZCS turn off
■ … Topology and operation ensure turn-off at nearly zero current ■ Zero current turn-on (QZCS)
□ Turn-off losses are … ZCS turn-off is enabled by SiC MOSFETs and
□ Topology and operation enable zero turn-on energies
■ … stored in Cds of SiC MOSFET IGBTs with capacitive snubbers
□ But, turn-off energies stored in Cds are dissipated
■ No true soft-switching
Crucial to work with ZVS topologies
□ Example: Turn-on of Flyback at DCM

Zero-voltage switching condition
■ ZVS requires voltage commutation that is only triggered by

turn-off transitions █
□ At resonant pole operation that is the case, as each voltage
commutation is initiated by a turn-off command
■ Condition for ZVS
□ At turn-off of S1 load current must be positive iL > 0
□ At turn-off of S2 load current must be negative iL < 0
■ Practically, inductor current must be large enough → iL0> iL0,min
In many converters, e.g.

PWM converters, this
condition is not fullfilled


□ At turn-off of S1 load current must be positive iS > 0
□ At turn-off of S2 load current must be negative iS < 0
■ Current rises after voltage (inductive behavior)
■ Application of an auxiliary circuit
□ Injects auxiliary current, if necessary, such that …
■ … before turn-off of S1 node current is positive iS = iL + iaux > 0
No need for
■ … before turn-off of S2 node current is negative iS = iL + iaux < 0
auxiliary current
■ Practically, inductor current must be large enough → iL0> iL0,min
Auxiliary current
compensates load
current yielding ZVS


□ At turn-off of S1 load current must be positive iL > 0
□ At turn-off of S2 load current must be negative iL < 0
Current rises after voltage (inductive behavior)
■
■ Application of an auxiliary circuit
□ Injects auxiliary current, to boost load current if load
current is not large enough iL0 < iL0,min
No need for
auxiliary current
Auxiliary current
boosts load current
to yield safe ZVS

Auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter (ARCPI) – Operation principle
■ State a)
□ Current iL is conducted by S2 Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
■ Positive direction of iL does not support ZVS commutation
‘
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1

■ State b)
□ Auxiliary switch Saux1 is turned-on Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
□ Auxiliary current iaux rises linearly according to
‘
□ After Dtb the auxiliary current reaches the level of iL such

that the node current iS is zero
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1

■ State c)
□ Auxiliary current iaux is further increased to generate a Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
boost current that enables ZVS commutation
‘
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1

■ State d)
□ MOSFET S2 is turned off Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
■ Resonant pole transition occurs
■ C1 is discharged and C2 is charged ‘
■ Turn-off with ZCS via SiC MOSFET or capacitive snubber
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State e)
□ After full voltage commutation diode D1 conducts current Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
□ Negative voltage is applied over Laux and current iaux decays
□ Turn-on of MOSFET S1 at zero voltage while iaux > iL ‘
■ This was the ultimate goal
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State e)
□ Negative voltage is applied over Laux and current iaux decays Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
below load current
□ MOSFET S1 is takes over load current under zero voltage ‘
conditions
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State f)
□ MOSFET S1 is conducting all load current Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

Auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter (ARCPI) – Level of boost current
■ Determine the differential equation for the transition using iaux = iaux’ - iL
Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
C1
iaux’
Laux L →∞
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ Determine the differential equation for the transition using iaux = iaux’ - iL
■ Transfer to the Laplace domain

□ Include initial conditions

■ Determine the differential equation for the transition

■ Transfer to the Laplace domain Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
□ Include initial conditions
‘
■ Cross solve the Laplace equations to obtain UC2(s)
■ Replace circuit parameters by Zo and wo

■ Determine the differential equation for the transition

■ Transfer to the Laplace domain Turn-on of S1 with ZVS
■ Cross solve the Laplace equations to obtain UC2(s)

‘
■ Replace circuit parameter by Zo and wo
■ Transform Laplace equation in the time domain
□ Use Laplace table for inverse Laplace transformation

■ Derived equation of uS2(t) during commutation

tcom
‘
■ Determine when uS2(tc) = Udc
■ Boost current as a function of the commutation time tc Boost current is required to

… overcome ohmic losses
Iboost … to accelerate commutation
Minimal commutation time is

tcommin = p/w0
p/w0 tc

Auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter (ARCPI) – Boosting resonant pole operation
■ State a)
□ MOSFET S1 is conducting all load current iL
■ But load current is too small to enable resonant pole operation with
full voltage transition and consequent ZVS turn-on
□ ARCPI allows boosting node current to ensure full voltage Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation
commutation
‘
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State b)
□ Auxiliary switch Saux2 is turned-on
□ Auxiliary current iaux rises linearly according to
Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation

□ Auxiliary current adds on load current to ensure resonant pole
operation
‘
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State c)
□ MOSFET S1 is turned off
■ Resonant pole transition occurs driven by iL and iaux
■ C2 is discharged and C1 is charged
■ Turn-off with ZCS via SiC MOSFET or capacitive snubber Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation
‘
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State d)
□ After full voltage commutation diode D2 conducts current
□ Negative voltage is applied over Laux and current iaux decays
Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation
‘
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

■ State e)
□ After full voltage commutation diode D2 conducts current
□ MOSFET S2 is turned on at zero voltage → ZVS turn-on
■ Operation at sufficient load current Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation
□ No boost phase necessary
□ Normal resonant pole operation
‘
C1
iaux’
Laux
Saux2 Saux1
C2

Auxiliary resonant commutated pole inverter (ARCPI) – Three phase converter
■ ARCPI topology enables ZVS turn-on for 3-phase PWM converters

□ Converter operates at normal PWM operation
□ Auxiliary devices ensure that ZVS condition is fulfilled
■ Application areas
□ Electrical drives
□ Grid applications
■ Originally invented and applied

for high power applications with
□ IGCTs as main devices Si
□ Thyristor and diodes as Saux,i
→ More information in reference paper uploaded in RWTH Moodle



modulated converters e.g. in drives
■ Snubber circuits active bridge DC-DC converter

Load resonant DC-DC converter topologies
General structure of resonant power converters
■ Switching network (half bridge/full bridge ect.)

□ Generates square wave voltage with controllable frequency fsw
■ Resonant tank (various types)
□ Transforms square wave voltage to sinusoidal current by
damping all higher order harmonics
■ High-frequency transformer
Inverter
□ Provides galvanic isolation and step-up ratio
■ Inverter
□ Load resistance
■ Induction heating
DC-DC converter
■ Gas discharge
lamps
■ DC-DC converter
□ Rectifier network
□ Low-pass + Loading
■ Control voltage or
power via fsw
Series Resonant DC-DC converter
■ Objective
□ High input-output voltage ratio
□ Galvanic isolation
□ Operation in one quadrant only
□ Low switching losses → High switching frequencies
■ Application
Simplification to resonant tank with
□ Highly efficient and integrated power supplies voltage sources
Assumption N1= N2
■ Operation modes
□ Discontinuous conduction operation ws < w0/2
□ Continuous conduction operation
■ Sub-resonant operation w0/2 < ws < w0
■ Above-resonant operation w0 < ws
□ Depend on operation frequency
Series Resonant DC-DC converter - Discontinuous conduction operation ws < w0/2
A
■ Traces of current and voltage in the resonant tank B
Switching frequency Turn-on Turn-off

ωS < ω0/2 ZCS -
Not desired as
ZCS-turn dissipates
A B C D charge of Cds

Series Resonant DC-DC converter - Sub-resonant operation w0/2 < ws < w0
A
■ Traces of current and voltage in the resonant tank B
□ Capacitive tank characteristic
■ Current zero crossing leads voltage

ωS < ω0 hard -
Not desired as
hard turn-on dissipates
turn-on and –off energies

Series Resonant DC-DC converter – Above resonant operation w0 < wS
■ Traces of current and voltage in the resonant tank

□ Inductive tank characteristic
■ Current zero crossing lags voltage

ωS < ω0/2 ZVS ZCS
Desired operation for SiC

MOSFETs as nearly no
switching losses occur

Modeling of resonant power converter - Example: Series resonant converter at w0 < wS
■ Determine the input-output voltage ratio by

□ … sinusoidal approximation
□ … deriving models for the different networks
■ Switching network
□ Fundamental component of the square voltage
contributes primary to power transfer
□ Higher order harmonics are negligible
■ Fundamental voltage
iin1
iL iR
■ Average current of one source Udc/2 uac

■ Rectifier network, low-pass filter and load
□ Square wave voltage is reflected at the terminal
of the rectifier that is in phase with the current
■ Approximation by first order harmonic yields
□ Determine load current as a function of IR

iin1
□ Approximate rectifier as resistance iL iR

uac

Resonant tank transfer function
Magnitude in pu
■ Rectifier network, low-pass filter and load
■ Resonant tank network and transformer
Phase in °
□ Transfer function evaluated at switching
frequency determines voltages and currents
Frequency in Hz
□ Voltage ratio
■ Depends on transfer function H(s) evaluated
at switching frequency fs
iin1
□ Fundamental component of rectifier current iL iR

uac

■ Derive input-output voltage ratio
■ Output voltage is a function of

□ Input voltage Udc/2
□ Resonant tank transfer function |H(s)|s = jws
■ Depends on switching frequency fs
■ Depends on load resistance Rload

■ Derive input-output voltage ratio
Preferred operation
Series Resonant
Converter
• Inductive load
• ZVS
■ Output voltage is a function of
□ Input voltage Udc/2 • Small phase angle
• Minimize
□ Resonant tank transfer function |H(s)|s = jws circulating currents
■ Depends on switching frequency fs
■ Depends on load resistance Rload • Voltage range
• Udc/2 ·90 % ±10 %
• Good controllability
• Voltage control
• Increase voltage
→Lower fs
□ Transfer function of the series resonant tank • Decrease voltage
→Higher fs
Zi(jw)


active bridge DC-DC converter
■ Snubber circuits
Phase shifted ZVS topologies
Single-phase Dual Active Bridge - Introduction
■ Objective
□ Bidirectional power transfer
□ High input-output voltage ratio
□ Galvanic isolation
□ Low switching losses via ZVS over wider load
□ High switching frequencies
N1 = N2
■ Application
□ Highly efficient and integrated DC-DC converters
■ e.g. Bidirectional chargers
■ Operation modes
□ Single phase-shifted operation
■ Duty cycle d = 0.5
■ Control via phase shift Battery charger © Philipp Schülting

Single-phase Dual Active Bridge – ZVS Operation
■ Operation with single phase shift modulation

□ Active devices
■ Full bridge A S1, S4
iT
■ Full bridge B S6, S7
□ Switching transition
■ ZCS turn-off S6, S7
■ ZVS turn-on S5, S8
iT


□ Active devices
iT
iT


□ Active devices
iT
iT


□ Active devices
iT
iT

Single-phase Dual Active Bridge ZVS - Operation

□ Active devices
iT
The dual active bridge operates in single-phase shift

iT operation with ZCS (if devices, e.g. SiC MOSFETs,
exhibit enough capacitance)
It always operates with ZVS turn-on, if the current is

large enough to enable resonant pole commutation

Single-phase Dual Active Bridge - Modeling
■ Derivation of transferred power

□ DC voltage transformation ratio
□ For , or equivalently




□ Determine current at t = 0 and t = f/w

■ Condition for steady-state

■ Derivation of transferred power ■ Average current of the primary side

■ Power transferred by DAB converter

■ Control of the transferred power

□ For , or equivalently □ Adapt the phase shift angle f
□ Determine current at t = 0 and t = f/w

■ Condition for steady-state

■ Derivation of ZVS boundary (Assume Cds → 0)

□ Current at t = 0 must be negative
<0
□ Current at t = f/w must be positive
>0

Single-phase Dual Active Bridge – Design and Control Considerations
■ Transferred power
□ Maximal power Pmax
□ Leakage inductance Ls limits Pmax

Keep Ls low enough for power transfer
■ Control
□ Power is controller via phase shift
□ Minimal phase shift limits power increment DP e.g.
Ensure that Ls is large enough for smooth control and

ZVS commutation at light load
■ ZVS operation
□ Operation at r = 1 yields ZVS at wide loading
□ At low loading ZVS is difficult to achieve
Use modulation strategies that allow ZVS at low f
Three-phase Dual Active Bridge – Introduction and Advantages
■ Advantage of 3ph over 1ph DABs

□ Transfer of constant power
□ Less ripple of primary current in the capacitors
■ Smaller capacitors
□ Transformer flux of the phases cancel each other out
■ No magnetic path required to close flux loop
■ Smaller transformer
□ Voltage and current show less harmonics
■ Reduced device and magnetics rating
■ Reduced losses in magnetics
■ Application
□ High power bidirectional DC-DC converter
■ e.g. coupling of DC-grids “Solid-state transformer”
■ Operation modes
□ Phase shifted block mode operation 5 MW, 5kV 3 phase DAB for DC grid applications

Three-phase Dual Active Bridge – ZVS Operation and Modeling
■ Operation with phase shifted block mode operation

□ Active devices
■ 3ph bridge A S1, S4, S6
■ 3ph bridge B S7, S10, S12
■ ZCS turn-off S4
Transferred power
■ ZVS turn-on S3



active bridge DC-DC converter
■ Snubber circuits
Snubber circuits
Turn-on of IGCTs – Utilization of Turn-on snubbers
■ Hard turn-on of thyristor-based devices e.g. IGCTs

Turn-on
□ After latching, current rises uncontrolled with extreme di/dt
□ Leads to hot-spots and can permanently damage device
■ Turn-on snubber
□ Inductance in the commutation loop that limits di/dt
■ Allows safe turn-on of devices at very low current
→ Nearly zero current switching turn-on (NZCS)
□ Turn-on energies of the device are reduced
■ Device voltage drops fast before current is established
□ Turn-on snubbers cause large device overvoltage at IGCT power stack
device turn-off
Turn-on snubber

Snubber circuits
Limiting overvoltage caused by turn-on snubbers
■ Avoid over voltages via ….

Turn-on
□ Output capacitors parallel to the device that …
■ Reduce over voltage at turn-off effectively
■ Require zero voltage turn-on to prevent extreme heat dissipation Cs
→ Regenerative/lossless/capacitive snubber
□ Turn-off snubber
Turn-off transition with and without snubber
without snubber with snubber
Turn-off process Turn-off

1) Device current decreases
while capacitor limits du/dt
2) After current reaches zero,
capacitor is charged by iLoad
3) Energy in the snubber
inductor Ls is transferred to
CS resulting in small voltage
overshoot

Snubber circuits
Turn-off snubbers
Turn-on snubber
■ Turn-off transition with RCD turn-off snubber
□ Turn-off is dominated by capacitance Cs, as diode Ds Turn-off snubber
bypasses the resistance

■ Turn-on transition
□ Resistance Rs limits current and dissipates it
□ Extreme heat dissipation in the device is prevented
■ Snubber circuit arrangements for a half-bridge
□ Symmetric Snubber Circuit
■ Original circuitry
□ McMurray snubber circuit
■ Both inductances can be wound on one core
■ Capacitances are effectively paralleled, such that their
capacitance can be reduced
■ Application of snubbers
□ Primarily in thyristor-based high power converters
□ No true soft-switching although NZCS turn-on
■ Energy is dissipated at turn-on in the resistance Rs Symmetric Snubber Circuit McMurray snubber circuit

Summary
■ ARCPI enables ZVS of PWM ■ Resonant converters provide ■ Dual active bridge (DAB)
independent of the loading condition efficient power conversion with … □ Topology enables flexible bidirectional
□ Auxiliary circuit generate a node current □ … high voltage ratio DC-DC power conversion
yielding resonant pole commutation □ … galvanic isolation □ High efficiency obtained via ZVS
□ … soft switching □ Control via phase-shift modulation
■ Series resonant converter
□ Enables ZVS at operation above its
resonance
□ Allows voltage control via switching
frequency variation
□ Modeling is achieved by sinusoidal
approximation
□ For ZVS the turn-of transition must
occur at a condition that enables full
voltage commutation
■ Snubbers uses NZCS turn-on to

operate IGCTs, but dissipate losses

Power Electronics – Control, Synthesis, Applications (CSA)
Soft Switching Converter Topologies
25.11.2021
Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck
Institute for Power Electronics

and Electrical Drives 59

2021 11 25 LECTURE 7 SoftSwitchingTopologies

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Power Electronics – Control, Synthesis, Applications (CSA)

Soft Switching Converter Topologies

Institute for Power Electronics

■ Zero-voltage switching of PWM converters

■ Load resonant DC-DC converter topologies

3 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS)

4 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) ■ Zero voltage turn-off

5 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) ■ Zero voltage turn-off

6 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ ZVS requires voltage commutation that is only triggered by

In many converters, e.g.

7 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Condition for ZVS

8 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Condition for ZVS

9 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

10 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

□ After Dtb the auxiliary current reaches the level of iL such

11 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

12 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

13 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

14 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

15 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

16 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

17 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Transfer to the Laplace domain

18 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Determine the differential equation for the transition

■ Cross solve the Laplace equations to obtain UC2(s)

■ Replace circuit parameters by Zo and wo

19 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Determine the differential equation for the transition

■ Cross solve the Laplace equations to obtain UC2(s)

20 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Derived equation of uS2(t) during commutation

■ Boost current as a function of the commutation time tc Boost current is required to

Minimal commutation time is

21 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

22 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation

23 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

24 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

Turn-off of S1 via boosted resonant pole operation

25 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

26 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ ARCPI topology enables ZVS turn-on for 3-phase PWM converters

■ Originally invented and applied

→ More information in reference paper uploaded in RWTH Moodle

■ Zero-voltage switching of PWM converters

■ Load resonant DC-DC converter topologies

28 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Switching network (half bridge/full bridge ect.)

Switching frequency Turn-on Turn-off

31 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

Switching frequency Turn-on Turn-off

32 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Traces of current and voltage in the resonant tank

Switching frequency Turn-on Turn-off

Desired operation for SiC

33 25.11.2021 | Dr.-Ing. Christoph H. van der Broeck

■ Determine the input-output voltage ratio by