Q1.

(a)     A particle of ammonia is represented by the formula NH3 or as:

(i)      How many different elements are there in a particle of ammonia?

.............................................................
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

 
an atom.

an ion.
  A particle of ammonia is called
a
molecule.

(1)

(iii)    Complete the dot and cross bonding diagram for ammonia.

Show only electrons in the outer energy level of each atom.

(2)

(1)

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 Q2.          Hydrogen chloride (HCl) can be made by the reaction of hydrogen (H ) with chlorine (Cl ).
2 2

(a)     The diagrams represent molecules of hydrogen and chlorine.

    

  Draw a similar diagram to represent a molecule of hydrogen chloride (HCl).

You need show only the outer energy level (shell) electrons.

 
(1)

(b)     The word equation for the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine is shown below.

hydrogen   +   chlorine   →   hydrogen chloride

          Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

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 .............................................................................................................................
........
(2)

(c)     Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with magnesium to form the ionic compound called
magnesium chloride. Use the table of ions on the Data Sheet to help you to write the
formula of magnesium chloride.

.............................................................................................................................
........
(1)

(d)     Why does magnesium chloride have a much higher melting point than hydrogen
chloride?

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q3.          Chlorine will combine with the non-metal element, carbon, to form this molecular
compound.

(a)     What is the type of bond in this molecule?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

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 (b)     Explain how these bonds are formed. (You may use a diagram).

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

 
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q4.          Millions of years ago the Earth formed as a giant ball of molten rock. The outer
surface cooled forming a thin, solid outer crust. Volcanic activity on the surface produced
an atmosphere containing the compounds carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and water
vapour.

          Describe the bonding in any one of these compounds. You must include electronic
structures in your explanation.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

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...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

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(Total 4 marks)
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M1.(a)     (i)      two
1

(ii)     a molecule
1

(iii)    one pair of electrons between nitrogen and each of 3 hydrogens

1

M2.          (a)     bonding pair in the overlap and 6 other electrons arranged around the chlorine

must have either circles or symbols

need not be pairs but must not be in the overlap region
accept without H and Cl if clear
accept all x’s or all o’s

(b)     H          +         Cl         →         2HCl

2 2

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 accept multiples or fractions
accept correct formulae but not balanced for 1 mark
correctly balanced equation containing
‘correct’ lower / upper case symbols gets 1 mark
2

(c)     MgCl 2

accept Mg (Cl )
2+ -
2

(d)     because magnesium chloride is made of ions or is ionic

accept there are strong forces of attraction between the
ions / particles in MgCl or strong electrostatic attractions
2

accept more energy to separate particles in MgCl 2

do not accept MgCl molecules

2

do not accept reference to breaking bonds

1

          hydrogen chloride is made of molecules or is covalent

accept there are only weak forces of attraction (between the
particles / molecules) in HCl
do not accept weak covalent bonds
do not accept reference to breaking bonds
do not accept MgCl is a solid and HCl is a gas
2

1
[6]

##

          (a)     covalent bonds

for 1 mark
1

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 (b)     any reference to shared electrons
gains 1 mark

          but idea that bond is shared pair of electrons

gains 2 marks
2
[3]

M4.          answers apply to:

accept diagrams and/or descriptions

          carbon dioxide CO 2

          ammonia NH 3

          methane CH 4

          water H O
2

          *outer electronic structure of one atom correct or needs

correct number of electrons to complete outer shell
1

          *outer electronic structure of other atom correct or needs

correct number of electrons to complete outer shell
1

          *one shared pair of electrons (as one covalent bond)

use of ions or reference to ionic bonding negates this mark
1

          *outer electronic structure of compound correct or each atom now

has a full outer shell/noble gas electron structure
1
[4]

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