WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ASSESSMENT OF GENDER DISPARITY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES: (CASE STUDY OF DURAME TOWN)

ASENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS FOR

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR BA DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY: ABAYNEH DANIEL

ADVISOR: Dr. KACHA

APRIL, 2021

HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
DECLARETION

I declare that this senior essay is my bonafied work and all sources of materials used for this

study have been duly acknowledged. I solemnly declare that this paper is not submitted to any

other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate.

Name: Abayneh Daniel Signature: ……….……………

Place: College of Business and Economics, Wachemo University, Hosanna

Date of Submission: ………………………………………….

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 ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the research entitled “The Assessment of Gender Disparity and Its Effect on
The Income Generating Activities: (Case Study of Durame Town)” submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the BA degree in economics carried out by Abayneh Daniel
Id.No: 00145, under my supervision. Therefore, I recommend that the student has fulfilled the
requirements and hence hereby can submit the research to the department of economics.

____________________________________ ______________
Name of advisor Signature Date

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 EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL SHEET
We, the undersigned, members of board the examiners of the final open defense by
______________________ have read and evaluated his thesis entitled
“----------------------------------------------------”, and examined the candidate. This is, therefore, to
certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the BA degree
in Economics.

______________________ ______________ ______________

Name of Chairperson Signature Date
______________________ ______________ ______________
Name Advisor Signature Date
_______________________ _______________ ______________
Examiners:

_________________________ _______________ ____________

_________________________ _______________ _____________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to praise the almighty God for his entire gift and protection that brings
us safely to this special movement of my life and who give as the strength for the accomplishment
of the study. I would like also express my deepest thanks to my advisorDoctor Kacha for his
unreserved and persistent guidance regardless of his loaded work. Similarly, I would like also to
forward my thanks to all member of my family for their moral and financial support special my
brother’s Amanuel and abebe. The man I am today is all their effort and they deserve my credit. I
am also thankful to all my family members. I have no words to express my appreciation but only
say thank you. Finally I would like to thanks the gender office of durame town for their support
by giving different available information.

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 ABSTRACT
Gender disparity in organizations is a complex phenomenon thatcan be seen in organizational
structures, processes, and practices.For women, some of the most harmful gender disparity
areenacted within human resources (HRs) practices. This is because HRpractices (i.e., policies,
decision-making, and their enactment)affect the hiring, training, pay, and promotion of women.
These methods of gender discrimination in HR that emphasizes the reciprocal nature of gender
inequalities within organizations The suggestion that gender discrimination in HR-related
decision-making and in the enactment of HR practices stems from gender disparity in broader
organizational structures, processes, andpractices. In addition, organizational decision makers’
levels of sexism can affect their likelihood of making gender biased HR-related decisions and/or
behaving in a sexist manner while enacting HR practices.

Key words: Gender disparity, Gender discrimination, Gender, Human resource

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back ground of the study.......................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the of the problem.............................................................................2
1.3. Research questions...............................................................................................3
1.4.1 General objective................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the study......................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the study................................................................................................4
1.7. Limitation of the Study............................................................................................4
1.8. Organization of the paper.......................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................5
2.1. Theoretical literature review.......................................................................................5
2.1.1. Gender inequality in developing countries............................................................6
2.1.2. Gender inequality in labor market.........................................................................7
2.1.3. Women’s decision-making in household..............................................................8
2.1.4. Nature of women’s access to key economic and financial resource......................9
2.1.5. Gender relation in Ethiopia.................................................................................10
2.2. Empirical Literature Review..................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................12
3. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................12
3.1. Site description......................................................................................................12
3.2.Sources and Methods of Data Collection................................................................12

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 3. 2.1 Sampling method and Sample Size..................................................................12
3.2.2. Sampling method............................................................................................12
3. 2.3 Sample Size........................................................................................................13
3.3. Method of data analysis.........................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................15
4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS.........................................................................................15
4.1. Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics of survey respondents............15
4.1.1. Analysis of survey respondents on their sex and age..........................................15
4.1.2. Analysis of survey respondents on their marital status.........................................17
4.1.3. Analysis of survey respondent on their occupation.............................................18
4.1.4. Analysis of survey respondent on their family size.............................................19
4.1.5. Analysis of survey respondent on their education...............................................19
4.1.6. Analysis of survey respondent on their monthly income....................................20
4.1.7. Analysis of survey respondent on their active involvement on decision making in
community issue...........................................................................................................22
4.1.8. Analysis of survey respondents on the equality of men and women in the study
area............................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.9. Analysis of survey respondent in relation to gender disparity in work................24
4.1.10. Analysis of survey respondent on the work that are both male and female are
equally involve..............................................................................................................25
4.1.11. Impact of gender disparity on decision making and controlling resources........26
4.1.12. Cause of gender disparity on income generation activities...............................27
4.1.13. Additional sources of respondent’s income in the household...........................28
4.1.14. The belief of the society that female perform their task in home only to generate
income..........................................................................................................................30
4.1.15. Participation rate of the respondents in the income generating activities..........30
4.1.16. Access and control of house hold property.......................................................31
4.1.17. Decision making activities toward selling household property.........................32
4.1.18. The degree of gender disparity in the income generating activity.....................34
4.1.19. The effect of gender disparity on income generating activity...........................34

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CHAPTER FIVE..................................................................................................................36
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................36
5.1. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................36
5.2. RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................................37
References.......................................................................................................................38

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

REWA: Revolutionary of Ethiopia Women’s Association

LDC: Least Developed Countries
SNNPR South Nation Nationality People Region
ILO: International Labor Organization
CSA; Central static Agency

List of Table
Table 4.1: sex distribution of the respondent……………………………………………16

Table 4.2: Age sex crosses tabulation (distribution of respondents on their age)……...16
Table 4.3: Martial * sex cross tabulation (distribution of respondent on their marital
status )……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….17

Table 4.4 Occupation sex cross tabulation (distribution of the respondent on their
occupation)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……18

Table 4:5 Distributions of respondents on their family size……………………………………..…19

Table 4:6 Level of education sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondent on
their level of education)……………………………………………………………………………………19

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Table 4:7 Monthly income sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondent on
their monthly income)………………………………………………………………………………………20
Table 4:8 Distributions of the respondents on their active participation of decision
making on their community issue……………………………………………………………………….22
Table 4:9 equality sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of respondents on their
equality of men and women)…………………………………………………………………………….22
Table 4:10 disparity sex Cross tabulation (gender disparity in work)…………………23
Table 4:11both sex Cross tabulation (The work that men and women equally
involved)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
Table 4:12impact sex Cross tabulation (Impact of gender disparity on decision
making and control resource)……………………………………………………………………………25
Table 4:13cause sex Cross tabulation (cause of gender disparity on income
generation activities)………………………………………………………………………………………..26
Table 4:14additional income* sex Cross tabulation (Additional source of the
respondent’s income in the household)…………………………………………………………….28
Table 4:15 performing in home only sex Cross tabulation (Belief of the society that
women perform their task to generate income)………………………………………………...29
Table 4:16 more sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondents that more
participate in income generating activities…………………………………………………………30
Table 4:17 controls of households’ property sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the
respondents on the control of the house hold property)………………………………………31
Table 4:18 decision making sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondents on
their decision making of the household property selling)……………………………………32
Table 4:19 degree of discrimination sex Cross tabulation (The degree of gender
disparity between male and female in income generating activity)……………………..33
Table 4:20 effect of gender disparity on income generation sex Cross tabulation…34

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viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground of the study
The gender relation between women and men is influenced by the prominent of social, cultural,
economic and political aspect of gender. Which mean socially the relation between men and
women is biological determine. Because; traditional society assumes that there is observable
difference between women and men. However, it is known that personality behavior and ability
are the result of differential socialization process (Darare 2007).

The diversity of women duties makes it difficult to determine their share on agriculture
production, much less place on economic value and on their work. However, current estimate
shows that in addition to work with in the household, women provide 60% to80% of agricultural
labor in Africa and Asia and about 40% in Latin America. Much of this work, wow ever is
stoically “invisible” in the women of then receive no payment for the work they perform.
Women provide an important source of labor for cash production, cultivate food for household
consumption, raise and market livestock generate additional income through cottage industries,
collect fire wood and fetching water and perform household shares, including the processing and
cooking of food. It has become clear that since women produce a large share of agricultural
output, successful agriculture reform will require raising women productivity. Where the
structure of agriculture is becoming more commercialized, women role and hence their economic
status are changing on the ground of decision making, control house hold property and equal
access to natural resource with men in many developing country women are still exposes for the
long hour they contribute to the lending of commercial crop (Todaro, 2012).

Gender inequality has a long history and has been increased in the past decades in much part of
developing countries of the world. This leads to most serious challenges that fall developing
strategies and one of the factors that decrease (decline) economic development among the
inequality that reduce women in development includes unequal distribution of work between
male and female lower earnings for the same work, reduce access to paid employment, in
equality in promotion. It’s known that gender equality has a great role in income generation of
household and economic development of the countries level but, in Ethiopia, the gender bias

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affects the income generating and development level of the economy due the social perspective
of gender that emanate from different religion and traditional belief (Mekdes ,2010).

In Ethiopia, women right on land emerged in 1974 during the Derg regime. At that time, women
were actively involved in the political area and they had their own mass organization, which is
known as the revolutionary Ethiopia women’s association (REWA). Their right on land holding
was also recognized in the rural land proclamation by the Derg regime (Mamo, 2006).

The coming of federal democratic republic of Ethiopia makes to decrease the gender disparity on
the income generating activity. But it does not mean that this gender disparity problem solved
totally. Because this gender disparity issues are fixed on unchangeable thing in the mind of many
people of the country that are not getting an access of reduction (MOFED, 2008)

1.2 Statement of the of the problem

The problem of gender in equality is traditionally known, because women do not have access to
control productive resource and women do not participate in decision making on their property in
the household. There is also unequal division of labor allocation between men and women. The
self-perception of women to consider themselves as only depend on men or being a home maker
is crucial factor in the under estimation of the female work force; even if they participate, there is
less economic value of their work (Messay, 2012).

Women’s usually have limits access to resource and opportunities of different employment and
their productive remain lower relative to their potential due to lack of awareness in the society
about the role women for every economic aspect to generate income. In addition, the dominance
of men in the various in income generating activities highly affects the economic empowerment
of women (Kasente, 2008).

Gender inequality is a universal phenomenon. In most countries socio-cultural constraint can

discriminate women’s by making them disadvantage in their society. Therefore, the common
thinking in gender relates only to women are not efficient in their work. Gender inequality is
sustains by assigning care work and domestic labor almost exclusively to women and also
women’s in most countries are working citizen but not consider as full citizen in the economy
and powerful (Alebachew , 2010).

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The participation and decision making role varies between men and women, in such a way that
maintenance of family and caring of her children allows for women and men head household can
make decision on clearing of land, this action leads to inequality in division of labor in the
household (Michael, 2012).

Even if many researchers have been done researches on the issues of gender disparity, the
researches which have been done in Durame town but, it is not enough to improve the gap with
this regard. Specially, the differences on income are common in the study area. Therefore, this
requires the specific study which can expose the reason behind that makes income generating
activities to be problematic in Durame town.

1.3. Research questions

The basic questions that the studies try to answer are:

• What factordiffer women engaged in less income generating activities than men?

• What are the job that done by women?

• What is the gender disparity on decision making and controlling resources?

1.4. Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General objective

The assessment of gender disparity and its effect on the income generating activities:

1.4.2 Specific objectives

• To identify income generating activities handle by both men and women in the study
area at the household level

• To Examining the major income generating activities performed by women.

• To identify the factor that causes gender disparity in income generation in the study area.

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1.5. Significance of the study
The study would have the following importance in general for Durame town in particular. The
study may be important for the government policy maker as a guide line to formulate policy on
the problem of gender disparity. The study is expected to create clear understanding for the
people with regard to the equality of men and women in every economic sector.

1.6. Scope of the study

Even though the scope of the study under this is wide and universal problem which is available
especially in developing countries, this study is to assess gender disparity and its effect on
income generation, in Durame town, for the last years. Further the sample survey for this study
would be limit in its coverage to all part of the town.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

To make this paper the researcher may face the following problems. Such as getting reliable and
representative data will be the major problems transportation, less awareness of respondents and
time constraints. However great efforts to convincing them in order to, getting reliable data

1.8. Organization of the paper

The paper will be organized as follows: The first chapter on introductory part, attempts to define
the problems, determining the objectives, research questions, its significance and scope. The
second chapter would review the related and conceptual literature of the topic under the study.
The third chapter deals about methodology. The fourth chapter devote to data discussion and
analysis. The fifth chapter will present the finding, conclusion and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical literature review

The word gender can be defined as a set of characteristic, role and behavior pattern that
distinguish women from men by socially and culturally and relation of power between them.
These characteristics, role and behavioral pattern are dynamic. That is, it can vary over time and
across cultures because of the constant shifting and variation of cultural and subjective of
meaning gender (Hirut, 2004).

According to the little of the effect of gender inequality in education on economic growth and
development by using simpler regression analysis and the finding tells us the gender inequality
impede the economic growth. Gender in equality in education has significantly negative impact
on economic growth and papers to be an important factor contributing to poor growth
performance in Africa and south Asia over the past 30years. In addition, increase growth, the
gender equality in education promotes other important development goals, including lower
fertility rate and mortality rate (Datti, 1999).

The activities, resources and opportunities of people are significantly influenced by gender; that
is by the socio-economic cultural dimension of being male or female. She uses overlapping
generation framework and she aggregate that initial inequality in education can lead to self-
perpetuating equilibrium of continued gender in education with the consequence of high fertility
and low economic growth. The finding show that gender in equality as an endogenous variable
can be explained to be considerable extent by religious preference, regional factor and civil
freedom(Fernano,1999).

The gender disparity analysis of the study indicates that female farmers contribute more than
male in crop production and management because they participate in all farming activity. Gender
role in Ambo district are constrained by an uneven distribution of resource and opportunities
between women and men in the household (Kaper, 2003).

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In the all society men and women assigned activities and responsibilities according to their sex.
The gender division of labor varies from one culture to other culture it also changes with time
and external condition. The study result shows that men and women are regarded differently. In
much society, it is assumed that the control of resource is the right of men through women play
crucial role (Tenayigezu, 2006).

Gender inequality can be referring to the unequal treatment of individual based on gender. It
arises from differences in social constructed gender role as well as biological through brain
structure. Africa women are directly or indirectly involved in all sector. Especially, women
contribute enormously in the economic development the household and for their nation. In
their reproductive role, they economically contribute to human development capital by raising
and educating their children. They also actively involved in the productive and community
management role directly or indirectly (Boserup, 1970). However, their contributions in the
household as well as in the nation are invisible and unreal wording; they are counted as mere
consumer rather than producer (Derare, 2007).

A growing body of the literature finds that gender inequalities are detrimental to society at
large, and that unlocking the full economic potential of women would importantly contribute
to poverty reduction and growth stimulation. These improvements would translate in fine into
current poverty reduction and short-term growth thanks to higher incomes and consumption
expenditures, and into future poverty reduction and long-term growth thanks to higher savings
and better children’s health and educational attainment, and productivity as adults. Existing
studies indicate, in particular, that education is crucial as it substantially lowers the magnitude
of gender inequalities in labor income and underemployment, and substantially increases
men’s and women’s probability of getting a paid job (Arbache et al., 2010).

2.1.1. Gender inequality in developing countries

The issue of gender in equality can be considered as a universal feature of developing countries.
Unlike women developing countries who are in relative term, economically empowered and have
powerful voice indecision making of the household, women’s in developing countries are
generally silent and the household, women’s in developing countries are generally silent and
their voice has been influenced by economic and cultural factor. these economic and cultural
factor coupled with institutional factor can coupled with institutional factor can dictate the

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gender based division of labor, right and access to control of resource, access to media,
employment, decision making are some of the area for gender disparity. However, increase in
education has often cited as one of the major avenue through which women are empowered
because education can increase the upward socioeconomic mobility of women, create
opportunities of work outsides of work outside the home and enhance husband-wife
communication. (Ethiopian society of population studies, 2005).

While many Developing countries have ratified these conventions, their effective application
and enforcement remain an issue. Tribal, customary and religious laws and norms, which are
largely prevalent in many Developing countries, are serious obstacles to the incorporation and
effectiveness of international labor standards and to achieving gender equality and
empowering women. Empirical research on the situation of women in Developing countries
labor markets is thus essential (WB, 2011).

2.1.2. Gender inequality in labor market

Theoretical approach to gender in labor market outcome can be broadly divided in to those
which focuses on individual choose and those which focus on structural constraint. Over time,
there has been some converge between these approach as social norms and other structural
constraint have been in cooperated in to choice theoretical framework and greater attention is
paid to issues of agency within structural explanation. Individual choice is of course at heart of
neo- classical economics and it reflected in early work on gender and labor market. One stand of
work explained gender differentiated labor market out come in term of gender differential
investment in human capital empowerment (kaper, 2012).

Lack of suitable data on African labor markets is a major obstacle to obtain accurate empirical
evidence on the multiple sources of work-related gender disparities, as well as on their extent
and drivers. Overall, the little evidence available shows that, in Africa, women typically
experience worse labor market outcomes than men, with higher levels of Unemployment and
underemployment, and lower access to productive and paid employment. Occupational
segregation by sex is widespread and leads to allocation inefficiencies and earnings gaps.
Women tend to adapt their preferences to occupations that are socially acceptable, that is they
are inclined to pursue careers that are more conducive to combining work and reproductive

7
responsibilities, which leads to their concentration in informal and precarious employment,
where pay and conditions of work are worse than in public and formal jobs (WB, 2011).

2.1.3. Women’s decision-making in household

Women’s are seen in most cases as dependent on men and denied the right to decision making
and leader ship. In the existing structure of social, cultural, economic and political men are
granted with authority to make decision on behalf of women. In most traditional society women
are kept largely within the continue of the households where they are protected and thought to
accept the decision that other making on their behalf, As a result of this lack of experience in
public context, women tend to lack self- confidence and skill need to effectively in poison of
formal leadership (Darares, 2007).

A major and until recently often over looked feature of developing countries agrarian system
particularly in Africa and Asia, is the crucial role played by women in agricultural production. In
Africa, where subsistence farming is predominant and shifting cultivation remain important,
nearly all tasks associated with subsistence food production are performed by women although
men who remain home general perform the initial task of cutting tree and bushes on a potential
cultivable plot of land, women are responsible for all subsequent operation including removing
burning felled trees, slowing or planting the plot, weeding, harvesting and preparing the crops for
storage or immediately consumption. Women’s provides an important source of labor for cash
crop production, cultivate food for household consumption, raise and market livestock, generate
addition income through cottage industries, Collect fire wood and fetching water, perform
household chores, including the processing and cooking of food. Due to the time consuming
nature of their diverse responsibility and no doubt to their limited household bargaining power,
women tend to work long hours than male (Siven, 2010).

The diversity of women duties makes it difficult to determine their share of agricultural
production, much less place of economic value on their work. However, current estimate
indicates that the importance of women on agriculture is increase. It is estimated that in addition
to work with in household, women provide 60% to 80% of agricultural, labor in Africa and Asia
and about 40% in Latin America. Though men generally control the production and profits from
commercial crops cultivated by women, women are usually responsible for the strenuous job of
weeding and transporting Perhaps, the most important role of women is providing food security

8
for the household. Women investment in revenue generating project and livestock are crucial to
stabilizing household income, especially in female headed house hold, where resource constraint
is the most save to the future (Michael Todaro, pp;450,2012).

2.1.4. Nature of women’s access to key economic and financial resource

In Africa, the first shifting cultivation was the main tolls for plowing of the land. Under this,
contribution of women was much greater than men. In this system women were the dominant
figures of the practice farming whereas men’s role was only confined to clearing the land. In
undertaking different economic activity more than men, rural women in developing countries
have less property right, have no role in the economic input and they have remained
economically in secure. Rural women’s have played significant role in livestock production in
developing countries and they are active participant in the livestock management; but land and
property right for women require urgent attention by policy maker and land reformer in Africa
during the last three decades (UNDP, 2006).

The increased focus on a globalization of women empowerment in Africa generally gets little
attention. The income gained from such informal employment is insignificant and unbalanced.
Women who were involved in the informal employment sector usually start business with little
capital and little asset that is not sufficient to run this business. On the other hand, at the rural
area of developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular, the micro credits support
has not expanded to reach most rural women. The number of bank that support rural women is
limited, these condition discourage rural women to engaged in self-employment. Since the rural
women are responsible for household management such as cooking, collection of fuel wood,
feeding of large family and caring children. Under Ethiopia, condition in which women engaged
in the informal employment not only contributes for household consumption but also to meet the
medical cost, clothing for the family. The incomes gained from this economic activity were used
for household consumption and family support rather than re-investing in to expanding their
business (Messay, 2012).

The men have more power to control on the income made by women and often decide to finance
their own personal interest instead of the household this is because women have less power
(right) to make decision on the household income independently. Even though credit support and
micro finance facilities are very important for poverty reduction and economic empowerment of

9
rural women, in developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular, majority of rural
women are not benefited from micro finance and credit support launched by government and
non-government organization for poverty reduction for increasing earning capacity of the poor
women(linda, 2005).

2.1.5. Gender relation in Ethiopia

Ethiopian women have played a traditional role of motherhood and homemaker in both rural and
urban area. However, their work has never been limited in the household and the family. Rather
the women are actively involved in all aspect of their social life. But the important roles they
play have not been recognized. So, economic development is unthinkable without participations.
Because their participation in the economy does not have value and have not received even their
share of the nation wealth (Messay, 2012)

In rural area, women are engaged in the verities of economic activity including the construction
of house, land cultivation and harvesting and food storage and marketing. However, men’s work
in agricultural sector has often been erroneously documented as marginal and they have been
considered more as consumer than producer. An Ethiopian woman’s seen to have gained
somewhat better experience since the 1974 socio, economic and political transformation. They
have expanded their horizon with educational advancement and increased economic activity
(Amarech, 2004).

Women still faces multiple forms of discriminations in the labor market-women almost still
continue to earn less than men for work of equal value. Discriminatory practices based on
assumptions about what jobs are “appropriate” for women; on women’s reproductive roles
continue to exist in Ethiopia. For instance, it is not unique to observe several women assuming
secretarial post in governmental and non-governmental institutions, while there are only few
women at managerial levels. Because of this the secretarial post is taken as, “female’s job”
among many; the same holds true as girls are mainly required to assist their mothers in the house
hold, unlike boys. (AlebachewandMekdes,2010)

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2.2. Empirical Literature Review
There are large gender variations in the nature and the terms of wage employment. For men,
public formal wage employment and private formal wage employment constitute altogether the
biggest share of the wage employed. Only 15 per cent of wage employed men are in informal
private jobs. For women, however, the proportion of the wage employed in private informal jobs
represents the second most frequent form of wage employment (32 per cent) after public
employment (40 per cent). In relative terms, women are more likely than men to work in
informal jobs, as temporary or casual employees, and less likely to work in permanent or
contract employment, suggesting that the conditions of work among wage employed women are
less favorable than for men. The participation rate and the employment ratio are lower for
women, while female unemployment is similar to male unemployment. In addition, a higher
proportion of the male population is in wage employment (WB, 2007).

On the average, Women wages represent about 66 per cent of male wages which is remarkably
low, even from an African perspective. The wage relative disadvantage of women is more
pronounced for younger women. As women get older, the pay differential with men tends to
lower. There are large variations in the gender pay gap at different points in the wage
distribution. While female wages represent nearly 70 per cent of male wages at the top quartile,
they account only for 55 per cent of male wages at the median and 49 per cent at the bottom
quartile. The gender disadvantage in terms of wages appears to be more pronounced in the
formal private sector than in the public sector. In the latter female wages do not exceed 80 per
cent of male wages while in the former female wages barely reach 74 per cent of male wages. In
the informal private sector, the gender wage gap is very high: female wages account for just
slightly more than one-third of male wages (LFS, 2005)

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Site description
Durame Town is one of the towns in SNNPR of Ethiopia. Apart of Durame Zone is located in
kambatatambaro Zone and southern Nation Nationality of Ethiopia region (SNNPR) Durame is
bounded by north Domiboya Worada, on south shinishicho Town on east Halabas Zone and on
west Ambaricho Mountain. Its distance from Durame to Addis Ababa is 306 km .this Town has a
latitude and longitude of 7014’N 37053’E with an elevation of 2101meters above sea level and has
an average temperature of 210c day and 40c day and night. The Town receives high rain fall
between June and September. In addition to rain fall availability, the special distribution of
natural vegetation depends on many factors; like altitude, climate, drainage, soil. The most
dominant vegetation types growing around the area in the Town include Avocado and Mango
and other trees. According to the 2007 Ethiopian population estimation, the total population of
this Town is 165,803. From this, 83,988 (50.7%) are male and 81,815 (49.3%) are females.
(CSA, 2007)

3.2.Sources and Methods of Data Collection

The study would be used descriptive form of analysis method which includes percentages, tables,
and charts as well as the qualitative description through the statement collects from interviews
and questionnaires. Data present in the study would obtain from primary and secondary sources.
Primary data would be collects directly from respondents using Questionnaires and interviews.
Secondary data would be collect through Review of relate literatures and through direct
discussion with focus groups.

3. 2.1 Sampling method and Sample Size

3.2.2. Sampling method

The sample size of population was determined depending on the number of target population.
Systematic and simple random sampling methods are suitable to achieve the objectives of the
study. The reason would use to these systematic sampling and simple sampling techniques is to
achieve my main target by identifying those group of gender disparity on income generating
activities. Although data shall be collect from different groups of respondent households in the

12
village shall form the most important source of information. In order to obtain relevant and
reliable information, systematic random sampling technique

3. 2.3 Sample Size

The sample size for collecting data for the study would be determine by using (Yemane, 1967)
formula as indicated on (Yemane, 2001). Because of the formula would use simple to determine
the number sample size from the total number of population stratified and simple random
sampling methods aresuitable to achieve the objectives of the study.

In order to obtain relevant and reliable information, systematic random sampling technique have
been used to select a sample of fourkebeles from which data gathered have been selected;
namely:Zararo, Lalo, Kasha and Abonsa. Then, to collect data from the identified kebeles, the
researcher used simple random sampling. These techniques of data collection were preferred to
avoid bias and ambiguity with data collection and cost minimization. That is as collection of
data from the whole population was very difficult, costly and time consuming, it has been
preferred to use sample methods based on the availability of time and cost.

From the kebeles of the town, the researcher selected four areas by stratified random
sampling.After target population was identified; data gathered from the kebeles dwellers by
simple random sampling. The sample includes both males and females those found in productive
age group (>18 age). The reason to select this age group was to get reliable information for the
effect of gender disparity on income generation.Zararo, Lalo, Kasha and Abonsa, the households
of blocks are 4800,5000, 4000 and 5200 respectively. Thus, 19000householdsrepresentingin the
town

Where: n =designates the sample size the research uses;

N= designates total number of households in four kebeles;

e =designates maximum variability or margin/ error 11.156 %( 0.11156);

1=designates the probability of the event occurring.

Therefore,

13
 n = 19000/1+19000(0.11156)

n =80

Sample size for each kebeles such as, Zararo = 20, Lalo = 21, Kasha =17, Abonsa=22. On these
bases, from each kebele respondents shall be selected on random basis who are in the age group
of 18 years and above. It shall cover both male and female respondents; a total of 80 households
shall be interviewed in each kebele.

3.3. Method of data analysis

After the data would be collect from Durame town community and Durame gender office using
both primary and secondary source of data, the researcher would analyze the data using the
simple statistical methods like percentage and mean (average), charts and tables.

14
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter focused on the analysis and interpretation of raw data that were collected from
durame town on gender disparity and its effect on income generation activities. The study used
80 questioners and the respondents were selected from four kebeles of durame town and the
questioners were distributed to the four kebeles equally.

4.1. Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics of survey

respondents
Quantitative data was collected and analyzed on the demographic, socio cultural character and
income generating activity survey of the respondents. Respondents were asked about their sex,
age, marital status, occupation, familysize, and educational level.

4.1.1. Analysis of survey respondents on their sex and age

Sex distribution was essential for the study; because by distinguishing the sex, the researcher
knows the cause and effect of gender on the income generating activity. That means, who is
more participating in different economic issue. Age is also an essential element for the study in
the sampled household. Because, by identifying the age class of the household, we can conclude
that in which range is the productive household is concentrated and give emphasis for income
generating activity and decision making issue.

15
Table 4.1.Sex distribution of the respondents

Sex Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 44 55% 55% 55%

Female 36 45% 45% 100%

Total 80 100% 100%

Source: - Owen survey, 2021

From the table 4.1We observed that from the total respondents of 80 households, 44(55%)were
male and the remaining 36(45%)of the total respondents were female respondents which
indicates that males are larger than female respondents in their number.

Table 4.2 age sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of respondents on their age)

Sex Percentage

Respo Total

nse Male female Total Male female

Age 18-25 20 12 32 25% 15% 40%

26-36 14 14 28 17.5% 17.5% 35%

37-45 6 6 12 7.5% 7.5% 15%

>45 4 4 8 5% 5% 10%

Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%

Source: - Owen survey, 2021

The age distribution of the respondents in the table 4:2 shows that 32(40%) of the respondents
were in 18-25 age group; from this,20(25%)were male respondents and 12(15%)were female
respondents; 28(35%)of the respondents are in the 26-36 age group ;from this, both male and
female respondents cover 14(17.5%) each ;12(15%) of the respondents are within 37-45 age
group ;from which male respondents cover 6(7.5%) and female respondents also covers

16
6(7.5%).Finally,8(10%)of the respondents are above 45 age group. Based on these, the
researcher concludes that from the total respondents, the age group in the range of 18-25 years
covers the highest part which accounts 40%.

4.1.2. Analysis of survey respondents on their marital status.

Marital status of the respondent is important for the study. Whenever the respondents were
interviewed, they said that early marriage is common particularly in the rural part of the town.
So, females are more disadvantageous on this ground; because their marriage is mostly demined
by their parent. So, these early marriage leads women to under estimate themselves in decision
making and, access to education and participating in income generating activity.

Table 4:3 marital * sex Crosstabulation (distribution of the respondent on their

marital status).
Marital Number of respondents Total in Percentage Total %
status number
Male Female male female
Single 26 8 34 32.5% 10% 42.5%
Married 12 22 34 15% 27.5% 42.5%
Divorced 2 4 6 2.5% 5% 7.5%
Widowed 4 2 6 5% 2.5% 7.5%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source: - Owen survey, 2021

As shown from the table 4:3 from the total respondents,34(42.5%)were un married respondents
from these 26(32.5%)were male and 8(10%) are females;34(42.5%) were married from which
12(15%)were male and 22(27.5%)were females; 6(7.5%)were divorced respondents from these
2(2.5%)were male and 4(5%)were female divorced respondent; and 6(7.5%)were widowed
respondent. This indicates that from the total respondent, the unmarried and married respondents
cover the highest part and the divorced and widowed respondent cover the second range.

4.1.3. Analysis of survey respondent on their occupation

Occupation is an important indicator for the study because by identifying the occupation of the
respondents, the researcher identified the income generation activity, which occupation can

17
contribute more for the economy and in which work can both male and female participate
equally, which occupation were done by only men and which occupation were done only by
female and which were culturally for men and women. Finally, the researcher knew that the
effect of the cultural and any other division of occupation on income generation activity.

Table 4:4 occupation sex cross tabulation (distribution of the respondent on their
occupation)

Count Number of Total in Percentage

respondents number Total %
Occupation Male Female male female
Farming 15 14 29 18.75% 17.5% 36.25%
Trading 5 6 11 6.25% 7.5% 13.75%
Government 0 6 6 0% 7.5% 7.5%
employee
Black 24 10 34 30% 12.5% 42.5%
smith
Source: - Owensurvey, 2021

Based on the table 4:4, from the total respondent 29(36.25%) were engaged in farming activity.
From this the male respondent covers 15(18.75%) and female respondent covers 14(17.5%) and
11(13.75%) of the total respondents were trader from which 5(6.25%) were male and 6(7.5%)
were female; 6(7.5%) of the total respondent were government employee of which all of them
(7.5%) were female respondent and none of male respondent. Finally, 34(42.5%) of the total
respondent were engaged in metal work of which 24(30%) were male and 10(12.5%) were
female. This imply that the occupation of the respondent are mostly concentrated on metal work
in which female respondent cover the lowest part on the activities of metal work with 12.5% of
engagement and the male respondent took the share of 30%.From the above table ,the researcher
conclude that even though there is a little variation between men and women on farming and
trading areas of economic activities, there is great variation on the areas of government
employment and metal work of income generating activities.

18
4.1.4. Analysis of survey respondent on their family size.
Family size is also an important on the study because by identifying the family size of the
respondent, it’s easy to look at the effect of family size on the economy and identify the belief of
the society concerning their children.

Table 4:5 Distributions of respondents on their family size

Family
Size Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
1-3 27 33.8% 33.8% 33.8%
3-5 24 30% 30% 63.8%
5-7 10 12.5% 12.5% 76.2%
>7 19 23.8% 23.8% 100%
Total 80 100% 100%
Source: - Owen survey, 2021
As can be seen from the table 4:5, from the total respondent the largest number of respondent are
within the range of 1-3 number of family size which was 27(33.8%) and the least number of
respondents are within the range of 5-7 number of family size; whereas 24(30%) are within the
range of 3-5 number of family size and 19(23.8%) of the respondents are within the range of
above 7 number of family size. So, the researcher concludes that the family size of the
respondent is low because majority of the respondents have the family size of 1-3.

4.1.5. Analysis of survey respondent on their education

Education is an important element for the study because through educational level of the
respondents, the researcher could identify (know) the belief of the society towards the effect of
gender based bias on income generating activities and know the role of women in the economy
and also education can help to compare the past and present of the society towards equality of
men and women on decision making, controlling property rightand participating in different
income generating activities.
Table 4:6 Level of education sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondent on
their level of education).
Count Sex percentage
Male female Total Male female Total %

19
Level of Illiterate 3 12 15 3.75% 15% 18.75%
education Read and write 14 12 26 17.5% 15% 32.5%
complete grade 10 14 6 20 17.5% 7.5% 25%
who join college or 16.25% 7.5% 23.75%
13 6 19
university
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
As it indicated in the table 4;16, from the total respondent 15(18.75%) were illiterate respondent
from this 3(3.75%) are male and 12(15%) are female illiterate and 26(32.5%) of the respondents
are those can read and write,from which male covers 14(17.5%) and females were 12(15%); and
the respondents those who complete grade ten cover 20(25%; in this case ,the male respondents
cover the highest percentage which is 14(17.5%) and female were 6(7.5%).Finally, from the total
respondents 19(23.75%) were who join college and university; of which males cover
13(16.25%) whereas females were 6(7.5%).This shows that majority of the respondents have no
a chance to join college or university; rather they can complete grade ten and engage in different
labor work. But as compared to females, male respondents relatively join in college and
university. Females are not highly engage(participate) in education because as the data
indicates,females are more illiterate which is 12(15%) compared to male and less females can
complete grade ten and join to college and university as the data indicate.

4.1.6. Analysis of survey respondent on their monthly income

Monthly income of the respondent is very essential for the study because it helps to know the
source of the income and to identify source of income for male and female which is vary
between the two sexes.

Table 4:7 Monthly income sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondent on
their monthly income)

Count Sex Percentage

Male female Total male female Total %

Monthly <800 14 11 25 17.5% 13.75% 31.25%

20
income 800-1000 11 15 26 13.75% 18.75% 32.5%
1000-1500 15 3 18 18.75% 3.75% 22.5%
1500-2000 2 5 7 2.5% 6.25% 8.75%
>2000 2 2 4 2.5% 2.5% 5%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source: - Owen survey, 2021
As it can be seen from the table 4:7, from the total respondent 25(31.25%) of the respondents
have a monthly income of less than 800 of which males with this range of income level were
14(17.5%) and females are 11(13.75%); 26(32.5%) of the respondents were within the range of
800-1000 monthly income which covers the highest part relatively of others. From this the male
respondents were 11(13.75%) and females were 15(18.85%); and 18(22.5%) of the respondents
where 15(18.75%) were male and the remaining 3(3, 75%) were female involved in the 1000-
1500 range of monthly income. 7(8.75%) of the respondents were involved within the monthly
income range of 1500-2000.of which male with 2(2.5%) take the least portion than females with
5(6.25%) ;whereas 4(5%) of which male and females are 2(2.5%) each were involved in the
monthly income range of above 2000birr.This implies that the monthly income of the majority of
the respondents are within the range of 800-1000 followed by income level of less than 800 birr
and only few person have a high monthly income; this leads to decrease the income generating
power of the people to the economy .From the above table it is clear that ,except the income
range of below 800 and 1000-1500,females with a monthly income of 800-1000 and 1500-2000
exceeds that of males which shows the competitive position of females with males in generating
income.

4.1.7. Analysis of survey respondent on their active involvement on

decision making in community issue
In many part of the world, women’s powers on decision making are relatively less due to social
and cultural norms.As men control all the resource,the men are the decision maker in economic,
political and social issue in addition to this, society’s attitudinal problem and high rate of
illiteracy in the study area was aggravated women’s inequality in property right and economic
development.Due to their secondary position in the household,women are denied on issue that
can affect their lives.In the survey area, women are not the decision maker in the community
issue due to the society’s attitude towards the role of women and frustration of women to create

21
new idea; because as some women said men have more talent to decide on community issues and
create new idea to the problem as a result, women can under state themselves.
Table 4:8 Distributions of the respondents on their active participation of decision
making on their community issue

Sex Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 44 55.0 55.0 55.0
Female 36 45.0 45.0 100.0

Total 80 100.0 100.0

Source: -ownsurvey, 2021
Based on the table 4:8,the collected data shows that the male respondent said that 30(37.5%) of
the total respondents are men that actively involved in community issue of decision making
and this male respondents also said,25(31,25%) of the total respondents are females that actively
involved in decision making .On the other hand,female respondents said that 13(16.25%) of the
total respondents are female that are actively participate in decision making on community issue
s and 12(25%) are men that are actively involved in decision making. This implies that in both
respondents males are higher in decision making and females are low in decision making of
community problem rather passively accept the decision of male and became dependent on
males decision which leads to delay on household work.

4.1.8. Analysis of survey respondents on the equality of men and women

in the study area
In the past due to different cultural and social norms men and women were not equal in some
working areas. But, now a day’s more or less due to expansions of education and awareness
creation for the society, men and women are equal. However, some people said that in reality
men and women are not equal in every economic activity to generate income.

Table 4:9 equality sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of respondents on their

equality of men and women)
Count
Sex Percentage
Response
Male Female Total Male Female Total %

22
equality Yes 19 6 25 23.75% 7.5% 31.25%
No 25 30 55 31.25% 37.5% 68.75%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021

The collected data in the table 4:9 indicated that 25(31.25%) of the total respondents said that
male and females are equal in every economic activity. From this 19(23.75%) were male and
6(7.5%) were female respondents. On the other hand ,more than half of the respondents which
account 55(68.75%) said that men and women are not in some circumstances; from which male
and female respondents cover 25(31.25%) and 30(37.5%) of the total respondents respectively.
So, the researcher concludes that male and female are not equal in different economic activities
of income generation because according to the information collected from the respondents there
is a disparity on income earned.

4.1.9. Analysis of survey respondent in relation to gender disparity in

work
Gender disparity is unequal treatment of individuals based on sex.This problem is long lasting
phenomena due to the perceptions of male and female have no equal capabilities to do the same
job.
Table 4:10 disparity sex Cross tabulation (gender disparity in work)
Count
Sex Percentage
Response
Male Female Total Male Female Total %

Disparity Yes 31 28 59 38.75% 35% 73.75%

No 13 8 21 16.25% 10% 26.25%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
The table 4:10 shows that from the total respondents,59(73.75%) respondents gave the response
of there is gender disparity between male and female in working areas; from which male and

23
female accounts 31(38.75%) and 28(35%) respectively. On the other hand, 21(26.25%) of the
respondents said there is no gender disparity to do works; because, both male and female have
equal capability to do work and generating income. Even if the few respondents replied there is
no gender disparity, as the majority of the respondents replied in the study area, there is gender
disparity to work due to cultural belief of the society and natural gifted of the gender. Based on
this, 59(73.75%) of the respondents can distinguish the work of male and females. As they
respondents said, male done the activities of taller, government employee,plottingland, building
the house, farming and hard labor work etc. Whereas female do the activities of taking care of
children, elder, prepare household food, cooking, and cleaning the house. This can indicate there
is gender disparity on job due to cultural and social norms. This implies that women are not
engage in the work of outside the house to generate income.

4.1.10. Analysis of survey respondent on the work that are both male
and female are equally involve.
Even if there is gender disparity in some working activities, there is also works in which both
male and female equally participate in.Due to the expansion of education and changing the
attitude of the society, the equality of male and female is gaining recognition in different
working areas.

Table 4:11both sex Cross tabulation (The work that men and women equally
involved).
Count
Sex percentage
Response
Male Female Total male female Total %
Both government 8.75% 5% 13.75%
7 4 11
equally employee
involved Trade 11 9 20 13.75% 11.25% 25%
Farming 15 6 21 18.75% 7.5% 26.25%
All 6 11 17 7.5% 13.75% 21.25%
Other 5 6 11 6.25% 7.5% 13.75%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021

24
As it has been indicated in the table4:11,11(13.75%) of the respondents said that it’s the work of
government employment in which both sex can equally engaged; of which male and female
respondents are 7(8.75%) and 4(5%) respectively.; this is said to be the result of educational
expansion data collected from organizational. But 20(25%) of the respondents of which males
are 11(13.75%) and females are 9(11.25%) said its trading in which both sexes equally
involved ; and 21(26.25%) of the respondents said farming is in which male and female equally
engaged as compared to other economic activities. 17(21.25%) and 11(13.75%) of the
respondents said that males and female can equally engaged in government employment,
trading ,farming and any other economic activities respectively .From the above, its farming
economic activity in which the two sexes can actively involved in the study area.

4.1.11. Impact of gender disparity on decision making and controlling

resources
The decision is making power of women as income provider to the household that has been
traditionally considered as the role of the husband, the decision making on the resource of the
house hold, the level of participation of female in differing per the house hold. The equality
between male and female in sharing of power and decision making at all level leads to lack of
respect for equal promotion and production of human right of women. In the management of
natural resource and safeguarding of the environment, participant discrimination and violation of
women’s right are common in African women. Due to this, they suffering from decision making
and disadvantage in access to credit and delay household work.
Table 4:12impact sex Cross tabulation (Impact of gender disparity on decision
making and control resource)
Count
Sex percentage
Response
Male Female Total male female Total %
Impact yes 41 34 75 51.25% 42.5% 93.75%
No 3 2 5 3.75% 2.5% 6.25%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
According to the table 4:12, from the total respondents, 75(93.75%) of the total respondents
replied that gender disparity can have great impact on decision making and controlling

25
household resource; of which 41(51.25%) were male and 34(42.5%) were female; while
5(6.25%) of the total respondents replied that gender disparity has no impact on decision making
and controlling household resource. This indicates that even if few respondents said gender
disparity have no effect on decision making and controlling household resources, but as majority
of the respondents replied that this gender disparity have serious impact on decision making and
controlling household resource. This respondent put some of the impacts like, gender disparity
leads to dissolve of the family, civil war in the country, lack of respect with each other,
degradation of natural resource and finally leads to decrease the economic development of
country and it creates wealth difference between men and women.

4.1.12. Cause of gender disparity on income generation activities

The general morality of inequality relies on a belief that men are superior to women; because of
this idea, women have spent generations suffering under their counterparts. Also a common
expectation is that men tend to be more assertive and absolute because of their biological
hormones. However it may occur, the main causes of gender differences can be traced back to a
belief in male dominance, the biological hormones and intelligence of men and women, and
sexual themes.

26
Table 4:13cause sex Cross tabulation(cause of gender disparity on income
generation activities)

Count

Sex Percentage
Response Total %

Male Female Total male Female

Cause cultural 36.25 20% 56.25%

29 16 45
belief %

nature of 5% 7.5% 12.5%

4 6 10
work

lack of 13.75% 17.5% 31.25%

11 14 25
education
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%

Source:-Owen survey, 2021

The collected data in the table 4:13 indicates that,45(56.25%) of the respondents said the cause
of gender disparity on income generating activity are cultural beliefs toward gender ;of which
male respondents constitutes 29(36.25%) whereas female respondents were 16(20%). 10(12.5%)
respondents of which male and female were 4(5%) and 6(7.5%) respectively replied it’s the
nature of work that causes gender disparity in income generating environment.But,25(31.25%) of
the total respondents said that the causes of gender disparity on income generating activities were
lack of educational expansion in the study area. This indicates that as the majority of the
respondents said, the cultural belief cover the highest part for the cause of gender disparity on
income generating activities because peoples culturally believe that women are not more
involved in income generating activity rather they involved in the household activities such as
care for children and elders, preparing food for family. Lack of education covers the second part
as the major cause of gender disparity for income generating activity with 25(31.25%)
respondents saying. Because of lack of awareness and lack of educated society divide the work
between male and female and can divide the income generating activity is performed by men
because male have an access of education opportunities and females have no such opportunities
27
due to the past history; and nature of work cover the third grade on the causes of gender disparity
.Here, the respondents said that by no means, the nature of work leads to gender disparity
because women are not involved in the hard labor work like metal work ,which is performed by
men and home activities like teal ,beverage , and alcohol which is performed by women ;this
leads to gender disparity to generate income.

4.1.13. Additional sources of respondent’s income in the household

This is an income that a person can generate from the normal work. That is if the person engaged
in governmental employment, he or she can also engage indirectly in other income generating
activity and this can leads to increase family wealth and can contribute huge money for the
development of country in different sector of the economy.

Table 4:14additional income* sex Cross tabulation (Additional source of the

respondent’s income in the household)
Count
Sex Percentage
Response
Male female Total male female Total %
Additional Farming 21 8 29 26.25% 10% 36.25%
source of Trade 10 12 22 12.5% 15% 27.5%
income for Support from 3.75% 5% 8.75%
3 4 7
the children
respondents Other 8 6 14 10% 7.5% 17.5%
NONE 2 6 8 2.5% 7.5% 10%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
The collected data in the table 3:14 indicate that, 29(36.25%) of the total respondents in which
male and female respondents were respectively 21(26.25%) and 8(10%) get their additional
income from farming. 22(27.5%) of which 10(12.5%) were male and 12(15%) were female get
their additional income from indirect trade; in which females take the largest share.
But ,7(8.75%) of the total respondents get their additional income as a support from their
children which were educated and employed in government organization ;from this female

28
covers the highest which is 5% while male are 3.75% and 14(17.5%) of the respondents said that
they can get additional income from other income generating activity. Finally, 8(10%) of the
respondents replied that they do not have any additional source of income; of which female
respondents take the largest share of 6(7.5%) and male respondents were 2(2.5%).From this the
researcher conclude that as compared to male, many female respondents do not have any
additional source of income except from their normal works they engaged. At the end, the
additional source of the income of the respondent’s income play a great role in the household
and the country; because, it can improve their household living standard and can generate more
to the development of country as the respondents replied.

4.1.14. The belief of the society that female perform their task in home
only to generate income
Culturally society believes that female can perform their work in home to generate income.But,
now a day’s females can perform equally with their male counterpart out of the home to generate
income.
Table 4:15 performing in home only sex Cross tabulation (Belief of the society that
women perform their task to generate income)
Count
Sex percentage
Response
Male female Total male female Total %

In home Yes 10 16 26 12.5% 20% 32.5%

only No 42.5% 25% 67.5
34 20 54
%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
The collected data in the table 4:15 shows that even if 26(32.5%) of the total respondents
believed that women perform their task only in home to generate income, the majority of the
respondents which account 54(67.5%) replied that women are not performing their task in home
only to generate income; rather they can also engaged in the works outside the home equally
with male to generate income. This indicates that the belief of the society is changing.

29
4.1.15. Participation rate of the respondents in the income generating
activities
In the very poor household, the family depend on the daily earning of men and women were the
main income contributor to the household; because, the income of the husbands most of the time
spent for recreational purpose.

Table 4:16 more sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the respondents that more
participate in income generating activities
Count
Sex percentage
Response
Male Female Total male female Total

More Male 34 24 58 42.5% 30% 72.5%

participant Female 4 10 14 5% 12.5% 17.5%
A and B 6 2 8 7.5% 2.5% 10%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021

The collected data in the table 4:16 indicates that from the total respondents, 58(72.5%)
respondents said that males are the major participant in income generation than females. On the
other hand, 14(17.5%) of the total respondents replied females participate more in income
generation activities than males in the household; whereas 8(10%) of the total respondents said
that both male and female participate in income generation activities equally. Thus, the
researcher concluded that as male and females were compared to each other in the study area,
males were the major participant in income generating activity than females; and these leads to
wealth difference between male and female and can retard the economic development of the
country.

30
4.1.16. Access and control of house hold property
Women have the right to Owen resources. But, accessing credit facilities, inheritance right and
land tenure are governed by traditionally limiting the full employment of women in obtaining
and owning property. Moreover, lack of productive resources could further seriously undermined
women’s ability to strength the necessary income for the livelihood of the household.

Table 4:17 controls of households’ property sex Cross tabulation (Distribution of the
respondents on the control of the house hold property).
Count

Sex percentage
Response Total
male Female Total male female

Control of Male 34 18 52 42.5% 22.5% 65%

house hold
Female 0 11 11 0% 13.75% 13.75%
property
Both 10 7 17 12.5% 8.75% 21.25%

Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%

Source:-Owen survey, 2021

In relation to the control of the household property, the collected data in the table 4:17 shows that
from the total respondents, 52(65%) of the respondents replied the household property is
controlled by male; from this 34(42.5%) were male and 18(22.5%) were females respondents.
On the other hand, 11(13.75%) of the total respondents said that household property is controlled
most commonly by female; of which male and female respondents account 0(0%) and
11(13.75%) respectively. This is because women mostly work in home; this tells us that even if
culturally women have no right to control their property, the survey in the study area shows most
of the women can control their property and can generate income to the household.

31
4.1.17. Decision making activities toward selling household property.
In many part of the world, females are next to males and most of the decision to sell the
household property are passed tom male. This is true in our country, Ethiopia and also in the
studying area .This is due to cultural influence and lack of educational expansion; as a result,
women denied the right to decide on their assets. In the study area, most women are not the
decision maker in the household; with regard to family income, there is cultural belief that males
are more talented to sell the household property.

Table 4:18 decision making sex Crosstabulation (Distribution of the respondents on

their decision making of the household property selling)

Count
Sex Percentage
Response
Male Female Total male Female Total %

Decision Male 32 26 58 40% 32.5% 72.5%

maker Female 0 7 7 0% 8.75% 8.75%
A and B 12 3 15 15% 3.75% 18.75%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
The collected data in the table 4:18 shows that from the total respondents, 58(72.5%) of which
32(40%) were male and 26(32.5%) were female respondents replied that the decision making on
the selling of the household property is held by male. On the other hand, few respondents which
cover 0(0%) and 7(8.75%) were male and female respondents respectively replied that the
decision making on the selling of the household property is performed by women. About
15(18.75%) of the total respondents also suggested both male and female can equally made
decision towards sell of their common property. From the above information obtained from the
study area, the decision towards selling of the household property is performed by males mainly.

32
This leads to the violation of women’s right towards the sale of their property and finally it
decreases the income of the household.

4.1.18. The degree of gender disparity in the income generating activity

Table 4:19 degree of discrimination sex Cross tabulation (The degree of gender
disparity between male and female in income generating activity)
Count
Sex Percentage
Response
Male Female Total male Female Total %

Existence of Yes 30 30 60 37.5% 37.5% 75%

discrimination No 14 6 20 17.5% 7.5% 25%
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%
Source:-Owen survey, 2021
The data in the table 4:19 shows that, 60(75%) of the total respondents said that there is
discrimination between male and female in the work of income generating activities. This is due
to cultural belief that females are not involved in the outdoor activity and low level of education.
On the other hand,20(25%) of them said there is no any sort of discrimination between the work
of male and female to generate income. These respondents suggested that, now a day, women
can participate in every economic activity equally with their men counter parts without any
discrimination. But, majority of the respondents said there is discrimination between male and
female andthis needs urgent policy to avoid this problem.

4.1.19. The effect of gender disparity on income generating activity

In our culture, women are weak and fit to be sitting at home; nurturing children and engaging in
other indoor activities. This is the greatest prejudice in our society. Productivity is low when

33
there is a lot of partiality. Women are always beaten not physically but professionally. Also
women hurt due to the effect of gender disparity and promotion for women employment are also
hindered when there is so much of gender inequality in the work place. And gender disparity
creates wealth difference and, decrease economic growth among others.

Table 4:20 effect of gender disparity on income generation sex Cross tabulation
Count

Sex percentage
Response Total
Male Female Total male female

Yes 41 32 73 51.25% 40% 91.25%

Have
No 3.75% 5% 8.75%
3 4 7
Effect
Total 44 36 80 55% 45% 100%

Source:-Owen survey, 2021

The collected data in the table 4:20 shows that from the total respondents, 73(91.25%)
respondents replied gender disparity can have a great effect on income generating activities. On
the other hand, few respondents that cover 7(8.75%) were said gender disparity have no effect on
income generating activities. These great differences between the respondent’s shows that as the
majority of the respondents indicate, gender disparity have a great effect on the income
generating activities.

34
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. CONCLUSION
The study shows that, 32(40%) from the total respondents are within the age group of 18-25
which covers the highest part. As the study shows, majority of the respondents were metal
worker which accounts 34(42.5%) of the total respondents under this group, the male covers the
highest part. On the analysis of education, majority of the respondents were those who can read
and write, which account 26(32.5%) of the total respondents and engaged in different jobs. As
the study shows, except the income range of below 800 and 1000-1500, females with a monthly
income of 800-1000 and 1500-2000 exceeds that of males which shows the competitive position
of females with males in generating income.The decision making power of women on
community issue and problem are low and passively accept the decision of men. Cultural
attitudes of the respondents to female were, females are easily born to give service like care of
child, elder, prepare household food. This indicates there is a gender disparity on jobs due to
cultural and social norms and women were not engaged in the work of outdoor activities to
generate income. Men and women can participate equally in the work of farming.

As the study shows, gender disparity has serious impact on decision making and controlling
resource like, lack of respect with each other, degradation of natural resource and dissolving the
relationship between the families. As 45(56.25%) of the respondents replied that the cause of
gender disparity on income generating activity is due to cultural belief of the society. On the
ground that participate more on income generation activities, men cover the highest part which
account 58(72.5%) of the total respondents. Even if culturally women have no right of
controlling their property, the survey in the study area shows that majority of females can control
their property and can generate income to the household. The decision making on the selling of
household livestock and other property is decided by the husband. Finally, the study shows that
gender disparity has a great effect on the income generating activities.

35
 5.2. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations are made by the researcher: -
Encourage religious leader, government and influential person to participate actively in the
promotion and implementation of gender equality.Give awareness for male that should be
involved in the household activities to minimize the burden of women.Give detail education for
the society about the gender disparity of men and women on decision making and selling of the
household property.Through expanding education, the government should break the backward
thinking of the community that female participate only in the indoor activities and assuring
female and male should participate equally in both indoor and outdoor activities.
The participation of women in income generating activities in the society is low. Therefore, the
concerned body should give awareness for the society to increase the participation of female.

36
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 APPENDIX

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

This questioner is preparing by third year economics student in WachemoUniversity to gather

the reliable data on the title of gender disparity and its effect on the income generation activities
in Durame town. So, dear respondents are kindly requested to provide necessary information
carefully for the questions lists below. The secret will be requested for all information given.

NB: Dear respondent at the time of answering the questions by putting “√ ‘’sign in the box.

PART one: - Demographic Aspect of the respondent

• Sex: - male female

• Age: - A. 18-25 B. 25-36 C. 37-45 D. above45 year

• Marital status: - A. single B. married C. divorced D. widowed

• Occupation: -A. farmer B. trader C.gov't employees D. other

• Family size: - A.1-3 B.3-5 C.5-7 D. above 7

• Level of education: - A. illiterate B. Who can read and write

C. Who complete grade 10 D. Who joins college or university?

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PART two: - socio-cultural and income generation activities

1. Who are participating in decision making and controlling community issue and resource
respectively?

A. men B. females

2. What is your monthly income?

A. from 800-1000birr B. from 1000-1500birr

C. from 1500-2000birr D. above 2000birr

3. Inyour surrounding area, are male and female equal?

A.YES B. NO

4. Do you believe that there is gender disparity on working activities?

A.YES B.NO

5. What are works that are performed by both women and man to generate income?

A. gov’ts employee B. trade

C. both D. other

6. What are the causes of gender disparity on income generating activities?

A. cultural belief B. Nature of work

C. lacks of education D. Other

7. What is the additional source of your income in the household?

A. farming B. trade

C. supports from children D. Other

8. In the household who are participate more in the income generation activities?

41
A. Male B. female

9. Who control the household property?

A. Male B. female

10. Who decide to sell livestock and other household property in the household?

A. Male B. female

11. Is there any discrimination between men and women on the work to generate income?

A.YES B.NO

12. Is there a problemthat hinders your participation in economic activity for income
generation?

A.YES B.NO

13. If your answer for question number 16 is yes, what kind of problem do you face?

___________________________________________________________________________
______

14. What is your suggestion about government program to enhance women’s economic
participation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Thank you !!

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