SciEngMat Enhanced 7e SI Ch21 01-03

6/6/2022
The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Optical Fiber
Source: https://reurl.cc/GxQmED
Source: https://reurl.cc/55Vr56
Source: https://reurl.cc/A7pkyd
Chapter 21
Photonic Materials
Solar Cell/Photovoltaic What we will learn about photonic materials
Source: https://reurl.cc/QLm94o
 Fundamental principles that have guided applications

of optical materials
 Material optical properties are related to
 The interaction/response of a material with/to

electromagnetic radiation in the form of waves or
Light-emitting Diode Semiconductor Laser particles of energy called photons
 Emission of photons from materials; interaction of

photons with materials
© 2022 Cengage® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Source: https://reurl.cc/p1ogLd Source: https://reurl.cc/Rr80zn
Chapter Learning Objectives
Explain how the Explain the physical

Calculate the
band structure of basis for the
intensity of light
Define the term solids gives rise to functioning of
that is refracted,
photon and calculate the optical optoelectronic
reflected, absorbed,
its energy properties of metals, devices such as
and transmitted by
semiconductors, and solar cells and light-
a material
insulators emitting diodes
© 2022 Cengage® . May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2
1
6/6/2022
Chapter Outline
Sections
• 21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• 21-2 Refraction, Reflection, Absorption & Transmission
• 21-3 Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection
• 21-4 Examples & Use of Emission Phenomena
• 21-5 Fiber-Optic Communications Systems
3
21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Light is energy (or radiation) in the form of waves or particles called photons
• Photon: a quantum unit of light
• The energy of a photon is said to be quantized, or can only have specific

values, defined by the relationship
- E: energy
ℎ 𝑐0
𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = - 𝜈: frequency
𝜆 - 𝜆: wavelength
- ℎ: Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10–34 J∙s
or 4.14 × 10–15 eV∙s (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J))
- 𝑐0 : speed of light (in vacuum, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s)
⟹ This equation permits us to consider the photon either as a particle of

energy E or as a wave with a characteristic wavelength and frequency
© 2022 Cengage®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4
2
6/6/2022

• The following figure shows spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
• High energy gamma (~10-12 m) and x-rays have short wavelengths and high frequencies
• Microwaves and radio waves (~105 m) have long wavelengths and low energy
• Visible light (4×10-7 - 7×10-7 m) represents only a narrow portion of the EM spectrum
5
• The following figure shows the response of the human eye to different colors and
bandgaps (Eg) of semiconductors (in eV) and corresponding wavelengths of light
6
3
6/6/2022
21-2 Refraction, Reflection, Absorption & Transmission
• All materials interact with light in some way. When incoming photons interact
with the valence electrons of a material, the following may happen:
• Absorption: photon energy absorbed by material
• Reflection: photons give up energy, but photons of identical energy emitted

by material
• Transmission: photons pass through material without interacting
• Refraction: in transmission, velocity of photons changes, and as a result, the

light is bent at the interface
• A small fraction of the incident light may be scattered with a slightly different
frequency (Raman scattering)
7
Light Interactions with Solids

• Incident light is reflected, absorbed, scattered, and/or transmitted:
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝑆 +𝐼𝑇 (watts/m2)
⟹ corresponding to the energy being transmitted per unit of time across a unit area
perpendicular to the direction of propagation
Reflected: IR Absorbed: IA
Transmitted: IT
Incident: I0 Schematic from Callister’s Materials Science
Scattered: IS and Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch 10e,
2020 John Wiley & Sons
• Several factors are important in determining the behavior of the photon, with the energy
required to excite an electron to a higher energy state being of particular importance
8
4
6/6/2022
Light Interactions with Solids
• Optical classification of materials:
Transparent Translucent Opaque
Fig. 21.10, Callister’s Materials Science and

Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch 10e, 2020 John
Wiley & Sons. (Specimen preparation P.A. Lessing.)
single polycrystalline polycrystalline porous

crystal dense (5% porosity)
• Transparent: Materials are capable of transmitting light with relatively little absorption and reflection
• Translucent: Light is transmitted diffusely, i.e., light is scattered within the interior, objects are not clearly
distinguishable when viewed through a specimen of the material
• Opaque: Materials are impervious to the transmission of visible light, e.g., Bulk metals (either all absorbed
or reflected)
9
Atomic and Electronic Interactions

• The interactions between the electromagnetic radiation and atoms, ions, electrons include
• Electronic polarization:
• One component of an electromagnetic wave is simply a rapidly fluctuating electric field

Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch 10e,
2020 John Wiley & Sons.
• The electric field interacts with the 𝑒 − cloud to induce electronic polarization, to shift
the electron cloud relative to the nucleus of the atom with each change in direction of
electric field component
• 2 consequences of this polarization:
- Some of the radiation energy may be absorbed
- Light waves are retarded in velocity as they pass through the medium and is
manifested as refraction
10
5
6/6/2022
Atomic and Electronic Interactions

• Electron energy transitions
• (1) The energy states for the atom are discrete, only specific ’s exist between the
energy levels ⟹ only photons of frequencies corresponding to the possible ∆𝐸’s for the
atom can be absorbed by electron transitions
• (2) A stimulated electron cannot remain in an excited state indefinitely ⟹ it falls or
decays back into its ground state after a short time with a reemission of
electromagnetic radiation
• (3) In any case, there must be a conservation of energy for absorption and emission
electron transitions
The change in energy experienced by the electron,

Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch 10e, ∆𝐸 depends on the radiation frequency: ∆𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
11
Optical Properties of Metals

• Metals are opaque because the incident radiation
exciting 𝑒 − into unoccupied energy states above the
Fermi energy is absorbed
• Opaque to all electromagnetic radiation on the low end

of the frequency spectrum
• Transparent to high-frequency (x- & 𝛾- ray) radiation
• All frequencies of visible light are absorbed by

metals due to continuously available empty
electron states; some small fraction of the energy
from 𝑒 − decay processes is dissipated as heat
• Total absorption is within a very thin outer layer ⟹

metallic films < 0.1 𝜇𝑚 are capable of transmitting
visible light Fig. 21.1, Callister’s Materials Science and
Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch 10e,
12
6
6/6/2022
21-2 Refraction
• Refraction:
• A transmitted photon polarizes the electrons in the material and interacts with
the polarized material, losing some of its energy
Electron
No cloud distorts
transmitted Transmitted
+ +
light light
• When a photon enters the material, its velocity and direction will change
13
21-2 Refraction
• Refraction: Photo from Callister’s Materials Science

and Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch
• The index of refraction, n, (or the degree of bending) is defined as 10e, 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
(© PhotoDisc/Getty Images.)
- 𝑐: velocity of light (in vacuum, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s)

𝑐 𝜆vaccum sin 𝜃𝑖
𝑛= = = - 𝑣: velocity of light in the material
𝑣 𝜆 sin 𝜃𝑡 - 𝜃𝑖 : incidence angle
- 𝜃𝑡 : refraction angle
• Example: Each color is deflected by a different amount as the white light passes into and
out of the glass, resulting in color separation
• The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum
• n affects the optical path of light and the fraction of incident light reflected at the surface
• The frequency of light does not change as it is refracted
14
7
6/6/2022
21-2 Refraction
• Snell’s law relates the velocities of an incident and refracted beams passing
between 2 non-vacuum materials
𝑐1 𝑛2 sin 𝜃𝑖
= =
𝑐2 𝑛1 sin 𝜃𝑡
• Refraction causes the beam to change direction
• If 𝑛1 > 𝑛2 : Light is bent away from the normal and toward the boundary surface
• If 𝜃𝑡 = 90o: A beam traveling through Material 1 is reflected rather than

transmitted
15
21-2 Refraction
• If a material is easily polarized ⟹ more interaction of photons with material electronic
structure occurs
• The electronic polarization (i.e., displacement of 𝑒 − cloud around the atoms and ions)
controls the refractive index of materials
• We can also find a relationship between the refractive index and the high frequency
dielectric constant (𝜀𝑟 ) of nonferromagnetic or nonferrimagnetic materials
- 𝜇, 𝜇0 : magnetic permeabilities of material and vacuum

𝑐 𝜇𝜀 - 𝜀, 𝜀0 : dielectric permittivities of material and vacuum
𝑛= = = 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 ≅ 𝜀𝑟 - 𝜇𝑟 , 𝜀𝑟 : dielectric constant and the relative magnetic permeability
𝑣 𝜇0 𝜀0
- most substances are only slightly magnetic, 𝜇𝑟 ≅ 1
⟹ the electronic component of the dielectric constant may be determined from index of
refraction measurements
16
8
6/6/2022
21-2 Refraction
• The retardation of electromagnetic radiation in a medium results from electronic
polarization
• The larger an atom or ion, the greater the electronic polarization, the slower the
velocity, and the greater the index of refraction, e.g., Soda–lime glass, n ~ 1.5;
but highly leaded glasses (90%PbO), n ~ 2.1
• Doping silica fibers to enhance the refractive index: Optical fibers - n (core) > n
(outer cladding region) to keep the light (and hence information) in the core
• A denser form or polymorph will have a higher n (compare the refractive indices
of ice and water or glass and quartz)
• Noncubic crystals of ceramics and glasses have an anisotropic n; i.e., n is

greatest along the directions that have the highest density of ions (anisotropic)
17
Recall 19-10 Polarization in Dielectrics
• Larger atoms and ions ⟹ the electron cloud is farther away from the nucleus and
held less tightly ⟹ have higher electronic polarizability (tendency to undergo
polarization)
• The higher the electronic polarizability, the higher the refractive index
• For example, lead crystal, an amorphous glass that contains up to 30% PbO
⟹ when high enough concentrations of PbO are present in the glass
⟹ large lead ions (Pb+2) are highly polarizable and provide a high-refractive index
⟹ causing more light to be reflected, thus enhancing its appearance for aesthetic purposes
Source: https://reurl.cc/e3yML7
18
9
6/6/2022
21-2 Refraction
• The refractive index n is not constant for a material and depends on the
wavelength/frequency of the photons
• Dispersion of a material is defined as the variation of the refractive index with
wavelength
𝑑𝑛
𝜆 Dispersion = (nonlinear)
𝑑𝜆
• Light pulses of different wavelengths, starting at the same time at the end of
an optical fiber, will arrive at different times at the other end
• Dispersion also causes chromatic aberration in optical lenses
19
21-2 Refraction
• Typical values of the index of refraction for several materials
20
10
6/6/2022
21-2 Reflection
• Reflection:
• In some metals, photons excite the valence 𝑒 − into higher energy levels (excited states),
but these 𝑒 − immediately release photons with identical energy back to lower energy
Energy of electron
unfilled states
IR “conducting” electron
Electron transition
photon emitted
from metal
surface
filled states
Adapted from Fig. 21.4(b), Callister’s Materials
Science and Engineering, Callister &
Rethwisch 10e, 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
• Reflection may occur at both the front and back surfaces of the material
21
21-2 Reflection
• The light will be scattered at the interface between the two media (different n) even if both
are transparent
• The reflectivity R represents the fraction of the incident light that is reflected at the
interface, or
𝐼𝑅 - 𝐼𝑅 , 𝐼0 : intensities of the incident and reflected beams
𝑅= 𝐼0 - For metals, R ~ 0.9-0.95; for silicate glasses, R ~ 0.05
• If the light is normal (or perpendicular) to the interface, then
𝑛2 −𝑛1 2
𝑅= - 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 : indices of refraction of the two media
𝑛2 +𝑛1
• If the incident light is not normal to the interface, R will depend on the angle of incidence.
When light is transmitted from a vacuum or air into a solid s
Example: For Diamond n = 2.41
𝑛𝑠 −1 2 2
𝑅= ⟹ The higher n of solids, the greater is the R 𝑅=
2.41 − 1
= 0.17
𝑛𝑠 +1 2.41 + 1
© 2022 Cengage® so 17%
. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole of light
or in part. is reflected 22
11
6/6/2022
21-2 Reflection
• Reflection:
𝜆vaccum
• Because the index of refraction (𝑛 = ) varies with wavelength, so does the reflectivity
𝜆
𝐼𝑅
• High R (= ) of metals (R ~ 0.9-0.95) is one reason that they are opaque
𝐼0
• Reflection of light for metals

• Metal surfaces appear shiny
• Most of absorbed light is reflected/reemitted at the same wavelength from the surface;
small fraction of light is dissipated as heat
• Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution
• Cu and Au absorb light in blue and green ⟹ reflected light has red-orange, yellow color
• If the entire visible spectrum is virtually reflected, metals have a white, or silvery color,
e.g., Al, Ag
• If photons are totally absorbed, no light would be reflected ⟹ metals would appear black
23
21-2 Reflection
• Materials have very good reflectivity, e.g., mirrors and certain types of coatings on
glasses or roofs ⟹ much of e.g., heat or infrared (that produces heat), can be reflected
• Low reflectivity, e.g., antireflective (AR) coatings ⟹ you see through the glass
without seeing your own reflection ⟹ used in glasses, automobile rear view mirrors,
windows, picture frames
• By coating a layer of dielectric material, magnesium fluoride (MgF2) ⟹ reflection losses
for lenses and other optical instruments can be minimized significantly
Cloud Gate in Chicago
Source: https://reurl.cc/rDkVZ4
Source: https://reurl.cc/QLNoX5 Source: https://reurl.cc/9G094x 24
Source: https://reurl.cc/p18RZ8
12
6/6/2022
21-2 Absorption
• Nonmetallic materials may be opaque or transparent to visible light; and, if

transparent, they often appear colored
• Light radiation of nonmetals is absorbed by two basic mechanisms
• Electronic polarization: only at light frequencies in the vicinity of the relaxation

frequency of the constituent atoms
• Valence band-conduction band electron transition: depending on the electron

energy band structure of materials
25
21-2 Absorption
• Absorption of photons by electron transitions:
Fig. 21.5, Callister’s Materials

Science and Engineering,
Callister & Rethwisch 10e,
• These excitations with the accompanying absorption can take place only if the
ℎ𝑐
photon energy is greater than that of the band gap, i.e., ℎ𝑣 > 𝐸𝑔 or > 𝐸𝑔
𝜆
26
13
6/6/2022
21-2 Absorption
• Maximum band gap energy Eg (max) for which absorption of visible light is
eV?
ℎ𝑣 (4.13×10−15 eV∙s)(3×108 m/s)
𝐸𝑔 max = = = 3.1 eV (blue light)
𝜆(min) 4×10−7 m
(minimum wavelength absorbed by a material having Eg = 3.1 eV)
• That is, no visible light is absorbed by nonmetallic materials having Eg > 3.1 eV ⟹ these
materials, if of high purity, will appear transparent and colorless, e.g., diamond (Eg ~ 5.6 eV)
• Minimum band gap energy Eg (min) for which absorption of visible light is
ℎ𝑣 (4.13×10−15 eV∙s)(3×108 m/s)

𝐸𝑔 min = = = 1.8 eV (red light)
𝜆(max) 7×10−7 m
(maximum wavelength absorbed by a material having Eg = 1.8 eV)
• That is, for semiconducting materials having Eg < 1.8 eV ⟹ all visible light is absorbed ⟹
materials are opaque, e.g., Si (1.11 eV), GaAs (0.67 eV))
• Materials having 1.8 eV < Eg < 3.1 eV ⟹ appear colored (only a portion of the visible spectrum
is absorbed)
27
21-2 Absorption
• Optical absorption of photons in semiconductors:
• The presence of donor and/or acceptor states allows for light absorption at other wavelengths
• Much lower-energy (and hence much longer-wavelength) photons are absorbed in causing
electron excitation
• Opaque to high- and intermediate-energy (short-and intermediate-wavelength) light photons
and transparent to low-energy, very long wavelength photons
• If the energy of the photon is greater than Eg, the excess energy is dissipated as heat
Fig. 15.8, Foundations of Materials

Science and Engineering, 5th Edn.
in SI units, Smith and Hashemi,
McGraw-Hill
28
14
6/6/2022
21-2 Absorption
• Absorption:
• The electromagnetic energy that was absorbed by this electron excitation must be
dissipated in some manner, e.g.,
• via direct 𝑒 − and ℎ+ recombination: 𝑒 − + ℎ+ → energy (∆𝐸)
• multiple-step electron transitions may occur
2 photons phonon generation, energy

emission dissipated in the form of heat
Fig. 21.6, Callister’s Materials Science

and Engineering, Callister & Rethwisch
10e, 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
29
Recall 19-4 Semiconductors

Direct bandgap semiconductors Indirect bandgap semiconductors
• 𝑒− can be promoted from the C.B. to the • 𝑒 − cannot be promoted from the C.B. to
V.B. without changing the momentum of the V.B. without an increase in the
Source: https://reurl.cc/anV3pZ
the 𝑒 − , e.g., GaAs, GaAs-AlAs, ZnO, GaN momentum of the 𝑒 − , e.g., Si, Ge, GaP, SiC
• Radiative recombination: 𝑒 − and ℎ+ • Nonradiative recombination: Not all the
combine to produce light when 𝑒 − fall back energy will be emitted in the form of the
into the V.B. photon but some energy is emitted in the
• Direct bandgap materials (optoelectronic form of phonons, i.e. some part is
materials) are used to make lasers and light- transferred to the lattice, and the lattice
emitting diodes (LEDs), of different colors will vibrate (in order to either gain or lose
(Chapter 21) momentum) and generate heat
• The bandgap can be tuned using solid
• Difficult to get light emission
solutions ⟹ a change in the wavelength, i.e.,
frequency of color is related to Eg
• Both direct and indirect bandgap materials can be doped to form n- or p-type semiconductors
30
15
6/6/2022
21-2 Absorption
• Absorption:
• The fraction of the beam absorbed by the material is related to material thickness &
crystal structure
𝐼
• Bouguer’s law, or the Beer–Lambert law: The intensity (I) of the beam or the fraction ( )
𝐼0
of nonreflected light after passing through the material
- 𝐼0 : intensity after reflection at the front surface

𝐼 - 𝑥 : usually the thickness of the material
𝐼 = 𝐼0 exp −𝛼𝑥 or = exp −𝛼𝑥 - 𝛼: linear absorption coefficient (mm-1), a material characteristic
𝐼0
and varies with wavelength of the incident radiation
⟹ The intensity of transmitted or nonabsorbed radiation continuously decreases with

distance x that the light traverses
• Materials that have large 𝛼 values are considered to be highly absorptive
31
21-2 Absorption
• Absorption happens by several mechanisms, such as
• Rayleigh scattering: Photons interact with the 𝑒 − orbiting an atom and are deflected
without any change in photon energy; “elastic” scattering
• Significant for higher photon energies (scatters most efficiently) and is responsible for
the color of the sky (mostly blue)
• Most efficient for particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light
• Tyndall effect: Scattering from particles much larger than the wavelength of light
• E.g., Clouds, consisting of water droplets, look white
• Compton scattering: The incoming photon loses some of its energy to the 𝑒 − , causing
the wavelength of the light increases; “inelastic” scattering
32
16
6/6/2022
21-2 Transmission
• Transmission:
• Fraction of the beam not reflected or absorbed is
transmitted through the material
𝐼𝑡 = 1 − 𝑅 2 𝐼0 exp −𝛼𝑥 Opaque
(refer to the textbook for the derivation of the equation)
• The intensity of the transmitted beam depends on the

energy of the incident photons and the energy gap of
Transparent
the material
• The intensity of the transmitted beam also depends on Opaque

microstructural features, e.g., porosity scatters photons,
making a ceramic opaque; crystalline precipitates
having a much different n cause scattering, making
transparent glasses become translucent or opaque
33
Scattering of Light in Polymers

• For intrinsic polymers (without additives and impurities), the degree of translucency is
influenced primarily by the extent of crystallinity
• For highly amorphous and pore-free polymers
• Little or no scattering
• These materials are transparent
Fig. 15. 7, Foundations of Materials
• Semicrystalline polymers Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI
units, Smith and Hashemi, McGraw-Hill
• Scattering of light at boundaries between crystalline and amorphous regions (different
indices of refraction)
• Highly crystalline polymers may be translucent or opaque due to extensive scattering
• Examples:
• Polystyrene (amorphous) – clear and transparent
• Low-density polyethylene milk cartons – opaque
34
Source: https://reurl.cc/ErYkX1 Source: https://reurl.cc/Xjxo5j
17
6/6/2022
Color of Nonmetals
• The fraction of the visible light having energies greater than Eg is selectively
absorbed by valence band–conduction band electron transitions
• Color determined by the distribution of wavelengths/frequency:
• Transmitted light
• Re-emitted light from electron transitions
• Example 1: Cadmium Sulfide (CdS), Eg = 2.4 eV
• Absorbs higher energy visible light (blue, violet)
• Color results from red/orange/yellow light that is transmitted
35
Color of Nonmetals Fig. 21.6, Callister’s Materials Science and Engineering,

Callister & Rethwisch 10e, 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
(Adapted from “The Optical Properties of Materials,” by
• With insulator ceramics, specific impurities introduce A. Javan. Copyright © 1967 by Scientific American, Inc.
All rights reserved.)
electron levels within the forbidden band gap
Transmittance (%)
80 sapphire
• Example 2: Ruby = Sapphire (Al2O3) + (0.5-2) at% Cr2O3
70
• high-purity and single-crystal sapphire is transparent & ruby
60
colorless (Eg > 3.1 eV) 50
• adding Cr2O3 : 40
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
• alters the band gap (Cr3+ substitutes for Al3+ and
wavelength, λ (= c/ν)(μm)
introduces impurity levels)
• blue and orange/yellow/green light is absorbed • For the sapphire, transmittance is relatively
• red light is transmitted constant with wavelength over the spectrum
⟹ thus colorlessness
• Result: Ruby is deep red in color • For the ruby: strong absorption peaks occur,
at ~ 0.4 𝜇m (blue-violet region) and at ~
0.6 𝜇m (yellow-green light)
36
18
6/6/2022
21.3 Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection
• Unusual optical behavior is observed when photons are selectively absorbed,

transmitted, or reflected
• Glasses doped with certain materials produce energy levels which absorb light
of all colors except purple, e.g., fluorite (CaF2) formed with excess calcium ⟹
𝑒 − will be trapped in the produced fluoride ion vacancy as energy levels
• Polymers: particularly those containing an aromatic ring in the backbone, e.g.,

chlorophyll (green) & hemoglobin (red), also have their characteristic color
because complex covalent bonds create an energy structure which causes
selective absorption
• Lasers work similarly, with dopants creating energy levels which permit
luminescence
37
21.3 Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection
• Inorganic glasses are colored by incorporating transition or rare earth ions while the
glass is still in the molten state
• These colored glasses are also used as glazes, decorative coatings on ceramic ware
38
Protect pdf from copying with Online-PDF-No-Copy.com

19

SciEngMat Enhanced 7e SI Ch21 01-03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SciEngMat Enhanced 7e SI Ch21 01-03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/6/2022

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

 Fundamental principles that have guided applications

 Material optical properties are related to

 The interaction/response of a material with/to

 Emission of photons from materials; interaction of

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Chapter Learning Objectives

Explain how the Explain the physical

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The energy of a photon is said to be quantized, or can only have specific

⟹ This equation permits us to consider the photon either as a particle of

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

21-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

21-2 Refraction, Reflection, Absorption & Transmission

• Absorption: photon energy absorbed by material

• Reflection: photons give up energy, but photons of identical energy emitted

• Transmission: photons pass through material without interacting

• Refraction: in transmission, velocity of photons changes, and as a result, the

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Light Interactions with Solids

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Light Interactions with Solids

• Optical classification of materials:

Transparent Translucent Opaque

Fig. 21.10, Callister’s Materials Science and

single polycrystalline polycrystalline porous

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Atomic and Electronic Interactions

Fig. 21.1, Callister’s Materials Science and

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Atomic and Electronic Interactions

The change in energy experienced by the electron,

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Optical Properties of Metals

• Opaque to all electromagnetic radiation on the low end

• Transparent to high-frequency (x- & 𝛾- ray) radiation

• All frequencies of visible light are absorbed by

• Total absorption is within a very thin outer layer ⟹

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

• Refraction: Photo from Callister’s Materials Science

- 𝑐: velocity of light (in vacuum, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s)

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

• Refraction causes the beam to change direction

• If 𝜃𝑡 = 90o: A beam traveling through Material 1 is reflected rather than

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

- 𝜇, 𝜇0 : magnetic permeabilities of material and vacuum

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

• Noncubic crystals of ceramics and glasses have an anisotropic n; i.e., n is

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

Recall 19-10 Polarization in Dielectrics

⟹ when high enough concentrations of PbO are present in the glass

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

• Typical values of the index of refraction for several materials

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright

The Science and Engineering of Materials, Enhanced Seventh Edition, SI Askeland/Wright