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Link Layer
v combination of hardware,
software, firmware network adapter
card
datagram datagram
controller controller
frame
otherwise
0 0
sender: receiver:
v treat segment contents v compute checksum of
as sequence of 16-bit received segment
integers v check if computed
v checksum: addition (1’s checksum equals checksum
complement sum) of field value:
segment contents § NO - error detected
v sender puts checksum § YES - no error detected.
value into UDP But maybe errors
checksum field nonetheless?
D.2r
R = remainder[ ]
G
6-slot 6-slot
frame frame
1 3 4 1 3 4
time
frequency bands
FDM cable
node 2 2 2 2
node 3 3 3 3
C E C S E C E S S
Pros: Cons:
v single active node can v collisions, wasting slots
continuously transmit at v idle slots
full rate of channel
v nodes may be able to
v highly decentralized: only detect collision in less
slots in nodes need to be
in sync than time to transmit
packet
v simple
v clock synchronization
Link Layer 5-25
Slotted ALOHA: efficiency
!
v prob that given node has at best: channel
success in a slot = p(1- used for useful
p)N-1 transmissions 37%
v prob that any node has a of time!
success = Np(1-p)N-1
Link Layer 5-26
Pure (unslotted) ALOHA
v unslotted Aloha: simpler, no synchronization
v when frame first arrives
§ transmit immediately
v collision probability increases:
§ frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in
[t0-1,t0+1]
= p . (1-p)N-1 . (1-p)N-1
= p . (1-p)2(N-1)
… choosing optimum p and then letting n
= 1/(2e) = .18
1
efficiency =
1 + 5t prop /ttrans
v efficiency goes to 1
§ as tprop goes to 0
§ as ttrans goes to infinity
v better performance than ALOHA: and simple, cheap,
decentralized!
data
Link Layer 5-37
Cable access network
Internet frames,TV channels, control transmitted
downstream at different frequencies
cable headend
CMTS
…
splitter cable
cable modem … modem
termination system
Downstream channel i
CMTS
Upstream channel j
1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD
LAN
(wired or adapter
wireless)
71-65-F7-2B-08-53
58-23-D7-FA-20-B0
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP
Eth
Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP IP
Eth Eth
Phy Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP
Eth
Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
switch
star
bus: coaxial cable
Link Layer 5-55
Ethernet frame structure
sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other
network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame
type
dest. source
preamble address address data CRC
(payload)
preamble:
v 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one
byte with pattern 10101011
v used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates
MAC protocol
application and frame format
transport
network 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T2 100BASE-FX
link 100BASE-T4 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX
physical
A A A’
v switch learns which hosts
can be reached through B
C’
which interfaces
§ when frame received, 6 1 2
switch “learns”
location of sender: 5 4 3
incoming LAN segment
§ records sender/location B’ C
pair in switch table
A’
A A A’
v frame destination, A’,
B
locaton unknown: flood C’
1
v destination A location 6 2
A’
S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E
S4
S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E
IP subnet
switch(es) supporting
VLAN capabilities can … …
be configured to Electrical Engineering Computer Science
define multiple virtual (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15)
… …
2 8 10 16
2 8 10 16 2 4 6 8
… …
type
dest. source
preamble
address address
data (payload) CRC 802.1Q frame
PPP or Ethernet
MPLS header IP header remainder of link-layer frame
header
20 3 1 5
Link Layer 5-77
MPLS capable routers
v a.k.a. label-switched router
v forward packets to outgoing interface based only on
label value (don’t inspect IP address)
§ MPLS forwarding table distinct from IP forwarding tables
v flexibility: MPLS forwarding decisions can differ from
those of IP
§ use destination and source addresses to route flows to
same destination differently (traffic engineering)
§ re-route flows quickly if link fails: pre-computed backup
paths (useful for VoIP)
R6
D
R4 R3
R5
A
R2
RSVP-TE
R6
D
R4
R5
modified
link state A
flooding
R6
0 0
D
1 1
R4 R3
R5
0 0
A
R2 in outR1 out
label label dest interface
in out out
label label dest interface 6 - A 0
8 6 A 0
Link Layer 5-82
Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, services 5.5 link virtualization:
5.2 error detection, MPLS
correction 5.6 data center
5.3 multiple access networking
protocols 5.7 a day in the life of a
5.4 LANs web request
§ addressing, ARP
§ Ethernet
§ switches
§ VLANS
Border router
Load Load
balancer Access router balancer
Tier-1 switches
B
A C Tier-2 switches
TOR switches
Server racks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Link Layer 5-85
Data center networks
v rich interconnection among switches, racks:
§ increased throughput between racks (multiple routing
paths possible)
§ increased reliability via redundancy
Tier-1 switches
Tier-2 switches
TOR switches
Server racks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, services 5.5 link virtualization:
5.2 error detection, MPLS
correction 5.6 data center
5.3 multiple access networking
protocols 5.7 a day in the life of a
5.4 LANs web request
§ addressing, ARP
§ Ethernet
§ switches
§ VLANS
school network
68.80.2.0/24
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