Sociology P1 2018-2022

Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
Paper 1 The Family May/June 2018
1 hour 30 minutes
No Additional Materials are required.
* 3 9 9 0 8 2 1 4 4 2 *
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover
of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.
DC (SC) 144415/2
© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Research suggests that in Europe, prior to the eighteenth century, mothers showed little interest
in bonding with their children who were seen more as ‘little adults’. However, views of childhood
gradually changed, with children increasingly seen as innocent and vulnerable. The idea that
children should be protected from the realities of adult life stems from this period in history.
Alongside these changes, sociologists have noted a trend towards child-centred families. In this
type of family, the tie between parent and child has become increasingly important and children
receive a lot of parental care and attention. These changes are occurring as other relationships
in the family are becoming less stable. For example, there has been an increase in lone-parent
families in many countries in recent years.
(a) Define the term lone-parent families. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which children may be protected from the realities of adult life. [4]
(c) Explain why families have become more child-centred in some societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that relationships in the family have become less stable. [11]
Section B
Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.
2 Explain and assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the dominant family type in
modern industrial societies. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that the role of the family is to support the capitalist system. [25]
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 The term ‘life cycle’ is used to refer to the different stages of life. This idea implies there are set
patterns through which individuals pass. Sociologists, such as Parsons, believe that people pass
through a universal life cycle with each individual experiencing the same stages. These stages
relate to age groups, with each age group having specific social roles and expectations.
Other sociologists, such as Pilcher, do not agree that there is a universal life cycle. Instead, she
uses the term ‘life course’ which has given rise to life course analysis. Pilcher argues that stages
in the life course, such as childhood and old age, are socially constructed. This means that the life
course may be experienced in different ways in different societies. For example, in some societies
old age is given higher status than in others. The life course may also be experienced in different
ways within the same society.
(a) Define the term life course analysis. [2]
(b) Describe two social roles associated with young people. [4]
(c) Explain why old age is given higher status in some societies than in others. [8]
(d) Assess the view that childhood is socially constructed. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that cultural factors are the main influence on family structure. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that gender no longer influences the roles performed within the
family. [25]
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Some sociologists argue that childhood, as a distinctive phase in a person’s life, is disappearing.
They state that the differences that used to exist between childhood and adulthood are becoming
less clear, meaning that childhood is no longer a distinctive age set. For example, children are
becoming increasingly exposed to the adult world through developments such as the internet.
Other sociologists, such as Jenks, recognise that childhood may be changing but argue that it
remains a distinctive phase. For example, children are still treated differently to adults in most
societies and laws exist that limit the ability of children to act for themselves. The New Right,
however, would argue that children in some societies have experienced a loss of innocence and
need more protection from the adult world.
(a) Define the term age set. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which children are treated differently to adults in most societies. [4]
(c) Explain the possible consequences of failing to protect children from the adult world. [8]
(d) Assess the view that childhood is disappearing. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that patriarchy remains a powerful influence on family roles and
relationships. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that the main role of the family is to reinforce value consensus in
society. [25]
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Cambridge Assessment International Education
SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 In his 1949 study ‘Social Structure’, the functionalist anthropologist Murdock argued that the
nuclear family is universal. Murdock believed that the nuclear family is found in every society and
also that it is the ‘core’ unit in all other family types. Murdock also recognised variation in both the
structures and relationships found in families. For example, he noted the existence of monogamy
and polygamy in different societies.
Other functionalists have rejected the idea that the nuclear family is universal. Parsons, for
example, argued that the nuclear family is the dominant family form only in modern industrial
societies. In Parsons’ view, the nuclear family became dominant because it has a functional fit
with the economic needs of modern industrial societies.
(a) Define the term polygamy. [2]
(b) Describe two family structures other than the nuclear family. [4]
(c) Explain the view that there is a functional fit between the nuclear family and the economic
needs of modern industrial societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that the nuclear family is universal. [11]
Section B
2 ‘Feminist theories exaggerate the level of inequality in the family.’ Explain and assess this view.
[25]
3 ‘The roles and responsibilities of children in families today are very different from the roles and
responsibilities of children in the past.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Functionalists, such as Parsons, believe that the traditional nuclear family best meets the needs
of society. They argue that a family should have a male parent to fulfil the instrumental role and
a female parent to fulfil the expressive role. The New Right agree that families should have two
parents of the opposite sex and they are therefore critical of lone-parent families which they see
as harmful for society. The New Right argue that state policies should support nuclear families and
discourage alternative family types, such as lone-parent families.
Neo-functionalists, such as Swenson, take a different view. Swenson has argued that a lone-
parent family is not necessarily a dysfunctional family as one parent can successfully combine
both the expressive and instrumental roles.
(a) Define the term dysfunctional family. [2]
(b) Describe two features of the expressive role. [4]
(c) Explain how state policies may influence family life. [8]
(d) Assess the New Right view that lone-parent families are harmful for society. [11]
Section B
2 ‘The nuclear family continues to be the dominant family form in modern industrial societies.’
Explain and assess this view. [25]
3 ‘In the past family roles were fixed but today there is more choice for the individual.’ Explain and
assess this view. [25]
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 The functionalist theory of the family is based on two key assumptions. Firstly, that the nuclear
family meets the economic needs of modern industrial societies. Secondly, that all family members
benefit equally from family life.
Other sociologists have questioned these assumptions. For example, the view that the nuclear
family is the only family structure that can meet the economic needs of modern industrial societies
has been questioned by sociologists who note that there has been an increase in family diversity
without this having negative effects on the economy. In a similar way, Marxists and feminists have
questioned the view that all family members benefit equally from family life. Laing, a psychiatrist,
has even suggested that some people may be psychologically damaged by the experience of
family life.
(a) Define the term family diversity. [2]
(b) Describe two features of a nuclear family. [4]
(c) Explain the functionalist view that the nuclear family meets the economic needs of modern
industrial societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that the family benefits all members equally. [11]
Section B
2 ‘Globalisation is the main reason for the increase in family diversity.’ Explain and assess this view.
[25]
3 ‘The concept of childhood is very different today than in the past.’ Explain and assess this view.
[25]
© UCLES 2019 9699/13/M/J/19
12
Cambridge International AS & A Level
SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
1 hour 30 minutes
You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

* 4 2 4 3 6 6 1 6 8 7 *
You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer two questions in total:
Section A: answer Question 1.
Section B: answer either Question 2 or Question 3.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 50.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 4 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
DC (LEG) 180951/1
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2
Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Functionalists believe that extended families are more common in traditional societies. In such
societies, family members carry out a wide range of functions. In modern industrial societies, many
of the roles once performed by the extended family have been taken over by other institutions.
Functionalists argue that the nuclear family has become the dominant family structure in modern
industrial societies due to the processes of industrialisation and urbanisation. The idea that family
and household structures are influenced by wider social processes is called the ‘fit’ thesis.
Marxists also believe that the family is influenced by wider social processes but they emphasise
aspects of conflict rather than consensus. In this way, Marxists believe that the role of the family is
to support capitalism.
(a) Define the term household. [2]
(b) Describe two types of extended family. [4]
(c) Explain the functionalist idea that there is a ‘fit’ between the nuclear family and wider society.
[8]
(d) Assess the view that the role of the family is to support capitalism. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that men have power over women in the family. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that the nuclear family is the ideal family type. [25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
1 hour 30 minutes

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INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Functionalists believe that in all societies there is a dominant family type. Parsons, for example,
argues that the extended family was the most common family type in pre-industrial societies as
it performed a wide range of functions. Parsons further suggests that with industrialisation the
nuclear family replaced the extended family as the dominant family type.
However, other sociologists question the view that there is a dominant family type. Historical
research, such as that by Anderson, has shown that both the nuclear family and extended family
were common in pre-industrial societies. Research by other sociologists, such as Thorne, indicates
that there is no dominant family type in modern industrial societies as family diversity is common.
(a) Define the term extended family. [2]
(b) Describe two features of the nuclear family. [4]
(c) Explain the functionalist view that the extended family was the most common family type in
pre-industrial societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that there is no dominant family type. [11]
Section B
2 ‘The rise in divorce rates is due to individuals having higher expectations of marriage.’ Explain and
assess this view. [25]
3 ‘Gender is the most significant factor influencing the experience of family life.’ Explain and assess
this view. [25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes

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INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 The feminist view on the family focuses on conflict between family members. Feminists argue that
women are exploited through traditional gender roles in the family which benefit men. For feminists,
the links between the family and the economy are generally indirect, whereas for Marxists the
family serves the capitalist economy directly by, for example, reproducing the workforce.
Although there are different versions of feminist theory, such as liberal and radical feminism, all
feminists agree that the family is patriarchal, with men exercising power over women. Feminists
also argue that it is increasingly common for women in the family to experience a dual burden.
(a) Define the term dual burden. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which traditional gender roles in the family benefit men. [4]
(c) Explain the liberal feminist and the radical feminist views of the family. [8]
(d) Assess the Marxist view that the family serves the needs of capitalism. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that the extent of family diversity in modern industrial societies has
been exaggerated. [25]
3 ‘The elderly always have lower status than other age groups.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
Paper 1 Socialisation, Identity and Methods of Research May/June 2021
1 hour 30 minutes

* 7 7 7 9 8 8 3 5 2 2 *
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer four questions in total:
Section A: answer all questions.
INFORMATION
This document has 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (PQ) 202440
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Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
1 Describe two informal social sanctions. [4]
2 (a) Explain two practical factors that can influence choice of research method. [8]
(b) Explain two limitations of using an overt approach to participant observation. [6]
3 ‘Male identity is changing.’
(a) Explain this view. [10]
(b) Using sociological material, give one argument against this view. [6]
Section B
Answer one question in this section.
EITHER
4 Evaluate cultural explanations of deviance. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that quantitative research methods have more strengths than limitations. [26]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
1 hour 30 minutes

* 8 3 2 7 4 6 4 4 7 4 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ) 202441
21
2
Section A
1 Describe two sampling techniques. [4]
2 (a) Explain two ethical issues associated with sociological research. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of official statistics. [6]
3 ‘Ethnic identity is changing, with new hybrid identities emerging.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that human behaviour is shaped entirely by the process of socialisation. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the use of qualitative interview methods in sociological research. [26]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes

* 2 9 7 2 0 8 6 1 8 3 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ) 202442
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2
Section A
1 Describe two social roles associated with young people. [4]
2 (a) Explain two characteristics of the positivist approach to sociological research. [8]
(b) Explain two strengths of structured interviews as a research method. [6]
3 ‘The family is the most important influence on social class identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that social identities are changing due to increased choice. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that the strengths of overt participant observation outweigh the limitations. [26]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
1 hour 30 minutes

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INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
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2
Section A
1 Describe two examples of social norms. [4]
2 (a) Explain two ways sociological research may be affected by bias. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of unstructured interviews as a research method. [6]
3 ‘The family is the main influence on gender identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that age is the main influence on a person’s identity. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the use of experiments in sociological research. [26]
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1 hour 30 minutes

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INFORMATION
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2
Section A
1 Describe two examples of social identities. [4]
2 (a) Explain two features of the interpretivist approach to research. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of questionnaires as a research method. [6]
3 ‘Under-socialisation is the main cause of deviance.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that the media is the most important influence in shaping gender identity. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that practical factors are the main influence on a sociologist’s choice of research
method. [26]
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INFORMATION
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Section A
1 Describe two features of globalisation. [4]
2 (a) Explain two problems a researcher may face in gaining access to a study group. [8]
(b) Explain two limitations of longitudinal studies. [6]
3 ‘Religion is the most important factor shaping ethnic identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that social class has little influence on identity today. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that qualitative interviews have little value in sociological research. [26]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
Paper 1 The Family October/November 2018
1 hour 30 minutes
* 6 0 1 4 4 6 5 9 0 8 *
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 The length of time a person may expect to live is known as life expectancy. As death rates have
fallen worldwide, life expectancy has increased. One reason for this increase in life expectancy is
that fewer deaths occur in infants and the young because health and sanitation have improved.
These developments have had a major impact on fertility rates. Other factors, such as war, famine
and migration can also affect the amount of time an individual may expect to live.
Changes in life expectancy influence the structure of families and households. There are many
different structures, varying from nuclear and extended families to lone parent families and single
person households. Different structures are not the only type of diversity in families. Relationships
within families are also changing in many societies and can take many different forms.
(a) Define the term fertility rate. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which relationships within families are changing. [4]
(c) Explain why there has been an increase in single person households. [8]
(d) Assess the view that increased life expectancy is the most significant factor influencing family
structure. [11]
Section B
2 ‘The nuclear family will always be the dominant family structure because it fits the needs of modern
industrial society.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]
3 Explain and assess the value of feminist theories in understanding the position of females in
families. [25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
1 hour 30 minutes
* 1 2 0 8 8 5 9 6 3 9 *
An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front
cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation
booklet.
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2
Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Social policies are the actions, plans and programmes of government bodies. Social policies are
introduced to deal with perceived social problems or achieve changes in social behaviour. One
example of a social policy is the legislation in some countries that allows civil partnership.
Functionalists argue that society is based on value consensus and that government policies are in
the interest of all members of society. Functionalists also claim that government policies help the
family to carry out its role in society. On the other hand, conflict theorists, such as Marxists and
feminists, argue that society is based on competition between groups with different interests. They
believe that the more one group gains, the more another group loses. For conflict theorists, the
family serves the interests of dominant groups, such as men or the ruling class, and government
policies also support these interests.
(a) Define the term civil partnership. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which the family serves the interests of the ruling class. [4]
(c) Explain the ways family life may be influenced by social policies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that the family serves the interests of men. [11]
Section B
2 ‘There are more similarities than differences between the functionalist and Marxist theories of the
family.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that industrialisation has led to the decline of the extended family.
[25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes
* 5 0 5 5 3 0 8 8 3 2 *
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 The length of time a person may expect to live is known as life expectancy. As death rates have
fallen worldwide, life expectancy has increased. One reason for this increase in life expectancy is
that fewer deaths occur in infants and the young because health and sanitation have improved.
These developments have had a major impact on fertility rates. Other factors, such as war, famine
and migration can also affect the amount of time an individual may expect to live.
Changes in life expectancy influence the structure of families and households. There are many
different structures, varying from nuclear and extended families to lone parent families and single
person households. Different structures are not the only type of diversity in families. Relationships
within families are also changing in many societies and can take many different forms.
(a) Define the term fertility rate. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which relationships within families are changing. [4]
(c) Explain why there has been an increase in single person households. [8]
(d) Assess the view that increased life expectancy is the most significant factor influencing family
structure. [11]
Section B
2 ‘The nuclear family will always be the dominant family structure because it fits the needs of modern
industrial society.’ Explain and assess this view. [25]
3 Explain and assess the value of feminist theories in understanding the position of females in
families. [25]
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1 hour 30 minutes
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 In most societies there are a variety of family structures but the basic unit is the nuclear family
made up of parents and children. Larger units that include wider kin are known as extended
families. These families can have vertical and horizontal structures.
Some sociologists argue there has been an increase in family diversity due to factors such as
changing fertility rates, increasing divorce and the increase in single person households. Increased
migration has also contributed to family diversity.
(a) Define the term horizontal structures in relation to the extended family. [2]
(b) Describe two reasons for an increase in single person households in some societies. [4]
(c) Explain how migration has contributed to the increase in family diversity. [8]
(d) Assess the view that the extended family is less significant today than in the past. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that childhood is a distinct stage of life where children are protected
from the adult world. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that family life benefits males more than females. [25]
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Some sociologists argue that changing social attitudes have had a significant influence on family
life. For example, in many societies people are more accepting of divorce and cohabitation than
they were in the past. This may help to explain why in recent times there has been a rise in the
divorce rate, a decline in the marriage rate and an increase in the average age at which individuals
first marry.
Similar changes in social attitudes have influenced conjugal roles in the family. Some sociologists
point to a move from segregated to joint conjugal roles. However, others have questioned the view
that roles in the family are becoming equal.
(a) Define the term cohabitation. [2]
(b) Describe two reasons why there has been an increase in the average age at which individuals
first marry. [4]
(c) Explain why the divorce rate has increased in many societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that roles in the family are becoming equal. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that ethnic diversity is the main factor leading to family diversity. [25]
3 ‘The most significant function of the family is to provide emotional support for its members.’ Explain
and assess this view. [25]
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SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes
* 0 1 7 6 9 4 3 6 0 5 *
DC (PQ) 176221
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2
Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 In most societies there are a variety of family structures but the basic unit is the nuclear family
made up of parents and children. Larger units that include wider kin are known as extended
families. These families can have vertical and horizontal structures.
Some sociologists argue there has been an increase in family diversity due to factors such as
changing fertility rates, increasing divorce and the increase in single person households. Increased
migration has also contributed to family diversity.
(a) Define the term horizontal structures in relation to the extended family. [2]
(b) Describe two reasons for an increase in single person households in some societies. [4]
(c) Explain how migration has contributed to the increase in family diversity. [8]
(d) Assess the view that the extended family is less significant today than in the past. [11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the view that childhood is a distinct stage of life where children are protected
from the adult world. [25]
3 Explain and assess the view that family life benefits males more than females. [25]
© UCLES 2019 9699/13/O/N/19
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1 hour 30 minutes

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INFORMATION
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 There has been a decline in the number of people marrying in many societies in recent years.
This may partly reflect changes in social values. For example, in many societies there is now
less stigma attached to having children or living with a partner without being married. In addition,
many women have improved career opportunities which may also influence the number of people
marrying.
The rate of divorce has been increasing in many societies. One influence on divorce is legal
change: if divorce is made easier or more affordable, the rate of divorce is likely to increase.
Divorce is one example of marital breakdown. Other examples include separation and empty-
shell marriages. Some sociologists argue that an increase in the rate of divorce has significant
consequences for society.
(a) Define the term empty-shell marriage. [2]
(b) Describe two social consequences of an increase in the rate of divorce. [4]
(c) Explain how career opportunities for women may influence the number of people marrying.
[8]
(d) Assess the view that legal changes are the main reason for an increase in the rate of divorce.
[11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the value of functionalist theories to our understanding of the family. [25]
3 ‘The experience of childhood is influenced more by a person’s social class than their gender.’
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Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 Fletcher believed that people attach more value to marriage today and so have higher expectations
of married life. He argued that due to these higher expectations people are more likely to divorce
if they are dissatisfied with the reality of their marriage. However, other sociologists have argued
that marriage has lost its social significance and is no longer valued in modern industrial societies.
Whether or not people value marriage today, the divorce rate has increased in most societies.
At the same time there has been a change in attitudes towards relationships, with alternatives to
marriage, such as cohabitation and civil partnerships, becoming more socially acceptable in many
societies.
(a) Define the term civil partnership. [2]
(b) Describe two reasons why a person may stay in an unhappy marriage. [4]
(c) Explain why cohabitation has become more common in some societies. [8]
(d) Assess the view that marriage is no longer valued in modern industrial societies. [11]
Section B
2 ‘The family has lost its social significance in modern industrial societies.’ Explain and assess this
view. [25]
3 ‘In families today, there is equality between males and females.’ Explain and assess this view.
[25]
© UCLES 2020 9699/12/O/N/20
46
SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes

* 1 9 0 5 5 1 7 7 9 7 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (SLM) 205310
47
2
Section A
Answer Question 1.
1 There has been a decline in the number of people marrying in many societies in recent years.
This may partly reflect changes in social values. For example, in many societies there is now
less stigma attached to having children or living with a partner without being married. In addition,
many women have improved career opportunities which may also influence the number of people
marrying.
The rate of divorce has been increasing in many societies. One influence on divorce is legal
change: if divorce is made easier or more affordable, the rate of divorce is likely to increase.
Divorce is one example of marital breakdown. Other examples include separation and empty-
shell marriages. Some sociologists argue that an increase in the rate of divorce has significant
consequences for society.
(a) Define the term empty-shell marriage. [2]
(b) Describe two social consequences of an increase in the rate of divorce. [4]
(c) Explain how career opportunities for women may influence the number of people marrying.
[8]
(d) Assess the view that legal changes are the main reason for an increase in the rate of divorce.
[11]
Section B
2 Explain and assess the value of functionalist theories to our understanding of the family. [25]
3 ‘The experience of childhood is influenced more by a person’s social class than their gender.’
© UCLES 2020 9699/13/O/N/20
48
SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
Paper 1 Socialisation, Identity and Methods of Research October/November 2021
1 hour 30 minutes

* 5 2 6 5 3 8 8 3 0 5 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LK) 202511
49
2
Section A
1 Describe two types of qualitative interview. [4]
2 (a) Explain two ways in which researcher values may lead to bias in research findings. [8]
(b) Explain two limitations of using a postal questionnaire as a research method. [6]
3 ‘The media is the most important influence in shaping an individual’s identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that nurture is more important than nature in shaping human behaviour. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that sociological research should be based on the methods of the natural
sciences. [26]
© UCLES 2021 9699/11/O/N/21
50
SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
1 hour 30 minutes

* 2 0 1 3 0 9 1 8 6 3 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (LEG) 202479
51
2
Section A
1 Describe two types of femininity. [4]
2 (a) Explain two reasons why a researcher might use more than one method. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of using a covert approach to participant observation.
[6]
3 ‘Cultural deprivation is the main reason individuals act in deviant ways.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that an individual’s identity is largely shaped by their social class. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the use of secondary data in sociological research. [26]
© UCLES 2021 9699/12/O/N/21
52
SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes

* 1 9 6 3 0 7 8 5 3 8 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE) 221181
53
2
Section A
1 Describe two types of qualitative interview. [4]
2 (a) Explain two ways in which researcher values may lead to bias in research findings. [8]
(b) Explain two limitations of using a postal questionnaire as a research method. [6]
3 ‘The media is the most important influence in shaping an individual’s identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that nurture is more important than nature in shaping human behaviour. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that sociological research should be based on the methods of the natural
sciences. [26]
© UCLES 2021 9699/13/O/N/21
54
SOCIOLOGY 9699/11
1 hour 30 minutes

*9655015965*
INSTRUCTIONS
• Answer four questions in total:
• Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 60.
• The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
11_9699_11_2022_1.9
55
2
Section A
1 Describe two secondary sources of qualitative data. [4]
2 (a) Explain two practical factors that may influence a sociologist’s choice of research topic. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of semi-structured interviews. [6]
3 ‘Socialisation controls the way people behave.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that the media is the most important influence on identity. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that ethical issues make covert participant observation unsuitable for sociological
research. [26]
© UCLES 2022 11_9699_11_2022_1.9
56
SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
1 hour 30 minutes

*3632696575*
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
11_9699_12_2022_1.15
57
2
Section A
1 Describe two formal social sanctions. [4]
2 (a) Explain two ways the values of a sociologist may influence the research process. [8]
(b) Explain two limitations of laboratory experiments. [6]
3 ‘The peer group is the most influential agent of socialisation in shaping gender identity.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that the extent to which social identities are changing has been exaggerated.
[26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that qualitative methods provide the best way to study social behaviour. [26]
© UCLES 2022 11_9699_12_2022_1.15
58
SOCIOLOGY 9699/13
1 hour 30 minutes

*1934796044*
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
11_9699_13_2022_1.4
59
2
Section A
1 Describe two secondary sources of qualitative data. [4]
2 (a) Explain two practical factors that may influence a sociologist’s choice of research topic. [8]
(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of semi-structured interviews. [6]
3 ‘Socialisation controls the way people behave.’
Section B
EITHER
4 Evaluate the view that the media is the most important influence on identity. [26]
OR
5 Evaluate the view that ethical issues make covert participant observation unsuitable for sociological
research. [26]
© UCLES 2022 11_9699_13_2022_1.4
60

Sociology P1 2018-2022

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Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term lone-parent families. [2]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2018 9699/11/M/J/18

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term life course analysis. [2]

(d) Assess the view that childhood is socially constructed. [11]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2018 9699/12/M/J/18

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term age set. [2]

(d) Assess the view that childhood is disappearing. [11]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2018 9699/13/M/J/18

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term polygamy. [2]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2019 9699/11/M/J/19

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term dysfunctional family. [2]

(b) Describe two features of the expressive role. [4]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2019 9699/12/M/J/19

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer Question 1 and either Question 2 or Question 3.

This document consists of 2 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

(a) Define the term family diversity. [2]

(b) Describe two features of a nuclear family. [4]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2019 9699/13/M/J/19

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

This document has 4 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

(a) Define the term household. [2]

(b) Describe two types of extended family. [4]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2020 9699/11/M/J/20

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

This document has 4 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

(a) Define the term extended family. [2]

(b) Describe two features of the nuclear family. [4]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2020 9699/12/M/J/20

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

This document has 4 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

(a) Define the term dual burden. [2]

Answer either Question 2 or Question 3.

© UCLES 2020 9699/13/M/J/20

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.